d s = ( d x ) 2 + ( d y ) 2 ds=\sqrt[]{(dx)^2+(dy)^2} ds=(dx)2+(dy)2
三类常见坐标的弧微元:
(1)直角坐标:
d
s
=
(
d
x
)
2
+
(
d
y
)
2
d
x
d
x
=
1
+
y
′
2
d
x
ds=\frac{\sqrt[]{(dx)^2+(dy)^2}}{dx} dx=\sqrt{1+y'^2 }dx
ds=dx(dx)2+(dy)2dx=1+y′2dx
(2)参数方程:
{
x
=
x
(
t
)
y
=
y
(
t
)
d
s
=
d
s
=
(
d
x
)
2
+
(
d
y
)
2
d
t
d
t
=
x
′
2
+
y
′
2
d
t
\begin{cases} x=x(t)\\ y=y(t) \end{cases} \ \ ds=ds=\frac{\sqrt[]{(dx)^2+(dy)^2}}{dt}dt=\sqrt{x'^2+y'^2 }dt
{x=x(t)y=y(t) ds=ds=dt(dx)2+(dy)2dt=x′2+y′2dt
(3)极坐标:
ρ
=
ρ
(
θ
)
d
s
=
ρ
2
+
ρ
′
2
d
θ
ρ=ρ(θ) \ \ ds=\sqrt{ρ^2+ρ'^2 }dθ
ρ=ρ(θ) ds=ρ2+ρ′2dθ
极坐标的几何解释
线微元–可用于 求曲线的弧长 和 求旋转体的侧面积