目录
附一 积分表及其相关公式
- ∫ k d x = k x + C ( k 是常数 ) , \displaystyle\int k\mathrm{d}x=kx+C\quad(k\text{是常数}), ∫kdx=kx+C(k是常数),
- ∫ x μ d x = x μ + 1 μ + 1 + C ( μ ≠ − 1 ) , \displaystyle\int x^\mu\mathrm{d}x=\cfrac{x^{\mu+1}}{\mu+1}+C\quad(\mu\ne-1), ∫xμdx=μ+1xμ+1+C(μ=−1),
- ∫ d x x = ln ∣ x ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x}=\ln|x|+C, ∫xdx=ln∣x∣+C,
- ∫ d x 1 + x 2 = arctan x + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{1+x^2}=\arctan x+C, ∫1+x2dx=arctanx+C,
- ∫ d x 1 − x 2 = arcsin x + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}=\arcsin x+C, ∫1−x2dx=arcsinx+C,
- ∫ cos x d x = sin x + C , \displaystyle\int\cos x\mathrm{d}x=\sin x+C, ∫cosxdx=sinx+C,
- ∫ sin x d x = − cos x + C , \displaystyle\int\sin x\mathrm{d}x=-\cos x+C, ∫sinxdx=−cosx+C,
- ∫ d x cos 2 x = ∫ sec 2 d x = tan x + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\cos^2x}=\displaystyle\int\sec^2\mathrm{d}x=\tan x+C, ∫cos2xdx=∫sec2dx=tanx+C,
- ∫ d x sin 2 x = ∫ csc 2 x d x = − cot x + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sin^2x}=\displaystyle\int\csc^2x\mathrm{d}x=-\cot x+C, ∫sin2xdx=∫csc2xdx=−cotx+C,
- ∫ sec x tan x d x = sec x + C , \displaystyle\int\sec x\tan x\mathrm{d}x=\sec x+C, ∫secxtanxdx=secx+C,
- ∫ csc x cot x d x = − csc x + C , \displaystyle\int\csc x\cot x\mathrm{d}x=-\csc x+C, ∫cscxcotxdx=−cscx+C,
- ∫ e x d x = e x + C , \displaystyle\int e^x\mathrm{d}x=e^x+C, ∫exdx=ex+C,
- ∫ a x d x = a x ln a + C , \displaystyle\int a^x\mathrm{d}x=\cfrac{a^x}{\ln a}+C, ∫axdx=lnaax+C,
- ∫ s h x d x = c h x + C , \displaystyle\int\mathrm{sh}\ x\mathrm{d}x=\mathrm{ch}\ x+C, ∫sh xdx=ch x+C,
- ∫ c h x d x = s h x + C , \displaystyle\int\mathrm{ch}\ x\mathrm{d}x=\mathrm{sh}\ x+C, ∫ch xdx=sh x+C,
- ∫ tan x d x = − ln ∣ cos x ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\tan x\mathrm{d}x=-\ln|\cos x|+C, ∫tanxdx=−ln∣cosx∣+C,
- ∫ cot x d x = ln ∣ sin x ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\cot x\mathrm{d}x=\ln|\sin x|+C, ∫cotxdx=ln∣sinx∣+C,
- ∫ sec x d x = ln ∣ sec x + tan x ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\sec x\mathrm{d}x=\ln|\sec x+\tan x|+C, ∫secxdx=ln∣secx+tanx∣+C,
- ∫ csc x d x = ln ∣ csc x − cot x ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\csc x\mathrm{d}x=\ln|\csc x-\cot x|+C, ∫cscxdx=ln∣cscx−cotx∣+C,
- ∫ d x a 2 + x 2 = 1 a arctan x a + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{a^2+x^2}=\cfrac{1}{a}\arctan\cfrac{x}{a}+C, ∫a2+x2dx=a1arctanax+C,
- ∫ d x x 2 − a 2 = 1 2 a ln ∣ x − a x + a ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{x^2-a^2}=\cfrac{1}{2a}\ln|\cfrac{x-a}{x+a}|+C, ∫x2−a2dx=2a1ln∣x+ax−a∣+C,
- ∫ d x a 2 − x 2 = arcsin x a + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{a^2-x^2}}=\arcsin\cfrac{x}{a}+C, ∫a2−x2dx=arcsinax+C,
- ∫ d x x 2 + a 2 = ln ( x + x 2 + a 2 ) + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x^2+a^2}}=\ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+a^2})+C, ∫x2+a2dx=ln(x+x2+a2)+C,
- ∫ d x x 2 − a 2 = ln ∣ x + x 2 − a 2 ∣ + C , \displaystyle\int\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{\sqrt{x^2-a^2}}=\ln|x+\sqrt{x^2-a^2}|+C, ∫x2−a2dx=ln∣x+x2−a2∣+C,
- I n = ∫ 0 π 2 cos m u d u = ∫ 0 π 2 sin m u d u = { m − 1 m ⋅ m − 3 m − 2 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 1 2 ⋅ π 2 , m 为正偶数, m − 1 m ⋅ m − 3 m − 2 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ 2 3 , m 为大于1的正奇数, = { 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ ( m − 1 ) 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ m ) ⋅ π 2 , m 为正偶数, 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ ( m − 1 ) 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ⋯ ⋅ m , m 为大于1的奇数. \begin{aligned}I_n&=\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_0\cos^{m}u\mathrm{d}u=\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_0\sin^{m}u\mathrm{d}u\\&=\begin{cases}\cfrac{m-1}{m}\cdot\cfrac{m-3}{m-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\cfrac{1}{2}\cdot\cfrac{\pi}{2},&\qquad m\text{为正偶数,}\\ \cfrac{m-1}{m}\cdot\cfrac{m-3}{m-2}\cdot\cdots\cdot\cfrac{2}{3},&\qquad m\text{为大于1的正奇数,} \end{cases}\\&=\begin{cases}\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot (m-1)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot m)}\cdot\cfrac{\pi}{2},&\qquad m\text{为正偶数,}\\ \cfrac{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(m-1)}{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot m},&\qquad m\text{为大于1的奇数.}\end{cases}\end{aligned} In=∫02πcosmudu=∫02πsinmudu=⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧mm−1⋅m−2m−3⋅⋯⋅21⋅2π,mm−1⋅m−2m−3⋅⋯⋅32,m为正偶数,m为大于1的正奇数,=⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅m)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(m−1)⋅2π,1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅m2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(m−1),m为正偶数,m为大于1的奇数.
附二 三角函数公式
- tan α cot α = 1 , \tan\alpha\cot\alpha=1, tanαcotα=1,
- sin α csc α = 1 , \sin\alpha\csc\alpha=1, sinαcscα=1,
- cos α sec α = 1 , \cos\alpha\sec\alpha=1, cosαsecα=1,
- tan α = sin α cos α , \tan\alpha=\cfrac{\sin\alpha}{\cos\alpha}, tanα=cosαsinα,
- cot α = cos α sin α , \cot\alpha=\cfrac{\cos\alpha}{\sin\alpha}, cotα=sinαcosα,
- sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 , \sin^2\alpha+\cos^2\alpha=1, sin2α+cos2α=1,
- 1 + tan 2 α = sec 2 α , 1+\tan^2\alpha=\sec^2\alpha, 1+tan2α=sec2α,
- 1 + cot 2 α = csc 2 α , 1+\cot^2\alpha=\csc^2\alpha, 1+cot2α=csc2α,
- tan ( α + β ) = tan α + tan β 1 − tan α tan β , \tan(\alpha+\beta)=\cfrac{\tan\alpha+\tan\beta}{1-\tan\alpha\tan\beta}, tan(α+β)=1−tanαtanβtanα+tanβ,
- tan ( α − β ) = tan α − tan β 1 + tan α tan β , \tan(\alpha-\beta)=\cfrac{\tan\alpha-\tan\beta}{1+\tan\alpha\tan\beta}, tan(α−β)=1+tanαtanβtanα−tanβ,
- cot ( α + β ) = cot α cot β − 1 cot α + cot β , \cot(\alpha+\beta)=\cfrac{\cot\alpha\cot\beta-1}{\cot\alpha+\cot\beta}, cot(α+β)=cotα+cotβcotαcotβ−1,
- cot ( α − β ) = cot α cot β + 1 cot α − cot β , \cot(\alpha-\beta)=\cfrac{\cot\alpha\cot\beta+1}{\cot\alpha-\cot\beta}, cot(α−β)=cotα−cotβcotαcotβ+1,
- sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α , \sin2\alpha=2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha, sin2α=2sinαcosα,
- cos 2 α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 α , \cos2\alpha=\cos^2\alpha-\sin^2\alpha=2\cos^2\alpha-1=1-2\sin^2\alpha, cos2α=cos2α−sin2α=2cos2α−1=1−2sin2α,
- tan 2 α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α , \tan2\alpha=\cfrac{2\tan\alpha}{1-\tan^2\alpha}, tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα,
- sin 3 α = 3 sin α − 4 sin 3 α , \sin3\alpha=3\sin\alpha-4\sin^3\alpha, sin3α=3sinα−4sin3α,
- cos 3 α = 4 cos 3 α − 3 cos α , \cos3\alpha=4\cos^3\alpha-3\cos\alpha, cos3α=4cos3α−3cosα,
- sin α = 2 tan α 2 1 + tan 2 α 2 , \sin\alpha=\cfrac{2\tan\cfrac{\alpha}{2}}{1+\tan^2\cfrac{\alpha}{2}}, sinα=1+tan22α2tan2α,
- cos α = 1 − tan 2 α 2 1 + tan 2 α 2 \cos\alpha=\cfrac{1-\tan^2\cfrac{\alpha}{2}}{1+\tan^2\cfrac{\alpha}{2}} cosα=1+tan22α1−tan22α
- sin α sin β = 1 2 [ cos ( α − β ) − cos ( α + β ) ] , \sin\alpha\sin\beta=\cfrac{1}{2}[\cos(\alpha-\beta)-\cos(\alpha+\beta)], sinαsinβ=21[cos(α−β)−cos(α+β)],
- cos α cos β = 1 2 [ cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α − β ) ] , \cos\alpha\cos\beta=\cfrac{1}{2}[\cos(\alpha+\beta)+\cos(\alpha-\beta)], cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)],
- sin α cos β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ] , \sin\alpha\cos\beta=\cfrac{1}{2}[\sin(\alpha+\beta)+\sin(\alpha-\beta)], sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)],
- cos α sin β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) ] , \cos\alpha\sin\beta=\cfrac{1}{2}[\sin(\alpha+\beta)-\sin(\alpha-\beta)], cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)],
- sin α + sin β = 2 sin ( α + β 2 ) cos ( α − β 2 ) , \sin\alpha+\sin\beta=2\sin\left(\cfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right)\cos\left(\cfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), sinα+sinβ=2sin(2α+β)cos(2α−β),
- sin α − sin β = 2 cos ( α + β 2 ) sin ( α − β 2 ) , \sin\alpha-\sin\beta=2\cos\left(\cfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right)\sin\left(\cfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), sinα−sinβ=2cos(2α+β)sin(2α−β),
- cos α + cos β = 2 cos ( α + β 2 ) cos ( α − β 2 ) , \cos\alpha+\cos\beta=2\cos\left(\cfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right)\cos\left(\cfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), cosα+cosβ=2cos(2α+β)cos(2α−β),
- cos α − cos β = − 2 sin ( α + β 2 ) sin ( α − β 2 ) , \cos\alpha-\cos\beta=-2\sin\left(\cfrac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\right)\sin\left(\cfrac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\right), cosα−cosβ=−2sin(2α+β)sin(2α−β),
- ∫ 0 π 2 f ( sin x ) d x = ∫ 0 π 2 f ( cos x ) d x , \displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_0f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x=\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{2}}_0f(\cos x)\mathrm{d}x, ∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫02πf(cosx)dx,
- ∫ 0 π x f ( sin x ) d x = π 2 ∫ 0 π f ( sin x ) d x , \displaystyle\int^{\pi}_0xf(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x=\cfrac{\pi}{2}\displaystyle\int^{\pi}_0f(\sin x)\mathrm{d}x, ∫0πxf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx,
- ( ∫ a b f ( x ) g ( x ) d x ) 2 ⩽ ∫ a b f 2 ( x ) d x ⋅ ∫ a b g 2 ( x ) d x , \left(\displaystyle\int^b_af(x)g(x)\mathrm{d}x\right)^2\leqslant\displaystyle\int^b_af^2(x)\mathrm{d}x\cdot\displaystyle\int^b_ag^2(x)\mathrm{d}x, (∫abf(x)g(x)dx)2⩽∫abf2(x)dx⋅∫abg2(x)dx,（ f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上均连续，柯西-施瓦茨不等式）
- ( ∫ a b [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] 2 d x ) 1 2 ⩽ ( ∫ a b f 2 ( x ) d x ) 1 2 + ( ∫ a b g 2 ( x ) d x ) 1 2 , \left(\displaystyle\int^b_a[f(x)+g(x)]^2\mathrm{d}x\right)^{\cfrac{1}{2}}\leqslant\left(\displaystyle\int^b_af^2(x)\mathrm{d}x\right)^{\cfrac{1}{2}}+\left(\displaystyle\int^b_ag^2(x)\mathrm{d}x\right)^{\cfrac{1}{2}}, (∫ab[f(x)+g(x)]2dx)21⩽(∫abf2(x)dx)21+(∫abg2(x)dx)21,（ f ( x ) f(x) f(x)、 g ( x ) g(x) g(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上均连续，闵可夫斯基不等式）
- e i x = cos x + i sin x . e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x. eix=cosx+isinx.（欧拉公式）
附三 Γ \Gamma Γ函数及其性质
- Γ ( s ) = ∫ 0 + ∞ e − x x s − 1 d x ( s > 0 ) , \Gamma(s)=\displaystyle\int^{+\infty}_0e^{-x}x^{s-1}\mathrm{d}x\qquad(s>0), Γ(s)=∫0+∞e−xxs−1dx(s>0),
- Γ ( s + 1 ) = s Γ ( s ) ( s > 0 ) , \Gamma(s+1)=s\Gamma(s)\qquad(s>0), Γ(s+1)=sΓ(s)(s>0),
- lim s → 0 + Γ ( s ) → + ∞ , \lim\limits_{s\to0^+}\Gamma(s)\to+\infty, s→0+limΓ(s)→+∞,
- Γ ( s ) Γ ( 1 − s ) = π sin π s ( 0 < s < 1 ) , \Gamma(s)\Gamma(1-s)=\cfrac{\pi}{\sin\pi s}\qquad(0<s<1), Γ(s)Γ(1−s)=sinπsπ(0<s<1),
- Γ ( 1 2 ) = π . \Gamma\left(\cfrac{1}{2}\right)=\sqrt{\pi}. Γ(21)=π.
附四 定积分和导数在几何上的应用
- 曲率： K = ∣ y ′ ′ ∣ ( 1 + y ′ 2 ) 3 2 ; K=\cfrac{|y''|}{(1+y'^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}; K=(1+y′2)23∣y′′∣;
- 曲率半径： ρ = 1 K = ( 1 + y ′ 2 ) 3 2 ∣ y ′ ′ ∣ ; \rho=\cfrac{1}{K}=\cfrac{(1+y'^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}{|y''|}; ρ=K1=∣y′′∣(1+y′2)23;
- 曲线 y = f ( x ) ( f ( x ) ⩾ 0 ) y=f(x)(f(x)\geqslant0) y=f(x)(f(x)⩾0)及直线 x = a , x = b ( a < b ) x=a,x=b(a<b) x=a,x=b(a<b)与 x x x轴所围成的曲边梯形面积 A A A： A = ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ; A=\displaystyle\int^b_af(x)\mathrm{d}x; A=∫abf(x)dx;
- 极坐标系下曲线 ρ = ρ ( θ ) ( ρ ( θ ) ⩾ 0 ) \rho=\rho(\theta)(\rho(\theta)\geqslant0) ρ=ρ(θ)(ρ(θ)⩾0)及射线 θ = α , θ = β ( 0 < β − α ⩽ 2 π ) \theta=\alpha,\theta=\beta(0<\beta-\alpha\leqslant2\pi) θ=α,θ=β(0<β−α⩽2π)曲边扇形的面积 A A A： A = 1 2 ∫ α β [ ρ ( θ ) ] 2 d θ ; A=\cfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\int^\beta_\alpha[\rho(\theta)]^2\mathrm{d}\theta; A=21∫αβ[ρ(θ)]2dθ;
- 连续曲线 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x)、直线 x = a x=a x=a、 x = b x=b x=b及 x x x轴所围成的曲边梯形绕轴转一周形成的旋转体体积 V V V： V = π ∫ a b [ f ( x ) ] 2 d x V=\pi\displaystyle\int^b_a[f(x)]^2\mathrm{d}x V=π∫ab[f(x)]2dx
- 设为垂直于定轴轴的截面面积函数为 A ( x ) A(x) A(x)，则该立方体在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]之间的体积 V V V： V = ∫ a b A ( x ) d x ; V=\displaystyle\int^b_aA(x)\mathrm{d}x; V=∫abA(x)dx;
- 曲线弧长 s s s： s = ∫ a b 1 + y ′ 2 d x ; s=\displaystyle\int^b_a\sqrt{1+y'^2}\mathrm{d}x; s=∫ab1+y′2dx;
- 参数方程 { x = φ ( t ) , y = ψ ( t ) ( α ⩽ t ⩽ β ) \begin{cases}x=\varphi(t),\\y=\psi(t)\end{cases}\quad(\alpha\leqslant t\leqslant\beta) {x=φ(t),y=ψ(t)(α⩽t⩽β)的曲线弧长 s s s： s = ∫ α β φ ′ 2 ( t ) + ψ 2 ( t ) d t ; s=\displaystyle\int^\beta_\alpha\sqrt{\varphi'^2(t)+\psi^2(t)}\mathrm{d}t; s=∫αβφ′2(t)+ψ2(t)dt;
- 极坐标系下曲线 ρ = ρ ( θ ) ( α ⩽ θ ⩽ β ) \rho=\rho(\theta)\quad(\alpha\leqslant\theta\leqslant\beta) ρ=ρ(θ)(α⩽θ⩽β)的曲线弧长 s s s： s = ∫ α β ρ 2 ( θ ) + ρ ′ 2 ( θ ) d θ . s=\displaystyle\int^\beta_\alpha\sqrt{\rho^2(\theta)+\rho'^2(\theta)}\mathrm{d}\theta. s=∫αβρ2(θ)+ρ′2(θ)dθ.
附五 部分函数展开式
- e x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ 1 n ! x n ( − ∞ < x < ∞ ) ; e^x=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{1}{n!}x^n\quad(-\infty<x<\infty); ex=n=0∑∞n!1xn(−∞<x<∞);
- sin x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n + 1 ) ! x 2 n + 1 ( − ∞ < x < ∞ ) ; \sin x=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}x^{2n+1}\quad(-\infty<x<\infty); sinx=n=0∑∞(2n+1)!(−1)nx2n+1(−∞<x<∞);
- 1 x + 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n x n ( − 1 < x < 1 ) ; \cfrac{1}{x+1}=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}(-1)^nx^n\quad(-1<x<1); x+11=n=0∑∞(−1)nxn(−1<x<1);
- ln ( 1 + x ) = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n − 1 n x n ( − 1 < x ⩽ 1 ) ; \ln(1+x)=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n}x^n\quad(-1<x\leqslant1); ln(1+x)=n=1∑∞n(−1)n−1xn(−1<x⩽1);
- cos x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) ! x 2 n ( − ∞ < x < ∞ ) ; \cos x=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!}x^{2n}\quad(-\infty<x<\infty); cosx=n=0∑∞(2n)!(−1)nx2n(−∞<x<∞);
- a x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( ln a ) n n ! x n ( − ∞ < x < ∞ ) ; a^x=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(\ln a)^n}{n!}x^n\quad(-\infty<x<\infty); ax=n=0∑∞n!(lna)nxn(−∞<x<∞);
- 1 1 + x 2 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n x 2 n ( − 1 < x < 1 ) ; \cfrac{1}{1+x^2}=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}(-1)^nx^{2n}\quad(-1<x<1); 1+x21=n=0∑∞(−1)nx2n(−1<x<1);
- arctan x = ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n 2 n + 1 x 2 n + 1 ( − 1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1 ) . \arctan x=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{2n+1}x^{2n+1}\quad(-1\leqslant x\leqslant1). arctanx=n=0∑∞2n+1(−1)nx2n+1(−1⩽x⩽1).
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