8.1 Inner Products

内积是一般线性代数都会cover的内容，本节的处理在定义上并没有什么不同，但后面的阐述则非常有高度，其中EXAMPLE6是如何从一个已知的内积和non-singular的变换得到一个新的内积，并且本节还介绍了polarization identities和内积矩阵，将之前的知识和内积串起来，体现出内积和矩阵、线性变换等很多知识是有内在联系的。

Exercises

1.Let $V$ be a vector space and $(|)$ an inner product on $V$.
( a ) Show that $(0|\beta )=0$ for all $\beta \in V$.
( b ) Show that if $(\alpha |\beta )=0$ for all $\beta \in V$, then $\alpha =0$.
Solution:
( a ) We have $(0|\beta )=(0+0|\beta )=(0|\beta )+(0|\beta )$, thus $(0|\beta )=0$.
( b ) We have $(\alpha |\alpha )=0$, thus $\alpha =0$.

2.Let $V$ be a vector space over $F$. Show that the sum of two inner products on $V$ is an inner product on $V$. Is the difference of two inner products an inner product? Show that a positive multiple of an inner product is an inner product.
Solution: Let $(|)$ and $(|{)}^{\prime }$ be two inner products on $V$, let $(|{)}^{\prime \prime }=(|)+(|{)}^{\prime }$, then condition ( a ) is satisfied as:
$$\begin{array}{rl}(\alpha +\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime \prime }& =(\alpha +\beta |\gamma )+(\alpha +\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime }\\ & =(\alpha |\gamma )+(\beta |\gamma )+(\alpha |\gamma {)}^{\prime }+(\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime }\\ & =(\alpha |\gamma )+(\alpha |\gamma {)}^{\prime }+(\beta |\gamma )+(\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime }\\ & =(\alpha |\gamma {)}^{\prime \prime }+(\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime \prime }\end{array}$$
condition ( b ) is satisfied as:
$$\begin{array}{r}(c\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime \prime }=(c\alpha |\beta )+(c\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }=c(\alpha |\beta )+c(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }=c(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime \prime }\end{array}$$
condition ( c ) is satisfied as:
$$\begin{array}{r}(\beta |\alpha {)}^{\prime \prime }=(\beta |\alpha )+(\beta |\alpha {)}^{\prime }=\overline{(\alpha |\beta )}+\overline{(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }}=\overline{(\alpha |\beta )+(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }}=\overline{(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime \prime }}\end{array}$$
condition ( d ) is satisfied as: $\begin{array}{r}(\alpha |\alpha {)}^{\prime \prime }=(\alpha |\alpha )+(\alpha |\alpha {)}^{\prime }>0\end{array}$ if $\alpha \ne 0$.
Thus $(|{)}^{\prime \prime }$ is an inner product on $V$.
The difference of two inner products may not be an inner product, since condition (d) may be violated.
If $k\in F,k>0$, and $(|)$ an inner product on $V$, let $(|{)}^{\prime }=k(|)$, then we have
$$\begin{gathered} (\alpha +\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime }=k(\alpha +\beta |\gamma )=k[(\alpha |\gamma )+(\beta |\gamma )]=k(\alpha |\gamma )+k(\beta |\gamma )=(\alpha |\gamma {)}^{\prime }+(\beta |\gamma {)}^{\prime } \\ (c\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }=k(c\alpha |\beta )=kc(\alpha |\beta )=ck(\alpha |\beta )=c(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime } \\ (\beta |\alpha {)}^{\prime }=k(\beta |\alpha )=k\overline{(\alpha |\beta )}=\overline{k(\alpha |\beta )}=\overline{(\alpha |\beta {)}^{\prime }} \\ (\alpha |\alpha {)}^{\prime }=k(\alpha |\alpha )>0\text{ if }\alpha \ne 0 \end{gathered}$$
Thus $(|{)}^{\prime }$ is an inner product on $V$.

3.Describe explicitly all inner products on $R^1$ and on $C^1$.
Solution: If $(|)$ is an inner product on $R^1$, then there is some $r\in R,r>0$ such that $(x|y)=rxy$, in which $r=(1|1)$.
If $(|)$ is an inner product on $C^1$, then there is some $r\in R,r>0$ such that $(x|y)=\overline{y}rx$, in which $r=(1|1)$

4.Verify that the standard inner product on $F^n$ is an inner product.
Solution: We let $\alpha =(x_1,\dots ,x_n)$, $\beta =(y_1,\dots ,y_n)$ and $\gamma =(z_1,\dots ,z_n)$, then
$$\begin{gathered} (\alpha +\beta |\gamma )=\sum _{i=1}^n(x_i+y_i)\overline{z_i}=\sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i\overline{z_i}+\sum _{i=1}^n{y}_i\overline{z_i}=(\alpha |\gamma )+(\beta |\gamma ) \\ (c\alpha |\beta )=\sum _{i=1}^n(c{x}_i)\overline{y_i}=c\sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i\overline{y_i}=c(\alpha |\beta ) \\ (\beta |\alpha )=\sum _{i=1}^n{y}_i\overline{x_i}=\overline{{\sum }_{i=1}^n{x}_i\overline{y_i}}=\overline{(\alpha |\beta )} \\ (\alpha |\alpha )=\sum _{i=1}^n{x}_i\overline{x_i}=\sum _{i=1}^n|x_i{|}^2>0\text{ if }(x_1,\dots ,x_n)\ne 0 \end{gathered}$$

5.Let $(|)$ be the standard inner product on $R^2$.
( a ) Let $\alpha =(1,2),\beta =(-1,1)$. If $\gamma$ is avector such that $(\alpha |\gamma )=-1$ and $(\beta |\gamma )=3$, find $\gamma$.
( b ) Show that for any $\alpha \in R^2$ we have $\alpha =(\alpha |{ϵ}_1){ϵ}_1+(\alpha |{ϵ}_2){ϵ}_2$.
Solution:
( a ) Let $\gamma =(x,y)$, then we have $x+2y=-1$ and $-x+y=3$, thus $\gamma =(-7/3,2/3)$.
( b ) Let $\alpha =(x,y)$, then $(\alpha |{ϵ}_1)=x$ and $(\alpha |{ϵ}_2)=y$, thus
$$(\alpha |{ϵ}_1){ϵ}_1+(\alpha |{ϵ}_2){ϵ}_2=x(1,0)+y(0,1)=(x,y)=\alpha$$

6.Let $(|)$ be the standard inner product on $R^2$, and let $T$ be the linear operator $T(x_1,x_2)=(-x_2,x_1)$. Now $T$ is 'rotation through $90^{\circ }$’ and has the property that $(\alpha |T\alpha )=0$ for all $\alpha \in R^2$. Find all inner products $[|]$ on $R^2$ such that $[\alpha |T\alpha ]=0$ for each $\alpha$.
Solution: All inner products on $R^2$ can be expressed as