问题描述
使用MPPT算法跟踪MPP点时,实际控制的是与发电源相接的DC-DC变换器,其常见的应用场景是固定输入电压,调整输出电压,然而在MPPT算法应用中,需要跟踪的是输入端的电压,即固定输出电压,调整输入电压。本文主要针对同步BOOST变换器,求解占空比D到输入直流电压Vdc的传递函数,其中主要考虑了滤波电容、电感将其内阻。
同步Boost变换器拓扑:
当M1闭合M2断开,此时直流功率向电感充电,当M1断开M2闭合,此时直流功率同电感储存的能量一同向负载供电。
状态空间方程:
第一步,建立电路状态空间方程
根据KVL建立该电路的状态空间方程:
当M1闭合M2断开时,
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(1)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {I_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {I_L}\\ {V_{DC}} = {I_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{I_L}}}{{dt}}\\ {V_{DC}} = {V_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{1}
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⎧IDC=CDCdtdVCDC+ILVDC=ILRL+LdtdILVDC=VCDC+RCDCdtdVCDC(1)
当M1断开M2闭合时,
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(2)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {I_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {I_L}\\ {V_{DC}} = {I_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{I_L}}}{{dt}} - {V_{load}}\\ {V_{DC}} = {V_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{2}
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⎧IDC=CDCdtdVCDC+ILVDC=ILRL+LdtdIL−VloadVDC=VCDC+RCDCdtdVCDC(2)
将两个阶段的状态方程结合,
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(3)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {I_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {I_L}\\ {V_{DC}} = D\left( {{I_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{I_L}}}{{dt}}} \right) + D'\left( {{I_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{I_L}}}{{dt}} - {V_{load}}} \right)\\ {V_{DC}} = {V_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{V_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{3}
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⎧IDC=CDCdtdVCDC+ILVDC=D(ILRL+LdtdIL)+D′(ILRL+LdtdIL−Vload)VDC=VCDC+RCDCdtdVCDC(3)
第二步,分离扰动
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(4)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {I_{DC}} = {i_{DC}} + {{\hat i}_{DC}}\\ {V_{DC}} = {v_{DC}} + {{\hat v}_{DC}}\\ {I_L} = {i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}\\ {V_{{C_{DC}}}} = {v_{{C_{DC}}}} + {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}\\ {V_{load}} = {v_{load}} + {{\hat v}_{load}}\\ D = d + \hat d\\ D' = d - \hat d \end{array} \right.\tag{4}
⎩
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⎧IDC=iDC+i^DCVDC=vDC+v^DCIL=iL+i^LVCDC=vCDC+v^CDCVload=vload+v^loadD=d+d^D′=d−d^(4)
将式4代入式3中可得:
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(5)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {i_{DC}} + {{\hat i}_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d\left( {{v_{{C_{DC}}}} + {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}} \right)}}{{dt}} + \left( {{i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}} \right)\\ {v_{DC}} + {{\hat v}_{DC}} = \left( {d + \hat d} \right)\left[ {\left( {{i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}} \right){R_L} + L\frac{{d\left( {{i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}} \right)}}{{dt}}} \right] + \left( {d' + \hat d} \right)\left[ {\left( {{i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}} \right){R_L} + L\frac{{d\left( {{i_L} + {{\hat i}_L}} \right)}}{{dt}} - \left( {{v_{load}} + {{\hat v}_{load}}} \right)} \right]\\ {v_{DC}} + {{\hat v}_{DC}} = {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{5}
⎩
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⎧iDC+i^DC=CDCdtd(vCDC+v^CDC)+(iL+i^L)vDC+v^DC=(d+d^)[(iL+i^L)RL+Ldtd(iL+i^L)]+(d′+d^)[(iL+i^L)RL+Ldtd(iL+i^L)−(vload+v^load)]vDC+v^DC=v^CDC+RCDCdtdv^CDC(5)
将式5中的稳态信号分离出来,:
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(6)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {i_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{v_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {i_L}\\ {v_{DC}} = d\left[ {{i_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{i_L}}}{{dt}}} \right] + d'\left[ {{i_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{i_L}}}{{dt}} - {v_{load}}} \right]\\ {v_{DC}} = {v_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{v_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{6}
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⎧iDC=CDCdtdvCDC+iLvDC=d[iLRL+LdtdiL]+d′[iLRL+LdtdiL−vload]vDC=vCDC+RCDCdtdvCDC(6)
根据电感电压的伏秒平衡和电容电路的安秒平衡,可得静态工作点:
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(7)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {i_{DC}} = {i_L}\\ {v_{DC}} = {i_L}{R_L} + d'{v_{load}}\\ {v_{DC}} = {v_{{C_{DC}}}} \end{array} \right.\tag{7}
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⎧iDC=iLvDC=iLRL+d′vloadvDC=vCDC(7)
将式5中的小信号分离出来:
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(8)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {{\hat i}_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {{\hat i}_L}\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = \left( {d + \hat d} \right)\left( {{{\hat i}_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{{\hat i}_L}}}{{dt}}} \right) + \left( {d' + \hat d} \right)\left( {{{\hat i}_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{{\hat i}_L}}}{{dt}} - {{\hat v}_{load}}} \right)\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}\frac{{d{{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{8}
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⎧i^DC=CDCdtdv^CDC+i^Lv^DC=(d+d^)(i^LRL+Ldtdi^L)+(d′+d^)(i^LRL+Ldtdi^L−v^load)v^DC=v^CDC+RCDCdtdv^CDC(8)
第三步,线性化
将两个小信号相乘的项忽略,式8可化为:
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(9)
\left\{ \begin{array}{l} {{\hat i}_{DC}} = {C_{DC}}\frac{{d{{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} + {{\hat i}_L}\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = {{\hat i}_L}{R_L} + L\frac{{d{{\hat i}_L}}}{{dt}} - d{{\hat v}_{load}} + \hat d {v_{load}}\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}} + {R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}}\frac{{d{{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}}}{{dt}} \end{array} \right.\tag{9}
⎩
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⎧i^DC=CDCdtdv^CDC+i^Lv^DC=i^LRL+Ldtdi^L−dv^load+d^vloadv^DC=v^CDC+RCDCCDCdtdv^CDC(9)
则此时就可以计算占空比D到输入直流电压Vdc的传递函数了,计算过程如下:
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(10)
\begin{array}{l} \frac{{{{\hat v}_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}} = {{\hat v}_{{C_{DC}}}}\\ {{\hat i}_{DC}} - \frac{{S{C_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}}{{\hat v}_{DC}} = {{\hat i}_L}\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = \left( {{R_L} + SL} \right)\left( {{{\hat i}_{DC}} - \frac{{S{C_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}}{{\hat v}_{DC}}} \right) + \hat d {v_{load}}\\ {{\hat v}_{DC}} = \left( {{R_L} + SL} \right)\left( {{G_{IV}} - \frac{{S{C_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}}} \right){{\hat v}_{DC}} + \hat d {v_{load}}\\ \left[ {1 - \left( {{R_L} + SL} \right)\left( {{G_{IV}} - \frac{{S{C_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}}} \right)} \right]{{\hat v}_{DC}} = \hat d{v_{load}} \end{array}\tag{10}
SRCDCCDC+1v^DC=v^CDCi^DC−SRCDCCDC+1SCDCv^DC=i^Lv^DC=(RL+SL)(i^DC−SRCDCCDC+1SCDCv^DC)+d^vloadv^DC=(RL+SL)(GIV−SRCDCCDC+1SCDC)v^DC+d^vload[1−(RL+SL)(GIV−SRCDCCDC+1SCDC)]v^DC=d^vload(10)
传递函数如下;
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(11)
{\left. {\frac{{{{\hat v}_{DC}}}}{{\hat d}}} \right|_{{{\hat v}_{load}} = 0}} = \frac{{{v_{load}}}}{{1 - \left( {{R_L} + SL} \right)\left( {{G_{IV}} - \frac{{S{C_{DC}}}}{{S{R_{{C_{DC}}}}{C_{DC}} + 1}}} \right)}}\tag{11}
d^v^DC
v^load=0=1−(RL+SL)(GIV−SRCDCCDC+1SCDC)vload(11)