Part Photo
[AX-12/12+] [AX-12A]
※ AX-12+ is the improved version of existing AX-12; the design of circuit, material, and wheel gear are specially improved.
※ AX-12A is a new version of the AX-12+ with the same performance but more advanced external design. Only the AX-12A is now being sold.
H/W Specification
- Weight : 53.5g (AX-12/AX-12+), 54.6g (AX-12A)
- Dimension : 32mm * 50mm * 40mm
-
Resolution : 0.29°
-
Gear Reduction Ratio : 254 : 1
- Stall Torque : 1.5N.m (at 12.0V, 1.5A)
- No load speed : 59rpm (at 12V)
- Running Degree
§ 0° ~ 300°
§ Endless Turn
- Running Temperature : -5℃ ~ +70℃
- Voltage : 9 ~ 12V (Recommended Voltage 11.1V)
- Command Signal : Digital Packet
- Protocol Type : Half duplex Asynchronous Serial Communication (8bit,1stop,No Parity)
- Link (Physical) : TTL Level Multi Drop (daisy chain type Connector)
- ID : 254 ID (0~253)
- Communication Speed : 7343bps ~ 1 Mbps
- Feedback : Position, Temperature, Load, Input Voltage, etc.
- Material : Engineering Plastic
| Stall torque is the maximum instantaneous and static torque Stable motions are possible with robots designed for loads with 1/5 or less of the stall torque |
Control Table
Control Table consists of data regarding the current status and operation, which exists inside of Dynamixel. The user can control Dynamixel by changing data of Control Table via Instruction Packet.
EEPROM and RAM
Data in RAM area is reset to the initial value whenever the power is turned on while data in EEPROM area is kept once the value is set even if the power is turned off.
Address
It represents the location of data. To read from or write data to Control Table, the user should assign the correct address in the Instruction Packet.
Access
Dynamixel has two kinds of data: Read-only data, which is mainly used for sensing, and Read-and-Write data, which is used for driving.
Initial Value
In case of data in the EEPROM Area, the initial values on the right side of the below Control Table are the factory default settings. In case of data in the RAM Area, the initial values on the right side of the above Control Tables are the ones when the power is turned on.
Highest/Lowest Byte
In the Control table, some data share the same name, but they are attached with (L) or (H) at the end of each name to distinguish the address. This data requires 16bit, but it is divided into 8bit each for the addresses (low) and (high). These two addresses should be written with one Instruction Packet at the same time.
| Area | Address (Hexadecimal) | Name | Description | Access | Initial Value (Hexadecimal) |
| E E P R O M | 0 (0X00) | Lowest byte of model number | R | 12 (0X0C) | |
| 1 (0X01) | Highest byte of model number | R | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 2 (0X02) | Information on the version of firmware | R | - | ||
| 3 (0X03) | ID of Dynamixel | RW | 1 (0X01) | ||
| 4 (0X04) | Baud Rate of Dynamixel | RW | 1 (0X01) | ||
| 5 (0X05) | Return Delay Time | RW | 250 (0XFA) | ||
| 6 (0X06) | Lowest byte of clockwise Angle Limit | RW | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 7 (0X07) | Highest byte of clockwise Angle Limit | RW | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 8 (0X08) | Lowest byte of counterclockwise Angle Limit | RW | 255 (0XFF) | ||
| 9 (0X09) | Highest byte of counterclockwise Angle Limit | RW | 3 (0X03) | ||
| 11 (0X0B) | Internal Limit Temperature | RW | 70 (0X46) | ||
| 12 (0X0C) | Lowest Limit Voltage | RW | 60 (0X3C) | ||
| 13 (0X0D) | Highest Limit Voltage | RW | 140 (0XBE) | ||
| 14 (0X0E) | Lowest byte of Max. Torque | RW | 255 (0XFF) | ||
| 15 (0X0F) | Highest byte of Max. Torque | RW | 3 (0X03) | ||
| 16 (0X10) | Status Return Level | RW | 2 (0X02) | ||
| 17 (0X11) | LED for Alarm | RW | 36(0x24) | ||
| 18 (0X12) | Shutdown for Alarm | RW | 36(0x24) | ||
| R A M | 24 (0X18) | Torque On/Off | RW | 0 (0X00) | |
| 25 (0X19) | LED On/Off | RW | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 26 (0X1A) | CW Compliance margin | RW | 1 (0X01) | ||
| 27 (0X1B) | CCW Compliance margin | RW | 1 (0X01) | ||
| 28 (0X1C) | CW Compliance slope | RW | 32 (0X20) | ||
| 29 (0X1D) | CCW Compliance slope | RW | 32 (0X20) | ||
| 30 (0X1E) | Lowest byte of Goal Position | RW | - | ||
| 31 (0X1F) | Highest byte of Goal Position | RW | - | ||
| 32 (0X20) | Lowest byte of Moving Speed (Moving Velocity) | RW | - | ||
| 33 (0X21) | Highest byte of Moving Speed (Moving Velocity) | RW | - | ||
| 34 (0X22) | Lowest byte of Torque Limit (Goal Torque) | RW | ADD14 | ||
| 35 (0X23) | Highest byte of Torque Limit (Goal Torque) | RW | ADD15 | ||
| 36 (0X24) | Lowest byte of Current Position (Present Velocity) | R | - | ||
| 37 (0X25) | Highest byte of Current Position (Present Velocity) | R | - | ||
| 38 (0X26) | Lowest byte of Current Speed | R | - | ||
| 39 (0X27) | Highest byte of Current Speed | R | - | ||
| 40 (0X28) | Lowest byte of Current Load | R | - | ||
| 41 (0X29) | Highest byte of Current Load | R | - | ||
| 42 (0X2A) | Current Voltage | R | - | ||
| 43 (0X2B) | Current Temperature | R | - | ||
| 44 (0X2C) | Means if Instruction is registered | R | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 46 (0X2E) | Means if there is any movement | R | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 47 (0X2F) | Locking EEPROM | RW | 0 (0X00) | ||
| 48 (0X30) | Lowest byte of Punch | RW | 32 (0X20) | ||
| 49 (0X31) | Highest byte of Punch | RW | 0 (0X00) |
Address Function Help
EEPROM Area
It represents the Model Number.
It represents the firmware version.
It is a unique number to identify Dynamixel.
The range from 0 to 252 (0xFC) can be used, and, especially, 254(0xFE) is used as the Broadcast ID.
If the Broadcast ID is used to transmit Instruction Packet, we can command to all Dynamixels.
| Please be careful not to duplicate the ID of connected Dynamixel. |
It represents the communication speed. 0 to 254 (0xFE) can be used for it.
This speed is calculated by using the below formula.
Speed(BPS) = 2000000/(Data+1)
| Data | Set BPS | Target BPS | Tolerance |
| 1 | 1000000.0 | 1000000.0 | 0.000 % |
| 3 | 500000.0 | 500000.0 | 0.000 % |
| 4 | 400000.0 | 400000.0 | 0.000 % |
| 7 | 250000.0 | 250000.0 | 0.000 % |
| 9 | 200000.0 | 200000.0 | 0.000 % |
| 16 | 117647.1 | 115200.0 | -2.124 % |
| 34 | 57142.9 | 57600.0 | 0.794 % |
| 103 | 19230.8 | 19200.0 | -0.160 % |
| 207 | 9615.4 | 9600.0 | -0.160 % |
| Note : Maximum Baud Rate error of 3% is within the tolerance of UART communication. |
It is the delay time per data value that takes from the transmission of Instruction Packet until the return of Status Packet.
0 to 254 (0xFE) can be used, and the delay time per data value is 2 usec.
That is to say, if the data value is 10, 20 usec is delayed. The initial value is 250 (0xFA) (i.e., 0.5 msec).
The angle limit allows the motion to be restrained.
The range and the unit of the value is the same as Goal Position(Address 30, 31).
- CW Angle Limit: the minimum value of Goal Position(Address 30, 31)
- CCW Angle Limit: the maximum value of Goal Position(Address 30, 31)
The following two modes can be set pursuant to the value of CW and CCW.
| Operation Type | CW / CCW |
| Wheel Mode | both are 0 |
| Joint Mode | neither at 0 |
| Multi-turn Mode | both are 4095 |
The wheel mode can be used to wheel-type operation robots since motors of the robots spin infinitely.
The joint mode can be used to multi-joints robot since the robots can be controlled with specific angles.
| Caution : Do not set the temperature lower/higher than the default value. When the temperature alarm shutdown occurs, wait 20 minutes to cool the temperature before re-use. Using the product when the temperature is high may and can cause damage. |
The Lowest (Highest) Limit Voltage
It is the operation range of voltage.
50 to 250 (0x32 ~ 0x96) can be used. The unit is 0.1V.
For example, if the value is 80, it is 8V.
If Present Voltage (Address42) is out of the range, Voltage Range Error Bit (Bit0) of Status Packet is returned as ‘1’ and Alarm is triggered as set in the addresses 17 and 18.
It is the torque value of maximum output. 0 to 1023 (0x3FF) can be used, and the unit is about 0.1%.
For example, Data 1023 (0x3FF) means that Dynamixel will use 100% of the maximum torque it can produce while Data 512 (0x200) means that Dynamixel will use 50% of the maximum torque. When the power is turned on, Torque Limit (Addresses 34 and 35) uses the value as the initial value.
It decides how to return Status Packet. There are three ways like the below table.
| Value | Return of Status Packet |
| 0 | No return against all commands (Except PING Command) |
| 1 | Return only for the READ command |
| 2 | Return for all commands |
| When Instruction Packet is Broadcast ID, Status Packet is not returned regardless of Status Return Level. |
Dynamixel can protect itself by detecting errors occur during the operation.
The errors can be set are as the table below.
| Bit | Name | Contents |
| Bit 7 | 0 | - |
| Bit 6 | Instruction Error | When undefined Instruction is transmitted or the Action command is delivered without the reg_write command |
| Bit 5 | Overload Error | When the current load cannot be controlled with the set maximum torque |
| Bit 4 | CheckSum Error | When the Checksum of the transmitted Instruction Packet is invalid |
| Bit 3 | Range Error | When the command is given beyond the range of usage |
| Bit 2 | OverHeating Error | When the internal temperature is out of the range of operating temperature set in the Control Table |
| Bit 1 | Angle Limit Error | When Goal Position is written with the value that is not between CW Angle Limit and CCW Angle Limit |
| Bit 0 | Input Voltage Error | When the applied voltage is out of the range of operating voltage set in the Control Table |
It is possible to make duplicate set since the function of each bit is run by the logic of ‘OR’. That is, if 0X05 (binary 00000101) is set, both Input Voltage Error and Overheating Error can be detected.
If errors occur, in case of Alarm LED, the LED blinks; in case of Alarm Shutdown, the motor output becomes 0 % by making the value of Torque Limit(Address 34, 35) as 0.
RAM Area
| Value | Meaning |
| 0 | Keeps Torque from generating by interrupting the power of motor. |
| 1 | Generates Torque by impressing the power to the motor. |
| Bit | Meaning |
| 0 | Turn OFF the LED |
| 1 | Turn ON the LED |
Compliance is to set the control flexibility of the motor.
The following diagram shows the relationship between output torque and position of the motor.
Compliance Margin
It exists in each direction of CW/CCW and means the error between goal position and present position.
The range of the value is 0~255, and the unit is the same as Goal Position.(Address 30,31)
The greater the value, the more difference occurs.
Compliance Slope
It exists in each direction of CW/CCW and sets the level of Torque near the goal position.
Compliance Slope is set in 7 steps, the higher the value, the more flexibility is obtained.
Data representative value is actually used value. That is, even if the value is set to 25, 16 is used internally as the representative value.
| Step | Data Value | Data Representative Value |
| 1 | 0 (0x00) ~ 3(0x03) | 2 (0x02) |
| 2 | 4(0x04) ~ 7(0x07) | 4 (0x04) |
| 3 | 8(0x08)~15(0x0F) | 8 (0x08) |
| 4 | 16(0x10)~31(0x1F) | 16 (0x10) |
| 5 | 32(0x20)~63(0x3F) | 32 (0x20) |
| 6 | 64(0x40)~127(0x7F) | 64 (0x40) |
| 7 | 128(0x80)~254(0xFE) | 128 (0x80) |
It is a position value of destination.
0 to 1023 (0x3FF) is available. The unit is 0.29 degree.
If Goal Position is out of the range, Angle Limit Error Bit (Bit1) of Status Packet is returned as ‘1’ and Alarm is triggered as set in Alarm LED/Shutdown.
<The picture above is based on the front of relevant model>
| If it is set to Wheel Mode, this value is not used. |
It is a moving speed to Goal Position.
The range and the unit of the value may vary depending on the operation mode.
-
Join Mode
0~1023 (0X3FF) can be used, and the unit is about 0.111rpm.
If it is set to 0, it means the maximum rpm of the motor is used without controlling the speed.
If it is 1023, it is about 114rpm.
For example, if it is set to 300, it is about 33.3 rpm.
| Notes: Please check the maximum rpm of relevant model in Joint Mode. Even if the motor is set to more than maximum rpm, it cannot generate the torque more than the maximum rpm. |
-
Wheel Mode
0~2047( 0X7FF) can be used, the unit is about 0.1%.
If a value in the range of 0~1023 is used, it is stopped by setting to 0 while rotating to CCW direction.
If a value in the range of 1024~2047 is used, it is stopped by setting to 1024 while rotating to CW direction.
That is, the 10th bit becomes the direction bit to control the direction.
In Wheel Mode, only the output control is possible, not speed.
For example, if it is set to 512, it means the output is controlled by 50% of the maximum output.
It is the value of the maximum torque limit.
0 to 1023 (0x3FF) is available, and the unit is about 0.1%.
For example, if the value is 512, it is about 50%; that means only 50% of the maximum torque will be used.
If the power is turned on, the value of Max Torque (Address 14, 15) is used as the initial value.
| Notes: If the function of Alarm Shutdown is triggered, the motor loses its torque because the value becomes 0. At this moment, if the value is changed to the value other than 0, the motor can be used again. |
It is the current position value of Dynamixel.
The range of the value is 0~1023 (0x3FF), and the unit is 0.29 degree.
<The picture above is based on the front of relevant model>
| Caution: If it is set to Wheel Mode, the value cannot be used to measure the moving distance and the rotation frequency. |
It is the current moving speed.
0~2047 (0X7FF) can be used.
If a value is in the rage of 0~1023, it means that the motor rotates to the CCW direction.
If a value is in the rage of 1024~2047, it means that the motor rotates to the CW direction.
That is, the 10th bit becomes the direction bit to control the direction, and 0 and 1024 are equal.
The unit of this value varies depending on operation mode.
-
Joint Mode
The unit is about 0.111rpm.
For example, if it is set to 300, it means that the motor is moving to the CCW direction at a rate of about 33.3rpm. -
Wheel Mode
The unit is about 0.1%.
For example, if it is set to 512, it means that the torque is controlled by 50% of the maximum torque to the CCW direction.
It means currently applied load.
The range of the value is 0~2047, and the unit is about 0.1%.
If the value is 0~1023, it means the load works to the CCW direction.
If the value is 1024~2047, it means the load works to the CW direction.
That is, the 10th bit becomes the direction bit to control the direction, and 1024 is equal to 0.
For example, the value is 512, it means the load is detected in the direction of CCW about 50% of the maximum torque.
| Notes: Current load is inferred from the internal torque value, not from Torque sensor etc. For that reason, it cannot be used to measure weight or torque; however, it must be used only to detect which direction the force works. |
It is the size of the current voltage supplied.
This value is 10 times larger than the actual voltage. For example, when 10V is supplied, the data value is 100 (0x64)
It is the internal temperature of Dynamixel in Celsius.
Data value is identical to the actual temperature in Celsius. For example, if the data value is 85 (0x55), the current internal temperature is 85℃.
| Value | Meaning |
| 0 | There are no commands transmitted by REG_WRITE |
| 1 | There are commands transmitted by REG_WRITE. |
| Notes: If ACTION command is executed, the value is changed into 0. |
| Value | Meaning |
| 0 | Goal position command execution is completed. |
| 1 | Goal position command execution is in progress. |
| Value | Meaning |
| 0 | EEPROM area can be modified. |
| 1 | EEPROM area cannot be modified. |
| Caution: If Lock is set to 1, the power must be turned off and then turned on again to change into 0. |
Current to drive motor is at minimum.
Can choose vales from 0x20 to 0x3FF.
Option Frame
Basic-Offered Frames
Basic-offered frames with AX-12A are as follows.
Applying F2
F2 is applied as below.
Applying F3
F3 is applied as below. F3 can be connected to 3 sides of AX-12A: Left, Right, and the bottom.
Dimension
1132
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