3.2 The Algebra of Linear Transformations

这一节内容非常丰富。Theorem 4提出了linear transformation的线性组合是什么，以及所有的linear transformation是一个vector space。Theorem 5是说明$L(V,W)$和$V,W$的dimension之间的关系。Theorem 6定义了linear transformation的composition。在同一个space上的linear transformation称为operator，有翻译为算子的。EXAMPLE8-10都是很好的例子，其揭示了linear operator可以是多样的。之后定义invertible的概念，注意invertible是在两个不同的space中可以成为单位算子，Theorem 7说明inverse也是linear transformation。然后是non-singular的概念，很类似于函数中的injective，Theorem 8说明non-singular的线性变换可以保持线性无关性。EXAMPLE11说明non-singular和onto之间没有必然的关系，EXAMPLE12则是一个同时non-singular和onto（从而invertible）的例子。Theorem 9说明，如果$\dim V=\dim W$，那么从$V$到$W$的线性变换$T$满足non-singular、onto和invertible三者成立其一则另外两者也成立。最后给出了group和commutative group的定义。

Exercises

1. Let $T$ and $U$ be the linear operators on $R^2$ defined by
   $$T(x_1,x_2)=(x_2,x_1)\text{and}U(x_1,x_2)=(x_1,0)$$
   ( a ) How would you describe $T$ and $U$ geometrically?
   ( b ) Give rules like the ones definning $T$ and $U$ for each of the transformations $(U+T),UT,TU,T^2,U^2$.
   Solution:
   ( a ) $T$ is a symmetric transformation with respect to the line $y=x$, $U$ is the projection on $x$-axis.
   ( b ) We have
   $$\begin{array}{rl}(U+T)(x_1,x_2)& =(x_1+x_2,x_1)\\ UT(x_1,x_2)& =(x_2,0)\\ TU(x_1,x_2)& =(0,x_1)\\ T^2(x_1,x_2)& =(x_1,x_2)\\ U^2(x_1,x_2)& =(x_1,0)\end{array}$$

2. Let $T$ be the (unique) linear operator on $C^3$ for which
   $$T{ϵ}_1=(1,0,i),T{ϵ}_2=(0,1,1),T{ϵ}_3=(i,1,0).$$
   Is $T$ invertible?
   Solution: No, since $T({ϵ}_3-i{ϵ}_1)=(i,1,0)-(i,0,-1)=(0,1,1)=T{ϵ}_2$, thus
   $$T({ϵ}_3-i{ϵ}_1-{ϵ}_2)=0$$
   but ${ϵ}_3-i{ϵ}_1-{ϵ}_2=(-i,-1,1)\ne 0$.

3. Let $T$ be the linear operator on $R^3$ defined by
   $$T(x_1,x_2,x_3)=(3x_1,x_1-x_2,2x_1+x_2+x_3)$$
   Is $T$ invertible? If so, find a rule for $T^{-1}$ like the one which defines $T$.
   Solution: $T$ is invertible, the rule for $T^{-1}$ can be described as
   T − 1 ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = ( 1 3 x 1 , 1 3 x 1 − x 2 , − x 1 + x 2 + x 3 ) T^{-1} (x_1,x_2,x_3 )=\left(\frac{1}{3} x_1,\frac{1}{3} x_1-x_2,-x_1+x_2+x_3 \right) T−1(x1​,x2​,x<