几何光学学习笔记（5）- 2.3 共轴球面系统
共轴球面系统
基本成像元件是至少由两个球面或非球面所构成的透镜。为了加工方便，绝大部分透镜是由球面组成的。但还要解决由一个面向下一个面的过渡计算问题，才能对整个系统进行光路计算。
1. 共轴球面系统的转面(或迫渡)公式
各折射球面曲率半径：
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r_{1},r_{2},...r_{k}
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各相邻折射面顶点之间的间隔： d 1 , d 2 , . . . d k − 1 d_{1},d_{2},...d_{k-1} d1,d2,...dk−1
各球面间介质的折射率： n 1 , n 2 , . . . n k + 1 n_{1},n_{2},...n_{k+1} n1,n2,...nk+1
那么就有：
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\begin{cases} n_{2}=n'_{1},n_{3}=n'_{2},...,n_{k}=n'_{k-1}\\ u_{2}=u'_{1},u_{3}=u'_{2},...,u_{k}=u'_{k-1}\\ y_{2}=y'_{1},y_{3}=y'_{2},...,y_{k}=y'_{k-1}\\ \end{cases}----(1)
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧n2=n1′,n3=n2′,...,nk=nk−1′u2=u1′,u3=u2′,...,uk=uk−1′y2=y1′,y3=y2′,...,yk=yk−1′−−−−(1)
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l_{2}=l'_{1}-d_{1},l_{3}=l'_{2}-d_{2},....,l_{k}=l'_{k-1}-d_{k-1}----(2)
l2=l1′−d1,l3=l2′−d2,....,lk=lk−1′−dk−1−−−−(2)
上述公式不仅对于近轴光适用，对于远轴光同样适用。
类似的可以得到：
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\begin{cases} L_{2}=L'_{1}-d_{1},L_{3}=L'_{2}-d_{2},....,L_{k}=L'_{k-1}-d_{k-1}\\ U_{2}=U'_{1},U_{3}=U'_{2},...,U_{k}=U'_{k-1}\\ n_{2}=n'_{1},n_{3}=n'_{2},...,n_{k}=n'_{k-1}\\ \end{cases}----(3)
⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧L2=L1′−d1,L3=L2′−d2,....,Lk=Lk−1′−dk−1U2=U1′,U3=U2′,...,Uk=Uk−1′n2=n1′,n3=n2′,...,nk=nk−1′−−−−(3)
式（1）和式（2）对应项相乘可得：
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\begin{cases} l_{2}u_{2}=l'_{1}u'_{1}-du'_{1},h_{2}=h_{1}-du'_{1}\\ l_{3}u_{3}=l'_{2}u'_{2}-du'_{2},h_{3}=h_{2}-du'_{2}\\ ...\\ l_{k}u_{k}=l'_{k-1}u'_{k-1}-du'_{k-1},h_{k}=h_{k-1}-du'_{k-1}\\ \end{cases}----(4)
⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧l2u2=l1′u1′−du1′,h2=h1−du1′l3u3=l2′u2′−du2′,h3=h2−du2′...lkuk=lk−1′uk−1′−duk−1′,hk=hk−1−duk−1′−−−−(4)
2.共轴球面系统的拉赫不变量
共轴球面系统的拉赫不变量：
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J
n_{1}u_{1}y_{1}=n_{2}u_{2}y_{2}=......=n_{k}u_{k}y_{k}=n'_{k}u'_{k}y'_{k}=J
n1u1y1=n2u2y2=......=nkukyk=nk′uk′yk′=J
上式表示的拉赫不变量 J 不仅对一个折射面的物像空间是一个不变量，对于整个光学系统的
各个面的物像空间都是不变量。因此，可以用来作为如下图两条近轴光路计算的校对公式。
3.共轭球面系统的倍率计算
对于共轴球面系统，利用转面公式容易证明三种倍率均等于各个折射面相应倍率的乘积
（1）垂轴倍率
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b={{y'_{k}}\over{y_{1}}}={{y'_{1}}\over{y_{1}}}·{{y'_{2}}\over{y_{2}}}·····{{y'_{k}}\over{y_{k}}}=b_{1}b_{2}···b_{k}
b=y1yk′=y1y1′⋅y2y2′⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ykyk′=b1b2⋅⋅⋅bk
（2）轴向倍率
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a={{n'_{1}}\over{n_{1}}}{b^2_{1}}·{{n'_{2}}\over{n_{2}}}{b^2_{2}}·····{{n'_{k}}\over{n_{k}}}{b^2_{k}}={{n'_{k}}\over{n_{1}}} {b^2_{1}} {b^2_{2}}····· {b^2_{k}}={{n'_{k}}\over{n_{1}}} {b^2}
a=n1n1′b12⋅n2n2′b22⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅nknk′bk2=n1nk′b12b22⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅bk2=n1nk′b2
（3）角倍率
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b={{u'_{k}}\over{u_{1}}}={{u'_{1}}\over{u_{1}}}·{{u'_{2}}\over{u_{2}}}·····{{u'_{k}}\over{u_{k}}}=g_{1}g_{2}···g_{k}
b=u1uk′=u1u1′⋅u2u2′⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ukuk′=g1g2⋅⋅⋅gk
（4）三个倍率间的关系
垂轴倍率、轴向倍率和角倍率三个倍率间的关系依然不变：
a g = b ag=b ag=b
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