运动、路径与轨迹三种规划的区别

0 写在前面

在研究路径规划问题时,很多人都不知道运动规划(motion planning)、路径规划(path planning)、轨迹规划(trajectory planning)三者的区别与联系,包括很多国内外学者不区分path planning和trajectory planning

其实现在研究的主流应该是motion planning问题,它们的区别可以参考stackexchange问答: Motion planning VS path planning

1 motion planning

在机器人学中运动规划是指2D或者3D空间中找到使得机器人从起点移动到目标点的有效运动序列(a sequence of valid configurations)的过程,这个运动序列属于配置空间(configuration space)。

主流的应用有无人驾驶和机械臂避障

运动规划包含配置空间(跟机器人能够完成的动作和姿态有关)、自由空间(环境中能够自由到达的空间)、目标空间、障碍与危险空间。

在低维空间中可以使用**基于栅格(grid-based)**的方法,对于高维情况,势场法很好但是容易陷入局部最小值,见知乎基于采样的方法可以解决局部最小值的问题却无法确定是否不存在任何路径,但是随着花费的时间越来越多失败的可能也会降低。该方法被认为是高维空间中的最新技术。

motion planning包含path和trajectory planning两部分,通常情况下是先path然后trajectory,好比使用高德地图到达目的地的过程,高德地图提供path规划,而人在运动的过程中根据实际的路段规划提供trajectory规划,合起来就是motion规划。

2 path planning

指的是只考虑静态障碍环境生成的路径,好比高德地图生成的路线,它是一个空间路径

3 trajectory planning

有时也叫route planning,考虑机器人本身的运动能力和中途可能的动态障碍而生成一段时间内的动作序列,比如在高德地图生成路径后行驶期间所决策的速度空间,是一个时空路径。

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