习题解答:总复习3
18*. 已知
f
′
′
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x
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f''(x)
f′′(x)存在,证明
lim
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\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\frac{f(x_0+h)+f(x_0-h)-2f(x_0)}{h^2} = f''(x_0)
x→x0limh2f(x0+h)+f(x0−h)−2f(x0)=f′′(x0)
方法一: 利用Taylor公式,将
h
h
h 视为自变量,在
h
=
0
h=0
h=0 处展开分子中的两个函数:
f
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=
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f
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⋅
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2
⋅
h
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o
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f
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⋅
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f(x_0+h)=f(x_0)+f'(x_0)\cdot h+\frac{f''(x_0)}{2} \cdot h ^2 +o(h^2)\\ f(x_0-h)=f(x_0)-f'(x_0)\cdot h+\frac{f''(x_0)}{2} \cdot h ^2 +o(h^2)
f(x0+h)=f(x0)+f′(x0)⋅h+2f′′(x0)⋅h2+o(h2)f(x0−h)=f(x0)−f′(x0)⋅h+2f′′(x0)⋅h2+o(h2)
代回分子易知:
f
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+
f
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−
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f
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⋅
h
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+
o
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h
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f(x_0+h)+f(x_0-h)-2f(x_0)=f''(x_0) \cdot h ^2 +o(h^2)
f(x0+h)+f(x0−h)−2f(x0)=f′′(x0)⋅h2+o(h2)
代回极限式即得结论。
方法二:使用一次洛必达法则,再根据导数定义求证。注意,此时应对
h
h
h 求导。
lim
x
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x
0
f
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x
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h
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−
f
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x
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f
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h
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lim
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f
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+
f
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2
h
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[
lim
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f
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−
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lim
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−
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=
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[
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]
=
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\begin{aligned} \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\frac{f(x_0+h)-f(x_0-h)-2f(x_0)}{h^2} &= \lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\frac{f'(x_0+h)+f'(x_0-h)}{2h}\\ &=\frac{1}{2}\left[\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\frac{f'(x_0+h)-f'(x_0)}{h}+\lim_{x \rightarrow x_0}\frac{f'(x_0-h)-f'(x_0)}{-h}\right]\\ &= \frac{1}{2}[f''(x_0)+f''(x_0)]=f''(x_0) \end{aligned}
x→x0limh2f(x0+h)−f(x0−h)−2f(x0)=x→x0lim2hf′(x0+h)+f′(x0−h)=21[x→x0limhf′(x0+h)−f′(x0)+x→x0lim−hf′(x0−h)−f′(x0)]=21[f′′(x0)+f′′(x0)]=f′′(x0)
说明:上述推导中,第二行的两个极限式分别对应
f
(
x
0
)
f(x_0)
f(x0) 的左、右导数。
By Dr. Ma