本章先讨论常数项级数,介绍无穷级数的一些基本内容,然后讨论函数项级数,着重讨论如何将函数展开成幂级数和三角级数的问题。——高等数学同济版
目录
- 习题12-1 常数项级数的概念和性质
- 3.判定下列级数的收敛性:
- 4.利用柯西审敛原理判定下列级数的收敛性:
- (1) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 n ; \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n}; n=1∑∞n(−1)n+1;
- (2) 1 + 1 2 − 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 − 1 6 + ⋯ + 1 3 n − 2 + 1 3 n − 1 − 1 3 n + ⋯ ; 1+\cfrac{1}{2}-\cfrac{1}{3}+\cfrac{1}{4}+\cfrac{1}{5}-\cfrac{1}{6}+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{3n-2}+\cfrac{1}{3n-1}-\cfrac{1}{3n}+\cdots; 1+21−31+41+51−61+⋯+3n−21+3n−11−3n1+⋯;
- 习题12-2 常数项级数的审敛法
- 习题12-3 幂级数
- 习题12-4 函数展开成幂级数
- 习题12-5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用
- 习题12-6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质
- 习题12-7 傅里叶级数
- 习题12-8 一般周期函数的傅里叶级数
- 总习题十二
- 5.设级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n n=1∑∞un收敛,且 lim n → ∞ v n u n = 1 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{v_n}{u_n}=1 n→∞limunvn=1。问级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ v n \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n n=1∑∞vn是否也收敛?试说明理由。
- 6.讨论下列级数的绝对收敛性与条件收敛性:
- 7.求下列极限:
- 8.求下列幂级数的收敛区间:
- 9.求下列幂级数的和函数:
- 10.求下列数项级数的和:
- 11.将下列函数展开成的幂级数:
- 写在最后
习题12-1 常数项级数的概念和性质
本节主要介绍了常数项级数的概念和性质。
3.判定下列级数的收敛性:
(3) 1 3 + 1 3 + 1 3 3 + ⋯ + 1 3 n + ⋯ ; \cfrac{1}{3}+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{3}}+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt[3]{3}}+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{\sqrt[n]{3}}+\cdots; 31+31+331+⋯+n31+⋯;
解 此级数的一般项 u n = 1 3 n u_n=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt[n]{3}} un=n31,有 lim n → ∞ u n = lim n → ∞ ( 1 3 ) 1 n = 1 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}u_n=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left(\cfrac{1}{3}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}}=1 n→∞limun=n→∞lim(31)n1=1,不满足级数收敛的必要条件,故该级数发散。(这道题主要利用了收敛级数的必要条件求解)
4.利用柯西审敛原理判定下列级数的收敛性:
(1) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n + 1 n ; \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{(-1)^{n+1}}{n}; n=1∑∞n(−1)n+1;
解
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
=
∣
u
n
+
1
+
u
n
+
2
+
u
n
+
3
+
⋯
+
u
n
+
p
∣
=
∣
(
−
1
)
n
+
2
n
+
1
+
(
−
1
)
n
+
3
n
+
2
+
(
−
1
)
n
+
4
n
+
3
+
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
n
+
p
+
1
n
+
p
∣
=
∣
1
n
+
1
−
1
n
+
2
+
1
n
+
3
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
p
−
1
n
+
p
∣
.
\begin{aligned} |s_{n+p}-s_n|&=|u_{n+1}+u_{n+2}+u_{n+3}+\cdots+u_{n+p}|\\ &=\left|\cfrac{(-1)^{n+2}}{n+1}+\cfrac{(-1)^{n+3}}{n+2}+\cfrac{(-1)^{n+4}}{n+3}+\cdots+\cfrac{(-1)^{n+p+1}}{n+p}\right|\\ &=\left|\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\cfrac{1}{n+2}+\cfrac{1}{n+3}-\cdots+\cfrac{(-1)^{p-1}}{n+p}\right|. \end{aligned}
∣sn+p−sn∣=∣un+1+un+2+un+3+⋯+un+p∣=∣∣∣∣∣n+1(−1)n+2+n+2(−1)n+3+n+3(−1)n+4+⋯+n+p(−1)n+p+1∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣n+11−n+21+n+31−⋯+n+p(−1)p−1∣∣∣∣∣.
由于
1
n
+
1
−
1
n
+
2
+
1
n
+
3
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
p
−
1
n
+
p
=
(
1
n
+
1
−
1
n
+
2
)
+
(
1
n
+
3
−
1
n
+
4
)
+
⋯
+
{
1
n
+
p
,
p
为奇数,
1
n
+
p
−
1
−
1
n
+
p
,
p
为偶数.
\begin{aligned} &\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\cfrac{1}{n+2}+\cfrac{1}{n+3}-\cdots+\cfrac{(-1)^{p-1}}{n+p}\\ =&\left(\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\cfrac{1}{n+2}\right)+\left(\cfrac{1}{n+3}-\cfrac{1}{n+4}\right)+\cdots+\begin{cases}\cfrac{1}{n+p},&p\text{为奇数,}\\\cfrac{1}{n+p-1}-\cfrac{1}{n+p},&p\text{为偶数.}\end{cases} \end{aligned}
=n+11−n+21+n+31−⋯+n+p(−1)p−1(n+11−n+21)+(n+31−n+41)+⋯+⎩⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎧n+p1,n+p−11−n+p1,p为奇数,p为偶数.
故
1
n
+
1
−
1
n
+
2
+
1
n
+
3
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
p
−
1
n
+
p
>
0
,
∀
p
∈
Z
+
.
\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\cfrac{1}{n+2}+\cfrac{1}{n+3}-\cdots+\cfrac{(-1)^{p-1}}{n+p}>0,\forall p\in\bold{Z}^+.
n+11−n+21+n+31−⋯+n+p(−1)p−1>0,∀p∈Z+.
于是,当
p
p
p为奇数时,
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
=
1
n
+
1
−
(
1
n
+
2
−
1
n
+
3
)
−
⋯
(
1
n
+
p
−
1
−
1
n
+
p
)
<
1
n
+
1
.
|s_{n+p}-s_n|=\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\left(\cfrac{1}{n+2}-\cfrac{1}{n+3}\right)-\cdots\left(\cfrac{1}{n+p-1}-\cfrac{1}{n+p}\right)<\cfrac{1}{n+1}.
∣sn+p−sn∣=n+11−(n+21−n+31)−⋯(n+p−11−n+p1)<n+11.
当
p
p
p为偶数时,
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
=
1
n
+
1
−
(
1
n
+
2
−
1
n
+
3
)
−
⋯
(
1
n
+
p
−
2
−
1
n
+
p
−
1
)
−
1
n
+
p
<
1
n
+
1
.
|s_{n+p}-s_n|=\cfrac{1}{n+1}-\left(\cfrac{1}{n+2}-\cfrac{1}{n+3}\right)-\cdots\left(\cfrac{1}{n+p-2}-\cfrac{1}{n+p-1}\right)-\cfrac{1}{n+p}<\cfrac{1}{n+1}.
∣sn+p−sn∣=n+11−(n+21−n+31)−⋯(n+p−21−n+p−11)−n+p1<n+11.
因此,对任意给定的正数
ε
\varepsilon
ε,取正整数
N
⩾
1
ε
\bm{N}\geqslant\cfrac{1}{\varepsilon}
N⩾ε1,则当
n
>
N
n>\bm{N}
n>N时,对任何正整数
p
p
p,都有
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
<
1
n
+
1
<
1
n
<
ε
.
|s_{n+p}-s_n|<\cfrac{1}{n+1}<\cfrac{1}{n}<\varepsilon.
∣sn+p−sn∣<n+11<n1<ε.
根据柯西收敛原理知,级数收敛。(这道题主要利用了奇偶两种情况讨论求解)
(2) 1 + 1 2 − 1 3 + 1 4 + 1 5 − 1 6 + ⋯ + 1 3 n − 2 + 1 3 n − 1 − 1 3 n + ⋯ ; 1+\cfrac{1}{2}-\cfrac{1}{3}+\cfrac{1}{4}+\cfrac{1}{5}-\cfrac{1}{6}+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{3n-2}+\cfrac{1}{3n-1}-\cfrac{1}{3n}+\cdots; 1+21−31+41+51−61+⋯+3n−21+3n−11−3n1+⋯;
解 当
n
n
n是
3
3
3的倍数时,如果取
p
=
3
n
p=3n
p=3n,则必有
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
=
∣
1
n
+
1
+
(
1
n
+
2
−
1
n
+
3
)
+
1
n
+
4
+
(
1
n
+
5
−
1
n
+
6
)
+
⋯
+
1
4
n
−
2
+
(
1
4
n
−
1
−
1
4
n
)
∣
>
1
n
+
1
+
1
n
+
4
+
⋯
+
1
4
n
−
2
>
1
4
n
+
1
4
n
+
⋯
+
1
4
n
⏟
n
个
=
1
4
.
\begin{aligned} |s_{n+p}-s_n|&=\left|\cfrac{1}{n+1}+\left(\cfrac{1}{n+2}-\cfrac{1}{n+3}\right)+\cfrac{1}{n+4}+\left(\cfrac{1}{n+5}-\cfrac{1}{n+6}\right)+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{4n-2}+\left(\cfrac{1}{4n-1}-\cfrac{1}{4n}\right)\right|\\ &>\cfrac{1}{n+1}+\cfrac{1}{n+4}+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{4n-2}>\underbrace{\cfrac{1}{4n}+\cfrac{1}{4n}+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{4n}}_{n\text{个}}=\cfrac{1}{4}. \end{aligned}
∣sn+p−sn∣=∣∣∣∣∣n+11+(n+21−n+31)+n+41+(n+51−n+61)+⋯+4n−21+(4n−11−4n1)∣∣∣∣∣>n+11+n+41+⋯+4n−21>n个
4n1+4n1+⋯+4n1=41.
于是对
ε
0
=
1
4
\varepsilon_0=\cfrac{1}{4}
ε0=41,不论
N
\bm{N}
N为何正整数,当
n
>
N
n>\bm{N}
n>N并
n
n
n是
3
3
3的倍数,且当
p
=
3
n
p=3n
p=3n时,就有
∣
s
n
+
p
−
s
n
∣
>
ε
0
.
|s_{n+p}-s_n|>\varepsilon_0.
∣sn+p−sn∣>ε0.
根据柯西收敛原理知,级数发散。(这道题利用了收敛级数的定义求解)
习题12-2 常数项级数的审敛法
本节主要介绍了常数项级数的审敛法的求解。
2.用比值审敛法判定下列级数的收敛性:
(3) ∑ n = 1 ∞ 2 n ⋅ n ! n n ; \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{2^n\cdot n!}{n^n}; n=1∑∞nn2n⋅n!;
解 因 lim n → ∞ u n + 1 u n = lim n → ∞ 2 n + 1 ⋅ ( n + 1 ) ! ( n + 1 ) n + 1 / 2 n ⋅ n ! n n = lim n → ∞ 2 ( n n + 1 ) n = 2 e < 1 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{u_{n+1}}{u_n}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{2^{n+1}\cdot (n+1)!}{(n+1)^{n+1}}\biggm/\cfrac{2^n\cdot n!}{n^n}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}2\left(\cfrac{n}{n+1}\right)^n=\cfrac{2}{e}<1 n→∞limunun+1=n→∞lim(n+1)n+12n+1⋅(n+1)!/nn2n⋅n!=n→∞lim2(n+1n)n=e2<1,故级数收敛。(这道题利用了比值审敛法求解)
习题12-3 幂级数
本节主要介绍了幂级数的相关计算。
2.利用逐项求导或逐项积分,求下列级数的和函数:
(2) ∑ n = 1 ∞ x 4 n + 1 4 n + 1 ; \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^{4n+1}}{4n+1}; n=1∑∞4n+1x4n+1;
解 不难求出此级数的收敛半径为
1
1
1。当
−
1
<
x
<
1
-1<x<1
−1<x<1时,
(
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
4
n
+
1
4
n
+
1
)
′
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
x
4
n
+
1
4
n
+
1
)
′
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
4
n
=
x
4
1
−
x
4
.
\left(\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^{4n+1}}{4n+1}\right)'=\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\left(\cfrac{x^{4n+1}}{4n+1}\right)'=\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}x^{4n}=\cfrac{x^4}{1-x^4}.
(n=1∑∞4n+1x4n+1)′=n=1∑∞(4n+1x4n+1)′=n=1∑∞x4n=1−x4x4.
在上式两端分别从
0
0
0至
x
x
x积分,并由于
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
4
n
+
1
4
n
+
1
\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^{4n+1}}{4n+1}
n=1∑∞4n+1x4n+1在
x
=
0
x=0
x=0处收敛于
0
0
0,故得
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
4
n
+
1
4
n
+
1
=
∫
0
x
x
4
1
−
x
4
d
x
=
∫
0
x
(
−
1
+
1
2
⋅
1
1
+
x
2
+
1
2
⋅
1
1
−
x
2
)
d
x
=
1
4
ln
1
+
x
1
−
x
+
1
2
arctan
x
−
x
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^{4n+1}}{4n+1}&=\displaystyle\int^x_0\cfrac{x^4}{1-x^4}\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\displaystyle\int^x_0\left(-1+\cfrac{1}{2}\cdot\cfrac{1}{1+x^2}+\cfrac{1}{2}\cdot\cfrac{1}{1-x^2}\right)\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\cfrac{1}{4}\ln\cfrac{1+x}{1-x}+\cfrac{1}{2}\arctan x-x. \end{aligned}
n=1∑∞4n+1x4n+1=∫0x1−x4x4dx=∫0x(−1+21⋅1+x21+21⋅1−x21)dx=41ln1−x1+x+21arctanx−x.
又原级数在
x
=
±
1
x=\pm1
x=±1处发散,故它的和函数
s
(
x
)
=
1
4
ln
1
+
x
1
−
x
+
1
2
arctan
x
−
x
(
−
1
<
x
<
1
)
.
s(x)=\cfrac{1}{4}\ln\cfrac{1+x}{1-x}+\cfrac{1}{2}\arctan x-x\quad(-1<x<1).
s(x)=41ln1−x1+x+21arctanx−x(−1<x<1).
(这道题主要利用了逐项求导求解)
习题12-4 函数展开成幂级数
本节主要介绍了函数在某区间的幂级数展开。(部分函数展开式见附录一,传送门在这里)
2.将下列函数展开成的幂级数,并求展开式成立的区间:
(2) ln ( a + x ) ( a > 0 ) ; \ln(a+x)(a>0); ln(a+x)(a>0);
解
ln
(
a
+
x
)
=
ln
a
+
ln
(
1
+
x
a
)
\ln(a+x)=\ln a+\ln(1+\cfrac{x}{a})
ln(a+x)=lna+ln(1+ax),利用
ln
(
1
+
x
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
x
n
,
x
∈
(
−
1
,
+
1
]
.
\ln(1+x)=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n}x^n,\quad x\in(-1,+1].
ln(1+x)=n=0∑∞n(−1)n−1xn,x∈(−1,+1].
得
ln
(
a
+
x
)
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
(
x
a
)
n
,
x
∈
(
−
a
,
+
a
]
.
\ln(a+x)=\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{n}\left(\cfrac{x}{a}\right)^n,\quad x\in(-a,+a].
ln(a+x)=n=0∑∞n(−1)n−1(ax)n,x∈(−a,+a].
(这道题主要利用了常用幂级数展开求解)
(6) x 1 + x 2 . \cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}. 1+x2x.
解一 利用
1
+
x
=
1
+
1
2
x
−
1
2
⋅
4
x
2
+
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
x
3
−
⋯
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
\sqrt{1+x}=1+\cfrac{1}{2}x-\cfrac{1}{2\cdot4}x^2+\cfrac{1\cdot3}{2\cdot4\cdot6}x^3-\cdots,x\in[-1,1]
1+x=1+21x−2⋅41x2+2⋅4⋅61⋅3x3−⋯,x∈[−1,1],并因为
∫
0
x
x
1
+
x
2
d
x
=
1
+
x
2
−
1
\displaystyle\int^x_0\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\mathrm{d}x=\sqrt{1+x^2}-1
∫0x1+x2xdx=1+x2−1,以
x
2
x^2
x2替换上面幂级数中的
x
x
x,得
∫
0
x
x
1
+
x
2
d
x
=
1
+
x
2
−
1
=
1
2
x
2
−
1
2
⋅
4
x
4
+
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
x
6
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
⋅
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
3
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
2
)
x
2
n
−
1
+
⋯
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int^x_0\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\mathrm{d}x&=\sqrt{1+x^2}-1\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}x^2-\cfrac{1}{2\cdot4}x^4+\cfrac{1\cdot3}{2\cdot4\cdot6}x^6-\cdots+(-1)^{n-1}\cdot\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-3)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-2)}x^{2n-1}+\cdots. \end{aligned}
∫0x1+x2xdx=1+x2−1=21x2−2⋅41x4+2⋅4⋅61⋅3x6−⋯+(−1)n−1⋅2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n−2)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−3)x2n−1+⋯.
在
(
−
1
,
1
)
(-1,1)
(−1,1)内将上式两端对
x
x
x求导,得
x
1
+
x
2
=
x
−
1
2
x
3
−
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
x
5
+
1
⋅
3
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
x
6
−
⋯
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
⋅
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
3
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
2
)
x
2
n
−
1
+
⋯
=
x
+
∑
n
=
2
∞
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
⋅
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
3
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
2
)
x
2
n
−
1
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
⋅
2
(
2
n
)
!
(
n
!
)
2
(
x
2
)
2
n
+
1
,
x
∈
(
−
1
,
1
)
.
\begin{aligned} \cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}&=x-\cfrac{1}{2}x^3-\cfrac{1\cdot3}{2\cdot4}x^5+\cfrac{1\cdot3}{2\cdot4\cdot6}x^6-\cdots+(-1)^{n-1}\cdot\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-3)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-2)}x^{2n-1}+\cdots\\ &=x+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=2}(-1)^{n-1}\cdot\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-3)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-2)}x^{2n-1}\\ &=x+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cdot\cfrac{2(2n)!}{(n!)^2}\left(\cfrac{x}{2}\right)^{2n+1},\quad x\in(-1,1). \end{aligned}
1+x2x=x−21x3−2⋅41⋅3x5+2⋅4⋅61⋅3x6−⋯+(−1)n−1⋅2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n−2)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−3)x2n−1+⋯=x+n=2∑∞(−1)n−1⋅2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n−2)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−3)x2n−1=x+n=1∑∞(−1)n⋅(n!)22(2n)!(2x)2n+1,x∈(−1,1).
在
x
=
±
1
x=\pm1
x=±1处上式右端的级数均收敛且函数
x
1
+
x
2
\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}
1+x2x连续,故
x
1
+
x
2
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
⋅
2
(
2
n
)
!
(
n
!
)
2
(
x
2
)
2
n
+
1
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
\cfrac{x}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}=x+\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cdot\cfrac{2(2n)!}{(n!)^2}\left(\cfrac{x}{2}\right)^{2n+1},\quad x\in[-1,1].
1+x2x=x+n=1∑∞(−1)n⋅(n!)22(2n)!(2x)2n+1,x∈[−1,1].
(这道题主要利用了代换的方法求解)
解二 将
x
2
x^2
x2替换展开式
1
1
+
x
=
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
1
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
)
x
n
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+x}}=1+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-1)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n)}x^n,\quad x\in[-1,1].
1+x1=1+n=1∑∞(−1)n2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−1)xn,x∈[−1,1].
中的
x
x
x,得
1
1
+
x
2
=
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
1
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
)
x
2
n
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}=1+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-1)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n)}x^{2n},\quad x\in[-1,1].
1+x21=1+n=1∑∞(−1)n2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−1)x2n,x∈[−1,1].
从而得
1
1
+
x
2
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
1
)
2
⋅
4
⋅
6
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
)
x
2
n
+
1
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
⋅
2
(
2
n
)
!
(
n
!
)
2
(
x
2
)
2
n
+
1
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
\begin{aligned} \cfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}&=x+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-1)}{2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n)}x^{2n+1}\\ &=x+\displaystyle\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cdot\cfrac{2(2n)!}{(n!)^2}\left(\cfrac{x}{2}\right)^{2n+1},\quad x\in[-1,1]. \end{aligned}
1+x21=x+n=1∑∞(−1)n2⋅4⋅6⋅⋯⋅(2n)1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−1)x2n+1=x+n=1∑∞(−1)n⋅(n!)22(2n)!(2x)2n+1,x∈[−1,1].
(这道题主要利用了代换的方法求解)
3.将下列函数展开成 x − 1 x-1 x−1的幂级数,并求展开式成立的区间:
(1) x 3 ; \sqrt{x^3}; x3;
解 当
m
>
0
m>0
m>0时,因
(
1
+
x
)
m
=
1
+
m
a
+
m
(
m
−
1
)
2
!
x
2
+
⋯
+
m
(
m
−
1
)
⋯
(
m
−
n
+
1
)
n
!
x
n
+
⋯
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
(1+x)^m=1+ma+\cfrac{m(m-1)}{2!}x^2+\cdots+\cfrac{m(m-1)\cdots(m-n+1)}{n!}x^n+\cdots,\quad x\in[-1,1].
(1+x)m=1+ma+2!m(m−1)x2+⋯+n!m(m−1)⋯(m−n+1)xn+⋯,x∈[−1,1].
而
x
3
=
[
1
+
(
x
−
1
)
]
3
2
.
\sqrt{x^3}=[1+(x-1)]^{\frac{3}{2}}.
x3=[1+(x−1)]23.
在以上二项展开式中取
m
=
3
2
m=\cfrac{3}{2}
m=23,并用
x
−
1
x-1
x−1替换其中的
x
x
x,得
x
3
=
1
+
3
2
(
x
−
1
)
+
1
2
!
⋅
3
2
(
3
2
−
1
)
(
x
−
1
)
2
+
⋯
+
1
n
!
3
2
(
3
2
−
1
)
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
3
2
−
n
+
1
)
(
x
−
1
)
n
+
⋯
=
1
+
3
2
(
x
−
1
)
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
3
⋅
(
−
1
)
n
1
⋅
3
⋅
5
⋅
⋯
⋅
(
2
n
−
1
)
2
n
+
2
(
n
+
2
)
!
(
x
−
1
)
n
+
2
=
1
+
3
2
(
x
−
1
)
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
2
(
2
n
)
!
(
n
!
)
2
⋅
3
(
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
2
)
2
n
(
x
−
1
2
)
n
+
2
,
x
∈
[
0
,
2
]
.
\begin{aligned} \sqrt{x^3}&=1+\cfrac{3}{2}(x-1)+\cfrac{1}{2!}\cdot\cfrac{3}{2}\left(\cfrac{3}{2}-1\right)(x-1)^2+\cdots+\cfrac{1}{n!}\cfrac{3}{2}\left(\cfrac{3}{2}-1\right)\cdot\cdots\cdot\left(\cfrac{3}{2}-n+1\right)(x-1)^n+\cdots\\ &=1+\cfrac{3}{2}(x-1)+\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{3\cdot(-1)^n1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot\cdots\cdot(2n-1)}{2^{n+2}(n+2)!}(x-1)^{n+2}\\ &=1+\cfrac{3}{2}(x-1)+\sum^{\infty}\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{2(2n)!}{(n!)^2}\cdot\cfrac{3}{(n+1)(n+2)2^n}\left(\cfrac{x-1}{2}\right)^{n+2},\quad x\in[0,2]. \end{aligned}
x3=1+23(x−1)+2!1⋅23(23−1)(x−1)2+⋯+n!123(23−1)⋅⋯⋅(23−n+1)(x−1)n+⋯=1+23(x−1)+n=0∑∞2n+2(n+2)!3⋅(−1)n1⋅3⋅5⋅⋯⋅(2n−1)(x−1)n+2=1+23(x−1)+n=1∑∞(−1)n(n!)22(2n)!⋅(n+1)(n+2)2n3(2x−1)n+2,x∈[0,2].
(这道题主要利用了幂级数的直接展开求解)
习题12-5 函数的幂级数展开式的应用
本节主要介绍了函数的幂级数展开式的应用。(本节考研考纲未明确提出考察)
习题12-6 函数项级数的一致收敛性及一致收敛级数的基本性质
本节主要介绍了级数的一致收敛性。(本节考研考纲未明确提出考察)
习题12-7 傅里叶级数
从本节开始,我们讨论由三角函数组成的函数项级数,即所谓
三角级数
,着重研究如何把函数展开成三角级数。——高等数学同济版
本节主要傅里叶级数的概念和基本级计算。
7.设周期函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的周期为 2 π 2\pi 2π。证明:
(1)若 f ( x − π ) = − f ( x ) f(x-\pi)=-f(x) f(x−π)=−f(x),则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的傅里叶系数 a 0 = 0 , a 2 k = 0 , b 2 k = 0 ( k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ ) a_0=0,a_{2k}=0,b_{2k}=0(k=1,2,\cdots) a0=0,a2k=0,b2k=0(k=1,2,⋯);
解
a
0
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
d
x
]
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
π
[
−
f
(
x
−
π
)
]
d
x
]
.
\begin{aligned} a_0&=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\mathrm{d}x+\displaystyle\int^\pi_0f(x)\mathrm{d}x\right]\\ &=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\mathrm{d}x+\displaystyle\int^\pi_0[-f(x-\pi)]\mathrm{d}x\right]. \end{aligned}
a0=π1[∫−π0f(x)dx+∫0πf(x)dx]=π1[∫−π0f(x)dx+∫0π[−f(x−π)]dx].
在上式的第二个积分中令
x
−
π
=
u
x-\pi=u
x−π=u,则
a
0
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
−
∫
−
π
0
f
(
u
)
d
u
]
=
0.
a_0=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\mathrm{d}x-\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(u)\mathrm{d}u\right]=0.
a0=π1[∫−π0f(x)dx−∫−π0f(u)du]=0.
同理可得
a
n
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
cos
n
x
d
x
+
∫
0
π
f
(
x
)
cos
n
x
d
x
]
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
cos
n
x
d
x
+
∫
0
π
[
−
f
(
x
−
π
)
]
cos
n
x
d
x
]
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
cos
n
x
d
x
−
∫
−
π
0
f
(
u
)
cos
(
n
π
+
n
u
)
d
u
]
.
\begin{aligned} a_n&=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\cos nx\mathrm{d}x+\displaystyle\int^\pi_0f(x)\cos nx\mathrm{d}x\right]\\ &=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\cos nx\mathrm{d}x+\displaystyle\int^\pi_0[-f(x-\pi)]\cos nx\mathrm{d}x\right]\\ &=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\cos nx\mathrm{d}x-\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(u)\cos(n\pi+nu)\mathrm{d}u\right]. \end{aligned}
an=π1[∫−π0f(x)cosnxdx+∫0πf(x)cosnxdx]=π1[∫−π0f(x)cosnxdx+∫0π[−f(x−π)]cosnxdx]=π1[∫−π0f(x)cosnxdx−∫−π0f(u)cos(nπ+nu)du].
及
b
n
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
sin
n
x
d
x
−
∫
−
π
0
f
(
u
)
sin
(
n
π
+
n
u
)
d
u
]
.
b_n=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\sin nx\mathrm{d}x-\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(u)\sin(n\pi+nu)\mathrm{d}u\right].
bn=π1[∫−π0f(x)sinnxdx−∫−π0f(u)sin(nπ+nu)du].
当
n
=
2
k
(
k
∈
N
∗
)
n=2k(k\in\bold{N}^*)
n=2k(k∈N∗)时,
cos
(
n
π
+
n
u
)
=
cos
n
u
,
sin
(
n
π
+
n
u
)
=
sin
n
u
\cos(n\pi+nu)=\cos nu,\sin(n\pi+nu)=\sin nu
cos(nπ+nu)=cosnu,sin(nπ+nu)=sinnu,于是有
a
2
k
=
1
π
[
∫
−
π
0
f
(
x
)
cos
2
k
x
d
x
−
∫
−
π
0
f
(
u
)
cos
2
k
u
d
u
]
=
0.
a_{2k}=\cfrac{1}{\pi}\left[\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(x)\cos 2kx\mathrm{d}x-\displaystyle\int^0_{-\pi}f(u)\cos2ku\mathrm{d}u\right]=0.
a2k=π1[∫−π0f(x)cos2kxdx−∫−π0f(u)cos2kudu]=0.
及
b
2
k
=
0.
(
k
∈
N
∗
)
.
b_{2k}=0.\quad(k\in\bold{N}^*).
b2k=0.(k∈N∗).
(这道题主要利用了傅里叶级数证明)
习题12-8 一般周期函数的傅里叶级数
本节主要介绍了一般周期函数的傅里叶级数的计算方法。
总习题十二
5.设级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ u n \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n n=1∑∞un收敛,且 lim n → ∞ v n u n = 1 \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{v_n}{u_n}=1 n→∞limunvn=1。问级数 ∑ n = 1 ∞ v n \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n n=1∑∞vn是否也收敛?试说明理由。
解 级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n
n=1∑∞vn不一定收敛。
当
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n
n=1∑∞un是正项级数时,在题设条件下
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n
n=1∑∞vn必定收敛。因为
lim
n
→
∞
v
n
u
n
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{v_n}{u_n}=1
n→∞limunvn=1。根据收敛数列的保号性知,存在正整数
N
N
N,当
n
⩾
N
n\geqslant N
n⩾N时有
v
n
u
n
>
0
\cfrac{v_n}{u_n}>0
unvn>0,即有
v
n
>
0
v_n>0
vn>0。于是,按正项级数的比较审敛法知
∑
n
=
N
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=N}v_n
n=N∑∞vn收敛,即
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n
n=1∑∞vn收敛。
当
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n
n=1∑∞un不是正项级数时,
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n
n=1∑∞vn可能不收敛。例如:若
u
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
,
v
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
+
1
n
u_n=\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{\sqrt{n}},v_n=\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{\sqrt{n}}+\cfrac{1}{n}
un=n(−1)n−1,vn=n(−1)n−1+n1,则
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n
n=1∑∞un收敛,且
lim
n
→
∞
v
n
u
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
[
1
+
(
−
1
)
n
−
1
n
]
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{v_n}{u_n}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left[1+\cfrac{(-1)^{n-1}}{\sqrt{n}}\right]=1
n→∞limunvn=n→∞lim[1+n(−1)n−1]=1,然而
∑
n
=
1
∞
v
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}v_n
n=1∑∞vn发散。(这道题主要利用了反例证明)
6.讨论下列级数的绝对收敛性与条件收敛性:
(3) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ln n + 1 n ; \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\ln\cfrac{n+1}{n}; n=1∑∞(−1)nlnnn+1;
解
u
n
=
(
−
1
)
n
ln
n
+
1
n
,
lim
n
→
∞
∣
u
n
∣
1
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
⋅
ln
(
1
+
1
n
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
ln
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
1.
u_n=(-1)^n\ln\cfrac{n+1}{n},\\ \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{|u_n|}{\cfrac{1}{n}}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}n\cdot\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\ln\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^n=1.
un=(−1)nlnnn+1,n→∞limn1∣un∣=n→∞limn⋅ln(1+n1)=n→∞limln(1+n1)n=1.
而级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{n}
n=1∑∞n1发散,由极限形式的比较审敛法知
∑
n
=
1
∞
∣
u
n
∣
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}|u_n|
n=1∑∞∣un∣发散。
而
∑
n
=
1
∞
u
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}u_n
n=1∑∞un是交错级数且满足莱布尼兹定理的条件,因而收敛,故该级数条件收敛。
(这道题主要利用了等价无穷小代换求解)
7.求下列极限:
(1) lim n → ∞ 1 n ∑ k = 1 n 1 3 k ( 1 + 1 k ) k 2 ; \lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{1}{n}\displaystyle\sum^n\limits_{k=1}\cfrac{1}{3^k}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{k}\right)^{k^2}; n→∞limn1k=1∑n3k1(1+k1)k2;
解 由于
s
n
=
∑
k
=
1
n
1
3
k
(
1
+
1
k
)
k
2
s_n=\displaystyle\sum^n\limits_{k=1}\cfrac{1}{3^k}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{k}\right)^{k^2}
sn=k=1∑n3k1(1+k1)k2是级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
3
n
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
2
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{3^n}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^{n^2}
n=1∑∞3n1(1+n1)n2的部分和,而由正项级数的根植审敛法,当
n
→
∞
n\to\infty
n→∞时,
1
3
n
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
2
n
=
1
3
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
→
e
3
<
1.
\sqrt[n]{\cfrac{1}{3^n}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^{n^2}}=\cfrac{1}{3}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^n\to\cfrac{e}{3}<1.
n3n1(1+n1)n2=31(1+n1)n→3e<1.
因此级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
3
n
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
2
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{3^n}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^{n^2}
n=1∑∞3n1(1+n1)n2收敛,于是部分和
s
n
s_n
sn有界,从而
lim
n
→
∞
=
s
n
n
=
0.
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}=\cfrac{s_n}{n}=0.
n→∞lim=nsn=0.
(这道题主要利用了级数的收敛性求解)
8.求下列幂级数的收敛区间:
(2) ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( 1 + 1 n ) n 2 x n ; \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^{n^2}x^n; n=1∑∞(1+n1)n2xn;
解
u
n
=
a
n
x
n
,
a
n
=
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
2
u_n=a_nx^n,a_n=\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^{n^2}
un=anxn,an=(1+n1)n2。因
lim
n
→
∞
∣
a
n
+
1
∣
∣
a
n
∣
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
n
+
2
n
+
1
)
(
n
+
1
)
2
(
n
+
1
n
)
n
2
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
n
+
1
)
2
n
+
1
(
1
+
1
n
2
+
2
n
)
n
2
=
e
2
e
=
e
(
或
lim
n
→
∞
∣
a
n
∣
n
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
+
1
n
)
n
=
e
)
.
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{|a_{n+1}|}{|a_n|}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{\left(\cfrac{n+2}{n+1}\right)^{(n+1)^2}}{\left(\cfrac{n+1}{n}\right)^{n^2}}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n+1}\right)^{2n+1}}{\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n^2+2n}\right)^{n^2}}=\cfrac{e^2}{e}=e\\ (\text{或}\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sqrt[n]{|a_n|}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\left(1+\cfrac{1}{n}\right)^n=e).
n→∞lim∣an∣∣an+1∣=n→∞lim(nn+1)n2(n+1n+2)(n+1)2=n→∞lim(1+n2+2n1)n2(1+n+11)2n+1=ee2=e(或n→∞limn∣an∣=n→∞lim(1+n1)n=e).
故收敛半径为
R
=
1
e
R=\cfrac{1}{e}
R=e1,收敛区间为
(
−
1
e
,
1
e
)
\left(-\cfrac{1}{e},\cfrac{1}{e}\right)
(−e1,e1)。(这道题主要利用了审敛法求解)
9.求下列幂级数的和函数:
(3) ∑ n = 1 ∞ n ( x − 1 ) n ; \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}n(x-1)^n; n=1∑∞n(x−1)n;
解 令
x
−
1
=
t
x-1=t
x−1=t,幂级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
t
n
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}nt^n
n=1∑∞ntn的收敛域为
(
−
1
,
1
)
(-1,1)
(−1,1)。记其和函数为
φ
(
t
)
\varphi(t)
φ(t),即有
φ
(
t
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
t
n
=
t
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
t
n
−
1
=
t
(
∑
n
=
1
∞
t
n
)
′
=
t
(
t
1
−
t
)
′
=
t
(
1
−
t
)
2
,
t
∈
(
−
1
,
1
)
.
\begin{aligned} \varphi(t)&=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}nt^n=t\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}nt^{n-1}=t\left(\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}t^n\right)'\\ &=t\left(\cfrac{t}{1-t}\right)'=\cfrac{t}{(1-t)^2},\quad t\in(-1,1). \end{aligned}
φ(t)=n=1∑∞ntn=tn=1∑∞ntn−1=t(n=1∑∞tn)′=t(1−tt)′=(1−t)2t,t∈(−1,1).
于是原级数的和函数
s
(
x
)
=
φ
(
x
−
1
)
=
x
−
1
(
2
−
x
)
2
,
x
∈
(
0
,
2
)
.
s(x)=\varphi(x-1)=\cfrac{x-1}{(2-x)^2},\quad x\in(0,2).
s(x)=φ(x−1)=(2−x)2x−1,x∈(0,2).
(这道题主要利用了换元的方法求解)
(4) ∑ n = 1 ∞ x n n ( n + 1 ) . \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^n}{n(n+1)}. n=1∑∞n(n+1)xn.
解
u
n
(
x
)
=
a
n
x
n
,
a
n
=
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
u_n(x)=a_nx^n,a_n=\cfrac{1}{n(n+1)}
un(x)=anxn,an=n(n+1)1。由
lim
n
→
∞
∣
a
n
+
1
∣
∣
a
n
∣
=
lim
n
→
∞
n
n
+
2
=
1
\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{|a_{n+1}|}{|a_n|}=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\cfrac{n}{n+2}=1
n→∞lim∣an∣∣an+1∣=n→∞limn+2n=1,得幂级数的收敛半径
R
=
1
R=1
R=1。当
x
=
±
1
x=\pm1
x=±1时,级数
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{n(n+1)}
n=1∑∞n(n+1)1与
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{n(n+1)}
n=1∑∞n(n+1)(−1)n均收敛,故幂级数的收敛域为
[
−
1
,
1
]
[-1,1]
[−1,1]。
设和函数为
s
(
x
)
s(x)
s(x),即
s
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
n
n
(
n
+
1
)
s(x)=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^n}{n(n+1)}
s(x)=n=1∑∞n(n+1)xn。
当
x
=
0
x=0
x=0时,
s
(
0
)
=
0
s(0)=0
s(0)=0;
当
0
<
∣
x
∣
<
1
0<|x|<1
0<∣x∣<1时,
x
s
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
n
+
1
n
(
n
+
1
)
.
xs(x)=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^{n+1}}{n(n+1)}.
xs(x)=n=1∑∞n(n+1)xn+1.
上式两端对
x
x
x求导,得
[
x
s
(
x
)
]
′
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
n
n
.
[xs(x)]'=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{x^n}{n}.
[xs(x)]′=n=1∑∞nxn.
再求导,得
[
x
s
(
x
)
]
′
′
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
x
n
−
1
=
1
1
−
x
.
[xs(x)]''=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}x^{n-1}=\cfrac{1}{1-x}.
[xs(x)]′′=n=1∑∞xn−1=1−x1.
注意到
[
x
s
(
x
)
]
′
∣
x
=
0
=
0
[xs(x)]'\biggm\vert_{x=0}=0
[xs(x)]′∣∣∣∣x=0=0,上式两端从
0
0
0到
x
x
x积分,得
[
x
s
(
x
)
]
′
=
∫
0
x
d
x
1
−
x
=
−
ln
(
1
−
x
)
.
[xs(x)]'=\displaystyle\int^x_0\cfrac{\mathrm{d}x}{1-x}=-\ln(1-x).
[xs(x)]′=∫0x1−xdx=−ln(1−x).
再积分,得
x
s
(
x
)
=
−
∫
0
x
ln
(
1
−
x
)
d
x
=
(
1
−
x
)
ln
(
1
−
x
)
+
x
.
xs(x)=-\displaystyle\int^x_0\ln(1-x)\mathrm{d}x=(1-x)\ln(1-x)+x.
xs(x)=−∫0xln(1−x)dx=(1−x)ln(1−x)+x.
于是
s
(
x
)
=
1
−
x
x
ln
(
1
−
x
)
+
1
,
x
∈
(
−
1
,
0
)
∪
(
0
,
1
)
.
s(x)=\cfrac{1-x}{x}\ln(1-x)+1,\quad x\in(-1,0)\cup(0,1).
s(x)=x1−xln(1−x)+1,x∈(−1,0)∪(0,1).
由于幂级数在
x
=
±
1
x=\pm1
x=±1处收敛,故和函数分别在
x
=
±
1
x=\pm1
x=±1处左连续与右连续,于是
s
(
1
)
=
lim
s
→
1
−
s
(
x
)
=
lim
s
→
1
−
1
−
x
x
ln
(
1
−
x
)
+
1
=
1
s(1)=\lim\limits_{s\to1^-}s(x)=\lim\limits_{s\to1^-}\cfrac{1-x}{x}\ln(1-x)+1=1
s(1)=s→1−lims(x)=s→1−limx1−xln(1−x)+1=1。
因此
s
(
x
)
=
{
1
+
(
1
x
−
1
)
ln
(
1
−
x
)
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
0
)
∪
(
0
,
1
)
,
0
,
x
=
0
,
1
x
=
1.
s(x)=\begin{cases} 1+\left(\cfrac{1}{x}-1\right)\ln(1-x),&x\in[-1,0)\cup(0,1),\\ 0,&x=0,\\ 1&x=1. \end{cases}
s(x)=⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎧1+(x1−1)ln(1−x),0,1x∈[−1,0)∪(0,1),x=0,x=1.
(这道题主要利用了逐项积分和逐项求导求解)
10.求下列数项级数的和:
(1) ∑ n = 1 ∞ n 2 n ! ; \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n^2}{n!}; n=1∑∞n!n2;
解 利用
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
2
n
!
=
e
x
,
x
∈
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n^2}{n!}=e^x,x\in(-\infty,+\infty)
n=1∑∞n!n2=ex,x∈(−∞,+∞),取
x
=
1
x=1
x=1,有
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
n
!
=
e
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{n!}=e
n=1∑∞n!1=e。
又
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
2
n
!
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
(
n
−
1
)
!
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
n
+
1
n
!
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
n
n
!
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
n
2
n
!
.
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n^2}{n!}=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n}{(n-1)!}=\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{n+1}{n!}=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{n}{n!}+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{n^2}{n!}.
n=1∑∞n!n2=n=1∑∞(n−1)!n=n=0∑∞n!n+1=n=0∑∞n!n+n=0∑∞n!n2.
其中
∑
n
=
0
∞
n
n
!
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
n
!
=
∑
n
=
1
∞
1
(
n
−
1
)
!
=
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
n
!
.
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{n}{n!}=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n}{n!}=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{1}{(n-1)!}=\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{1}{n!}.
n=0∑∞n!n=n=1∑∞n!n=n=1∑∞(n−1)!1=n=0∑∞n!1.
故
∑
n
=
1
∞
n
2
n
!
=
2
∑
n
=
0
∞
1
n
!
=
2
e
.
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}\cfrac{n^2}{n!}=2\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{1}{n!}=2e.
n=1∑∞n!n2=2n=0∑∞n!1=2e.
(这道题主要利用了分项的方法求解)
(2) ∑ n = 0 ∞ ( − 1 ) n n + 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) ! . \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}(-1)^n\cfrac{n+1}{(2n+1)!}. n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!n+1.
解 因
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
x
2
n
+
1
=
sin
x
,
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
x
2
n
=
cos
x
,
x
∈
(
−
∞
,
+
∞
)
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}x^{2n+1}=\sin x,\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!}x^{2n}=\cos x,x\in(-\infty,+\infty)
n=0∑∞(2n+1)!(−1)nx2n+1=sinx,n=0∑∞(2n)!(−1)nx2n=cosx,x∈(−∞,+∞),故取
x
=
1
x=1
x=1,有
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
=
sin
1
,
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
=
cos
1.
\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}=\sin1,\qquad\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!}=\cos1.
n=0∑∞(2n+1)!(−1)n=sin1,n=0∑∞(2n)!(−1)n=cos1.
于是
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
n
+
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
=
1
2
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
2
n
+
2
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
=
1
2
[
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
2
n
+
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
1
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
]
=
1
2
[
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
)
!
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
+
1
)
!
]
=
1
2
(
cos
1
+
sin
1
)
.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}(-1)^n\cfrac{n+1}{(2n+1)!}&=\cfrac{1}{2}\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}(-1)^n\cfrac{2n+2}{(2n+1)!}\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\left[\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}(-1)^n\cfrac{2n+1}{(2n+1)!}+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}(-1)^n\cfrac{1}{(2n+1)!}\right]\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}\left[\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n)!}+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=0}\cfrac{(-1)^n}{(2n+1)!}\right]\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}(\cos1+\sin1). \end{aligned}
n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!n+1=21n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!2n+2=21[n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!2n+1+n=0∑∞(−1)n(2n+1)!1]=21[n=0∑∞(2n)!(−1)n+n=0∑∞(2n+1)!(−1)n]=21(cos1+sin1).
(这道题主要利用了凑整的方法求解)
11.将下列函数展开成的幂级数:
(1) ln ( x + x 2 + 1 ) ; \ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1}); ln(x+x2+1);
解 因
[
ln
(
x
+
x
2
+
1
)
]
′
=
1
x
2
+
1
=
(
1
+
x
2
)
−
1
2
.
[\ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1})]'=\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+1}}=(1+x^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}.
[ln(x+x2+1)]′=x2+11=(1+x2)−21.
而
(
1
+
x
2
)
−
1
2
=
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
n
)
!
!
x
2
n
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
(1+x^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}=1+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}x^{2n},\qquad x\in[-1,1].
(1+x2)−21=1+n=1∑∞(−1)n(2n)!!(2n−1)!!x2n,x∈[−1,1].
故
ln
(
x
+
x
2
+
1
)
=
∫
0
x
(
1
+
x
2
)
−
1
2
d
x
=
∫
0
x
[
1
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
n
)
!
!
x
2
n
]
d
x
=
x
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
(
2
n
−
1
)
!
!
(
2
n
)
!
!
(
2
n
+
1
)
x
2
n
+
1
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
\begin{aligned} \ln(x+\sqrt{x^2+1})&=\displaystyle\int^x_0(1+x^2)^{-\frac{1}{2}}\mathrm{d}x\\ &=\displaystyle\int^x_0\left[1+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!}x^{2n}\right]\mathrm{d}x\\ &=x+\displaystyle\sum^\infty\limits_{n=1}(-1)^n\cfrac{(2n-1)!!}{(2n)!!(2n+1)}x^{2n+1},\qquad x\in[-1,1]. \end{aligned}
ln(x+x2+1)=∫0x(1+x2)−21dx=∫0x[1+n=1∑∞(−1)n(2n)!!(2n−1)!!x2n]dx=x+n=1∑∞(−1)n(2n)!!(2n+1)(2n−1)!!x2n+1,x∈[−1,1].
(这道题主要利用了常用幂级数的展开求解)
写在最后
如果觉得文章不错就点个赞吧。另外,如果有不同的观点,欢迎留言或私信。
部分幂级数展开式见附录一,传送门在这里。
欢迎非商业转载,转载请注明出处。