一、AXI4协议介绍
AXI4 相对复杂，但 SOC 开发者必须掌握。AXI 协议的具体内容可参考 Xilinx UG761 AXI Reference Guide。
在这里我们简单了解一下。
AXI4 所采用的是一种 READY，VALID 握手通信机制，即主从模块进行数据通信前，先根
据操作对各所用到的数据、地址通道进行握手。主要操作包括传输发送者 A 等到传输接受者 B
的 READY 信号后，A 将数据与 VALID 信号同时发送给 B，这是一种典型的握手机制。
AXI 总线分为五个通道：
读地址通道，包含 ARVALID, ARADDR, ARREADY 信号；
写地址通道，包含 AWVALID，AWADDR, AWREADY 信号；
读数据通道，包含 RVALID, RDATA, RREADY, RRESP 信号；
写数据通道，包含 WVALID, WDATA，WSTRB, WREADY 信号；
写应答通道，包含 BVALID, BRESP, BREADY 信号；
系统通道，包含：ACLK，ARESETN 信号；
其中 ACLK 为 axi 总线时钟，ARESETN 是 axi 总线复位信号，低电平有效；读写数据与读
写地址类信号宽度都为 32bit；READY 与 VALID 是对应的通道握手信号；WSTRB 信号为 1 的
bit 对应 WDATA 有效数据字节，WSTRB 宽度是 32bit/8=4bit；BRESP 与 RRESP 分别为写回
应信号，读回应信号，宽度都为 2bit，‘h0 代表成功，其他为错误。
读操作顺序为主与从进行读地址通道握手并传输地址内容，然后在读数据通道握手并传输
所读内容以及读取操作的回应，时钟上升沿有效。如图所示：
写操作顺序为主与从进行写地址通道握手并传输地址内容，然后在写数据通道握手并传输
所读内容，最后再写回应通道握手，并传输写回应数据，时钟上升沿有效。如图所示：
二、axi协议应用举例
在我们不擅长写 FPGA 的一些代码时我们往往要借鉴别人的代码或者使用 IP core。在这里
笔者从 github 上找到一个 AXI master 的代码，地址是
https://github.com/aquaxis/IPCORE/tree/master/aq_axi_vdma。这个工程是一个自己写的
VDMA，里面包含了大量可参考的代码。笔者这里主要使用了 aq_axi_master.v 这个代码用于
AXI master 读写操作。借鉴别人代码有时会节省很多时间，但如果不能理解的去借鉴，出现问
题了很难解决。aq_axi_master.v 代码如下，有部分修改。
/*
* Copyright (C)2014-2015 AQUAXIS TECHNOLOGY.
* Don't remove this header.
* When you use this source, there is a need to inherit this header.
*
* License
* For no commercial -
* License: The Open Software License 3.0
* License URI: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/OSL-3.0
*
* For commmercial -
* License: AQUAXIS License 1.0
* License URI: http://www.aquaxis.com/licenses
*
* For further information please contact.
* URI: http://www.aquaxis.com/
* E-Mail: info(at)aquaxis.com
*/
//
// Company:
// Engineer:
//
// Create Date: 2016/11/17 10:27:06
// Design Name:
// Module Name: mem_test
// Project Name:
// Target Devices:
// Tool Versions:
// Description:
//
// Dependencies:
//
// Revision:
// Revision 0.01 - File Created
// Additional Comments:
//
//
module aq_axi_master(
// Reset, Clock
input ARESETN,
input ACLK,
// Master Write Address
output[0:0] M_AXI_AWID,
output[31:0] M_AXI_AWADDR,
output[7:0] M_AXI_AWLEN,// Burst Length: 0-255
output[2:0] M_AXI_AWSIZE,// Burst Size: Fixed 2'b011
output[1:0] M_AXI_AWBURST,// Burst Type: Fixed 2'b01(Incremental Burst)
output M_AXI_AWLOCK,// Lock: Fixed 2'b00
output[3:0] M_AXI_AWCACHE,// Cache: Fiex 2'b0011
output[2:0] M_AXI_AWPROT,// Protect: Fixed 2'b000
output[3:0] M_AXI_AWQOS,// QoS: Fixed 2'b0000
output[0:0] M_AXI_AWUSER,// User: Fixed 32'd0
output M_AXI_AWVALID,
input M_AXI_AWREADY,
// Master Write Data
output[63:0] M_AXI_WDATA,
output[7:0] M_AXI_WSTRB,
output M_AXI_WLAST,
output[0:0] M_AXI_WUSER,
output M_AXI_WVALID,
input M_AXI_WREADY,
// Master Write Response
input[0:0] M_AXI_BID,
input[1:0] M_AXI_BRESP,
input[0:0] M_AXI_BUSER,
input M_AXI_BVALID,
output M_AXI_BREADY,
// Master Read Address
output[0:0] M_AXI_ARID,
output[31:0] M_AXI_ARADDR,
output[7:0] M_AXI_ARLEN,
output[2:0] M_AXI_ARSIZE,
output[1:0] M_AXI_ARBURST,
output[1:0] M_AXI_ARLOCK,
output[3:0] M_AXI_ARCACHE,
output[2:0] M_AXI_ARPROT,
output[3:0] M_AXI_ARQOS,
output[0:0] M_AXI_ARUSER,
output M_AXI_ARVALID,
input M_AXI_ARREADY,
// Master Read Data
input[0:0] M_AXI_RID,
input[63:0] M_AXI_RDATA,
input[1:0] M_AXI_RRESP,
input M_AXI_RLAST,
input[0:0] M_AXI_RUSER,
input M_AXI_RVALID,
output M_AXI_RREADY,
// Local Bus
input MASTER_RST,
input WR_START,
input[31:0] WR_ADRS,
input[31:0] WR_LEN,
output WR_READY,
output WR_FIFO_RE,
input WR_FIFO_EMPTY,
input WR_FIFO_AEMPTY,
input[63:0] WR_FIFO_DATA,
output WR_DONE,
input RD_START,
input[31:0] RD_ADRS,
input[31:0] RD_LEN,
output RD_READY,
output RD_FIFO_WE,
input RD_FIFO_FULL,
input RD_FIFO_AFULL,
output[63:0] RD_FIFO_DATA,
output RD_DONE,
output[31:0] DEBUG
);
localparam S_WR_IDLE =3'd0;
localparam S_WA_WAIT =3'd1;
localparam S_WA_START =3'd2;
localparam S_WD_WAIT =3'd3;
localparam S_WD_PROC =3'd4;
localparam S_WR_WAIT =3'd5;
localparam S_WR_DONE =3'd6;
reg[2:0] wr_state;
reg[31:0] reg_wr_adrs;
reg[31:0] reg_wr_len;
reg reg_awvalid, reg_wvalid, reg_w_last;
reg[7:0] reg_w_len;
reg[7:0] reg_w_stb;
reg[1:0] reg_wr_status;
reg[3:0] reg_w_count, reg_r_count;
reg[7:0] rd_chkdata, wr_chkdata;
reg[1:0] resp;
reg rd_first_data;
reg rd_fifo_enable;
reg[31:0] rd_fifo_cnt;
assign WR_DONE =(wr_state == S_WR_DONE);
assign WR_FIFO_RE = rd_first_data |(reg_wvalid &~WR_FIFO_EMPTY &
M_AXI_WREADY & rd_fifo_enable);
//assign WR_FIFO_RE = reg_wvalid & ~WR_FIFO_EMPTY & M_AXI_WREADY;
always@(posedge ACLK ornegedge ARESETN)
begin
if(!ARESETN)
rd_fifo_cnt <=32'd0;
elseif(WR_FIFO_RE)
rd_fifo_cnt <= rd_fifo_cnt +32'd1;
elseif(wr_state == S_WR_IDLE)
rd_fifo_cnt <=32'd0;
end
always@(posedge ACLK ornegedge ARESETN)
begin
if(!ARESETN)
rd_fifo_enable <=1'b0;
elseif(wr_state == S_WR_IDLE && WR_START)
rd_fifo_enable <=1'b1;
elseif(WR_FIFO_RE &&(rd_fifo_cnt == RD_LEN[31:3]-32'd1))
rd_fifo_enable <=1'b0;
end
// Write State
always@(posedge ACLK ornegedge ARESETN)begin
if(!ARESETN)begin
wr_state <= S_WR_IDLE;
reg_wr_adrs[31:0]<=32'd0;
reg_wr_len[31:0]<=32'd0;
reg_awvalid <=1'b0;
reg_wvalid <=1'b0;
reg_w_last <=1'b0;
reg_w_len[7:0]<=8'd0;
reg_w_stb[7:0]<=8'd0;
reg_wr_status[1:0]<=2'd0;
reg_w_count[3:0]<=4'd0;
reg_r_count[3:0]<=4'd0;
wr_chkdata <=8'd0;
rd_chkdata <=8'd0;
resp <=2'd0;
rd_first_data <=1'b0;
endelsebegin
if(MASTER_RST)begin
wr_state <= S_WR_IDLE;
endelsebegin
case(wr_state)
S_WR_IDLE:begin
if(WR_START)begin
wr_state <= S_WA_WAIT;
reg_wr_adrs[31:0]<= WR_ADRS[31:0];
reg_wr_len[31:0]<= WR_LEN[31:0]-32'd1;
rd_first_data <=1'b1;
end
reg_awvalid <=1'b0;
reg_wvalid <=1'b0;
reg_w_last <=1'b0;
reg_w_len[7:0]<=8'd0;
reg_w_stb[7:0]<=8'd0;
reg_wr_status[1:0]<=2'd0;
end
S_WA_WAIT:begin
if(!WR_FIFO_AEMPTY |(reg_wr_len[31:11]==21'd0))begin
wr_state <= S_WA_START;
end
rd_first_data <=1'b0;
end
S_WA_START:begin
wr_state <= S_WD_WAIT;
reg_awvalid <=1'b1;
reg_wr_len[31:11]<= reg_wr_len[31:11]-21'd1;
if(reg_wr_len[31:11]!=21'd0)begin
reg_w_len[7:0]<=8'hFF;
reg_w_last <=1'b0;
reg_w_stb[7:0]<=8'hFF;
endelsebegin
reg_w_len[7:0]<= reg_wr_len[10:3];
reg_w_last <=1'b1;
reg_w_stb[7:0]<=8'hFF;
/*
case(reg_wr_len[2:0]) begin
case 3'd0: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0000_0000;
case 3'd1: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0000_0001;
case 3'd2: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0000_0011;
case 3'd3: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0000_0111;
case 3'd4: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0000_1111;
case 3'd5: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0001_1111;
case 3'd6: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0011_1111;
case 3'd7: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b0111_1111;
default: reg_w_stb[7:0] <= 8'b1111_1111;
endcase
*/
end
end
S_WD_WAIT:begin
if(M_AXI_AWREADY)begin
wr_state <= S_WD_PROC;
reg_awvalid <=1'b0;
reg_wvalid <=1'b1;
end
end
S_WD_PROC:begin
if(M_AXI_WREADY &~WR_FIFO_EMPTY)begin
if(reg_w_len[7:0]==8'd0)begin
wr_state <= S_WR_WAIT;
reg_wvalid <=1'b0;
reg_w_stb[7:0]<=8'h00;
endelsebegin
reg_w_len[7:0]<= reg_w_len[7:0]-8'd1;
end
end
end
S_WR_WAIT:begin
if(M_AXI_BVALID)begin
reg_wr_status[1:0]<= reg_wr_status[1:0]| M_AXI_BRESP[1:0];
if(reg_w_last)begin
wr_state <= S_WR_DONE;
endelsebegin
wr_state <= S_WA_WAIT;
reg_wr_adrs[31:0]<= reg_wr_adrs[31:0]+32'd2048;
end
end
end
S_WR_DONE:begin
wr_state <= S_WR_IDLE;
end
default:begin
wr_state <= S_WR_IDLE;
end
endcase
/*
if(WR_FIFO_RE) begin
reg_w_count[3:0] <= reg_w_count[3:0] + 4'd1;
end
if(RD_FIFO_WE)begin
reg_r_count[3:0] <= reg_r_count[3:0] + 4'd1;
end
if(M_AXI_AWREADY & M_AXI_AWVALID) begin
wr_chkdata <= 8'hEE;
end else if(M_AXI_WSTRB[7] & M_AXI_WVALID) begin
wr_chkdata <= WR_FIFO_DATA[63:56];
end
if(M_AXI_AWREADY & M_AXI_AWVALID) begin
rd_chkdata <= 8'hDD;
end else if(M_AXI_WSTRB[7] & M_AXI_WREADY) begin
rd_chkdata <= WR_FIFO_DATA[63:56];
end
if(M_AXI_BVALID & M_AXI_BREADY) begin
resp <= M_AXI_BRESP;
end
*/
end
end
end
assign M_AXI_AWID =1'b0;
assign M_AXI_AWADDR[31:0]= reg_wr_adrs[31:0];
assign M_AXI_AWLEN[7:0]= reg_w_len[7:0];
assign M_AXI_AWSIZE[2:0]=2'b011;
assign M_AXI_AWBURST[1:0]=2'b01;
assign M_AXI_AWLOCK =1'b0;
assign M_AXI_AWCACHE[3:0]=4'b0011;
assign M_AXI_AWPROT[2:0]=3'b000;
assign M_AXI_AWQOS[3:0]=4'b0000;
assign M_AXI_AWUSER[0]=1'b1;
assign M_AXI_AWVALID = reg_awvalid;
assign M_AXI_WDATA[63:0]= WR_FIFO_DATA[63:0];
// assign M_AXI_WSTRB[7:0] = (reg_w_len[7:0] ==
8'd0)?reg_w_stb[7:0]:8'hFF;
// assign M_AXI_WSTRB[7:0] = (wr_state == S_WD_PROC)?8'hFF:8'h00;
assign M_AXI_WSTRB[7:0]=(reg_wvalid &~WR_FIFO_EMPTY)?8'hFF:8'h00;
assign M_AXI_WLAST =(reg_w_len[7:0]==8'd0)?1'b1:1'b0;
assign M_AXI_WUSER =1;
assign M_AXI_WVALID = reg_wvalid &~WR_FIFO_EMPTY;
// assign M_AXI_WVALID = (wr_state == S_WD_PROC)?1'b1:1'b0;
assign M_AXI_BREADY = M_AXI_BVALID;
assign WR_READY =(wr_state == S_WR_IDLE)?1'b1:1'b0;
// assign WR_FIFO_RE = (wr_state == S_WD_PROC)?M_AXI_WREADY:1'b0;
localparam S_RD_IDLE =3'd0;
localparam S_RA_WAIT =3'd1;
localparam S_RA_START =3'd2;
localparam S_RD_WAIT =3'd3;
localparam S_RD_PROC =3'd4;
localparam S_RD_DONE =3'd5;
reg[2:0] rd_state;
reg[31:0] reg_rd_adrs;
reg[31:0] reg_rd_len;
reg reg_arvalid, reg_r_last;
reg[7:0] reg_r_len;
assign RD_DONE =(rd_state == S_RD_DONE);
// Read State
always@(posedge ACLK ornegedge ARESETN)begin
if(!ARESETN)begin
rd_state <= S_RD_IDLE;
reg_rd_adrs[31:0]<=32'd0;
reg_rd_len[31:0]<=32'd0;
reg_arvalid <=1'b0;
reg_r_len[7:0]<=8'd0;
endelsebegin
case(rd_state)
S_RD_IDLE:begin
if(RD_START)begin
rd_state <= S_RA_WAIT;
reg_rd_adrs[31:0]<= RD_ADRS[31:0];
reg_rd_len[31:0]<= RD_LEN[31:0]-32'd1;
end
reg_arvalid <=1'b0;
reg_r_len[7:0]<=8'd0;
end
S_RA_WAIT:begin
if(~RD_FIFO_AFULL)begin
rd_state <= S_RA_START;
end
end
S_RA_START:begin
rd_state <= S_RD_WAIT;
reg_arvalid <=1'b1;
reg_rd_len[31:11]<= reg_rd_len[31:11]-21'd1;
if(reg_rd_len[31:11]!=21'd0)begin
reg_r_last <=1'b0;
reg_r_len[7:0]<=8'd255;
endelsebegin
reg_r_last <=1'b1;
reg_r_len[7:0]<= reg_rd_len[10:3];
end
end
S_RD_WAIT:begin
if(M_AXI_ARREADY)begin
rd_state <= S_RD_PROC;
reg_arvalid <=1'b0;
end
end
S_RD_PROC:begin
if(M_AXI_RVALID)begin
if(M_AXI_RLAST)begin
if(reg_r_last)begin
rd_state <= S_RD_DONE;
endelsebegin
rd_state <= S_RA_WAIT;
reg_rd_adrs[31:0]<= reg_rd_adrs[31:0]+32'd2048;
end
endelsebegin
reg_r_len[7:0]<= reg_r_len[7:0]-8'd1;
end
end
end
S_RD_DONE:begin
rd_state <= S_RD_IDLE;
end
endcase
end
end
// Master Read Address
assign M_AXI_ARID =1'b0;
assign M_AXI_ARADDR[31:0]= reg_rd_adrs[31:0];
assign M_AXI_ARLEN[7:0]= reg_r_len[7:0];
assign M_AXI_ARSIZE[2:0]=3'b011;
assign M_AXI_ARBURST[1:0]=2'b01;
assign M_AXI_ARLOCK =1'b0;
assign M_AXI_ARCACHE[3:0]=4'b0011;
assign M_AXI_ARPROT[2:0]=3'b000;
assign M_AXI_ARQOS[3:0]=4'b0000;
assign M_AXI_ARUSER[0]=1'b1;
assign M_AXI_ARVALID = reg_arvalid;
assign M_AXI_RREADY = M_AXI_RVALID &~RD_FIFO_FULL;
assign RD_READY =(rd_state == S_RD_IDLE)?1'b1:1'b0;
assign RD_FIFO_WE = M_AXI_RVALID;
assign RD_FIFO_DATA[63:0]= M_AXI_RDATA[63:0];
assign DEBUG[31:0]={reg_wr_len[31:8],
1'd0, wr_state[2:0],1'd0, rd_state[2:0]};
endmodule 三、工程下载
下面有一个关于 PL 读写 PS 端 DDR 数据的真实工程，本人已经完全验证过了，即包括了ZYNQ处理器的搭建，逻辑封装，又包括PS端SDK的测试代码。
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