傅里叶级数与傅里叶变换_Part4_傅里叶级数的复数形式
参考链接:
DR_CAN老师的原视频
0、复习Part3的内容
参考链接: 傅里叶级数与傅里叶变换_Part3_周期为2L的函数展开为傅里叶级数
对于周期为 T T T,即 f ( t ) = f ( t + T ) f\left( t \right) = f\left( {t + T} \right) f(t)=f(t+T)的函数,他的傅里叶级数展开形式如下:
f ( t ) = a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n cos n ω t + ∑ n = 1 ∞ b n sin n ω t f\left( t \right) = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {{a_n}\cos n\omega t} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {{b_n}\sin n\omega t} f(t)=2a0+n=1∑∞ancosnωt+n=1∑∞bnsinnωt
a 0 = 2 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) d t a n = 2 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) cos n ω t d t b n = 2 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) sin n ω t d t \begin{array}{l} {a_0} = \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)dt} \\\\ {a_n} = \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\cos n\omega tdt} \\\\ {b_n} = \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\sin n\omega tdt} \end{array} a0=T2∫0Tf(t)dtan=T2∫0Tf(t)cosnωtdtbn=T2∫0Tf(t)sinnωtdt
【 在工程当中,由于时间是 t ≥ 0 t \ge 0 t≥0的,所以 t t t是从 0 0 0开始的,假设周期为 T = 2 L T=2L T=2L, ω ≜ π L = 2 π 2 L = 2 π T \omega \triangleq \frac{\pi }{L} = \frac{{2\pi }}{{2L}} = \frac{{2\pi }}{T} ω≜Lπ=2L2π=T2π ,这个 ω \omega ω本质上就是角频率。】
1、傅里叶级数的复数形式推导
要推导傅里叶级数的复数形式,需要用到欧拉公式: e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ {e^{i\theta }} = \cos \theta + i\sin \theta eiθ=cosθ+isinθ ,其中, i = − 1 i = \sqrt { - 1} i=−1
欧拉公式的证明参考: 傅里叶级数与傅里叶变换_Part0_欧拉公式证明+三角函数和差公式证明
{ e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ e − i θ = cos ( − θ ) + i sin ( − θ ) = cos θ − i sin θ { cos θ = 1 2 ( e i θ + e − i θ ) sin θ = − 1 2 i ( e i θ − e − i θ ) \begin{array}{l} \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {e^{i\theta }} = \cos \theta + i\sin \theta \\\\ {e^{ - i\theta }} = \cos \left( { - \theta } \right) + i\sin \left( { - \theta } \right) = \cos \theta - i\sin \theta \end{array} \right.\\\\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} \cos \theta = \frac{1}{2}\left( {{e^{i\theta }} + {e^{ - i\theta }}} \right)\\\\ \sin \theta = - \frac{1}{2}i\left( {{e^{i\theta }} - {e^{ - i\theta }}} \right) \end{array} \right. \end{array} ⎩ ⎨ ⎧eiθ=cosθ+isinθe−iθ=cos(−θ)+isin(−θ)=cosθ−isinθ⎩ ⎨ ⎧cosθ=21(eiθ+e−iθ)sinθ=−21i(eiθ−e−iθ)
将上述结论,带入周期为
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\begin{array}{l} f\left( t \right) = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {{a_n}\frac{1}{2}\left( {{e^{in\omega t}} + {e^{ - in\omega t}}} \right) - \frac{1}{2}{b_n}i\left( {{e^{in\omega t}} - {e^{ - in\omega t}}} \right)} \\\\ = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}} + \frac{{{a_n} + {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{ - in\omega t}}} \\\\ = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} + {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{ - in\omega t}}} \end{array}
f(t)=2a0+n=1∑∞an21(einωt+e−inωt)−21bni(einωt−e−inωt)=2a0+n=1∑∞2an−bnieinωt+2an+bnie−inωt=2a0+n=1∑∞2an−bnieinωt+n=1∑∞2an+bnie−inωt
这时候我们单独来看 第三项
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\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} + {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{ - in\omega t}}}
n=1∑∞2an+bnie−inωt, 我们用
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\sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} + {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{ - in\omega t}}} \to \sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^{ - 1} {\frac{{{a_{ - n}} + {b_{ - n}}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}}
n=1∑∞2an+bnie−inωt→n=−∞∑−12a−n+b−nieinωt
原式就变为
= a 0 2 + ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n − b n i 2 e i n ω t + ∑ n = − ∞ − 1 a − n + b − n i 2 e i n ω t = ∑ n = 0 0 a 0 2 e i 0 ω t + ∑ n = 1 ∞ a n − b n i 2 e i n ω t + ∑ n = − ∞ − 1 a − n + b − n i 2 e i n ω t \begin{array}{l} = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}} + \sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^{ - 1} {\frac{{{a_{ - n}} + {b_{ - n}}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}} \\\\ = \sum\limits_{n = 0}^0 {\frac{{{a_0}}}{2}{e^{i0\omega t}}} + \sum\limits_{n = 1}^\infty {\frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}} + \sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^{ - 1} {\frac{{{a_{ - n}} + {b_{ - n}}i}}{2}{e^{in\omega t}}} \end{array} =2a0+n=1∑∞2an−bnieinωt+n=−∞∑−12a−n+b−nieinωt=n=0∑02a0ei0ωt+n=1∑∞2an−bnieinωt+n=−∞∑−12a−n+b−nieinωt
从上式我们发现, n n n从 − ∞ - \infty −∞到 − 1 - 1 −1,再到 0 0 0 ,再是 1 1 1到 ∞ \infty ∞,也就是从 − ∞ - \infty −∞到 打通关了 ∞ \infty ∞,所以我们可以把原式写成
f ( t ) ≜ ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ c n e i n ω t f\left( t \right) \triangleq \sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^\infty {{c_n}{e^{in\omega t}}} f(t)≜n=−∞∑∞cneinωt
上式就是傅里叶级数,复数的表达形式
下面我们来看一下系数,其中
c n = a 0 2 , n = 0 c n = a n − b n i 2 , n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ⋯ , ∞ c n = a − n + b − n i 2 , n = − 1 , − 2 , − 3 , − 4 , ⋯ , − ∞ \begin{array}{l} {c_n} = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2},n = 0\\\\ {c_n} = \frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2},n = 1,2,3,4, \cdots ,\infty \\\\ {c_n} = \frac{{{a_{ - n}} + {b_{ - n}}i}}{2},n = - 1, - 2, - 3, - 4, \cdots , - \infty \end{array} cn=2a0,n=0cn=2an−bni,n=1,2,3,4,⋯,∞cn=2a−n+b−ni,n=−1,−2,−3,−4,⋯,−∞
Ⅰ n = 0 n=0 n=0
c n = a 0 2 = 1 2 ⋅ 2 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) d t = 1 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) d t = 1 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) e − i n 0 t d t {c_n} = \frac{{{a_0}}}{2} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)dt} = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)dt}=\frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right){e^{ - in0t}}dt} cn=2a0=21⋅T2∫0Tf(t)dt=T1∫0Tf(t)dt=T1∫0Tf(t)e−in0tdt
Ⅱ n = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ⋯ , ∞ n = 1,2,3,4, \cdots ,\infty n=1,2,3,4,⋯,∞
这里会用到本文开始复习的Part3的内容
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\begin{array}{l} {c_n} = \frac{{{a_n} - {b_n}i}}{2} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\cos n\omega tdt} - \frac{1}{2} \cdot i \cdot \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\sin n\omega tdt} \\\\ = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\left( {\cos n\omega t - i\sin n\omega t} \right)dt} \\\\ = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\left[ {\cos \left( { - n\omega t} \right) + i\sin \left( { - n\omega t} \right)} \right]dt} \\\\ = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right){e^{ - in\omega t}}dt} \end{array}
cn=2an−bni=21⋅T2∫0Tf(t)cosnωtdt−21⋅i⋅T2∫0Tf(t)sinnωtdt=T1∫0Tf(t)(cosnωt−isinnωt)dt=T1∫0Tf(t)[cos(−nωt)+isin(−nωt)]dt=T1∫0Tf(t)e−inωtdt
Ⅲ n = − 1 , − 2 , − 3 , − 4 , ⋯ , − ∞ n = -1,-2,-3,-4, \cdots ,-\infty n=−1,−2,−3,−4,⋯,−∞
这里会用到本文开始复习的Part3的内容
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\begin{array}{l} {c_n} = \frac{{{a_{ - n}} + {b_{ - n}}i}}{2} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\cos \left( { - n\omega t} \right)dt} + \frac{1}{2} \cdot i \cdot \frac{2}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\sin \left( { - n\omega t} \right)dt} \\\\ = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right)\left[ {\cos \left( { - n\omega t} \right) + i\sin \left( { - n\omega t} \right)} \right]dt} \\\\ = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right){e^{ - in\omega t}}dt} \end{array}
cn=2a−n+b−ni=21⋅T2∫0Tf(t)cos(−nωt)dt+21⋅i⋅T2∫0Tf(t)sin(−nωt)dt=T1∫0Tf(t)[cos(−nωt)+isin(−nωt)]dt=T1∫0Tf(t)e−inωtdt
我们惊奇的发现,这
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cn在n的三种情况下,它的复数形式的表达式是一样的。
因此,我们可以总结:
对于周期为 T T T,即 f ( t ) = f ( t + T ) f\left( t \right) = f\left( {t + T} \right) f(t)=f(t+T)的函数,它的傅里叶级数的复数展开形式如下:
f ( t ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ c n e i n ω t f\left( t \right) = \sum\limits_{n = - \infty }^\infty {{c_n}{e^{in\omega t}}} f(t)=n=−∞∑∞cneinωt, 其中, c n = 1 T ∫ 0 T f ( t ) e − i n ω t d t {c_n} = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {f\left( t \right){e^{ - in\omega t}}dt} cn=T1∫0Tf(t)e−inωtdt
This is fantastic!
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傅里叶级数与傅里叶变换_Part3_周期为2L的函数展开为傅里叶级数