文章目录
方程组的应用
例:求和矩阵 A = ( 1 2 − 1 3 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 \\ -1 & 3\end{pmatrix} A=(1−123)可交换矩阵
设
X
=
(
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
)
X=\begin{pmatrix}x_{1} & x_{2} \\ x_{3} & x_{4}\end{pmatrix}
X=(x1x3x2x4)和
A
A
A可交换,即
A
X
=
X
A
AX=XA
AX=XA
(
1
2
−
1
3
)
(
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
)
=
(
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
)
(
1
2
−
1
3
)
(
x
1
+
2
x
3
x
2
+
2
x
4
−
x
1
+
3
x
3
−
x
2
+
3
x
4
)
=
(
x
1
−
x
2
2
x
1
+
3
x
2
x
3
−
x
4
2
x
3
+
3
x
4
)
\begin{aligned} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ -1 & 3 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}x_{1} & x_{2} \\ x_{3} & x_{4}\end{pmatrix}&=\begin{pmatrix}x_{1} & x_{2} \\ x_{3} & x_{4}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 \\ -1 & 3 \end{pmatrix}\\ \begin{pmatrix} x_{1}+2x_{3} & x_{2}+2x_{4} \\ -x_{1}+3x_{3} & -x_{2}+3x_{4} \end{pmatrix}&=\begin{pmatrix} x_{1}-x_{2} & 2x_{1}+3x_{2} \\ x_{3}-x_{4} & 2x_{3}+3x_{4} \end{pmatrix} \end{aligned}
(1−123)(x1x3x2x4)(x1+2x3−x1+3x3x2+2x4−x2+3x4)=(x1x3x2x4)(1−123)=(x1−x2x3−x42x1+3x22x3+3x4)
即有
{
x
2
+
2
x
3
=
0
2
x
1
+
2
x
2
−
2
x
4
=
0
−
x
1
+
2
x
3
+
x
4
=
0
x
2
+
2
x
3
=
0
\begin{cases} x_{2}+2x_{3}=0 \\ 2x_{1}+2x_{2}-2x_{4}=0 \\ -x_{1}+2x_{3}+x_{4}=0 \\ x_{2}+2x_{3}=0 \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧x2+2x3=02x1+2x2−2x4=0−x1+2x3+x4=0x2+2x3=0
系数矩阵
B
=
(
0
1
2
0
2
2
0
−
2
−
1
0
2
1
0
1
2
0
)
→
(
1
0
−
2
−
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
)
B=\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 2 & 2 & 0 & -2 \\ -1 & 0 & 2 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 0 \end{pmatrix}\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -2 & -1 \\ 0 & 1 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}
B=⎝
⎛02−10120120220−210⎠
⎞→⎝
⎛10000100−2200−1000⎠
⎞
结果是为了求矩阵一般用提参数的方法,而不是 0 , 1 0,1 0,1法
自由变量
x
3
,
x
4
x_{3},x_{4}
x3,x4,令
x
3
=
t
,
x
4
=
u
x_{3}=t,x_{4}=u
x3=t,x4=u
x
1
=
2
t
+
u
,
x
2
=
−
2
t
x_{1}=2t+u,x_{2}=-2t
x1=2t+u,x2=−2t
因此
X
=
(
2
t
+
u
−
2
t
t
u
)
t
,
u
为任意常数
X=\begin{pmatrix} 2t+u & -2t \\ t & u \end{pmatrix}\quad t,u 为任意常数
X=(2t+ut−2tu)t,u为任意常数
例: ( 1 2 3 2 3 4 ) X = ( 4 5 5 6 ) \begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 4\end{pmatrix}X=\begin{pmatrix}4 & 5 \\ 5 & 6\end{pmatrix} (122334)X=(4556),则 X = ( ) X=() X=()
如果 ( 1 2 3 2 3 4 ) \begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 4\end{pmatrix} (122334)为方阵且可逆,则只需要左乘其逆矩阵即可,但本题显然不可逆
由题意得
X
3
×
2
X_{3\times2}
X3×2
(
1
2
3
2
3
4
)
(
x
1
y
1
x
2
y
2
x
3
y
3
)
=
(
4
5
5
6
)
\begin{pmatrix}1 & 2 & 3 \\ 2 & 3 & 4\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x_{1} & y_{1} \\ x_{2} & y_{2} \\ x_{3} & y_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix}4 & 5 \\ 5 & 6\end{pmatrix}
(122334)⎝
⎛x1x2x3y1y2y3⎠
⎞=(4556)
此处考虑到 X X X不同列乘积最后形成的系数矩阵相同,所以考虑不同列设成不同组未知数。
如果统一设成 x 1 , x 2 , ⋯ , x 6 x_{1},x_{2},\cdots,x_{6} x1,x2,⋯,x6也能做出来,计算难度相差不大
可得
{
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
=
4
2
x
1
+
3
x
2
+
4
x
3
=
5
{
y
1
+
2
y
2
+
3
y
3
=
5
2
y
1
+
3
y
2
+
4
y
3
=
6
\begin{cases} x_{1}+2x_{2}+3x_{3}=4 \\ 2x_{1}+3x_{2}+4x_{3}=5 \end{cases}\quad \begin{cases} y_{1}+2y_{2}+3y_{3}=5 \\ 2y_{1}+3y_{2}+4y_{3}=6 \end{cases}
{x1+2x2+3x3=42x1+3x2+4x3=5{y1+2y2+3y3=52y1+3y2+4y3=6
系数矩阵相同,可得大的增广矩阵
(
1
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
5
6
)
→
(
1
0
−
1
−
2
−
3
1
2
3
4
)
\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \end{pmatrix}\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & -2 & -3 \\ & 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \end{pmatrix}
(1223344556)→(101−12−23−34)
有
{
x
1
=
−
2
+
k
1
x
2
=
3
−
2
k
1
x
3
=
k
1
{
y
1
=
−
3
+
k
2
y
2
=
4
−
2
k
2
y
3
=
k
2
\begin{cases} x_{1}=-2+k_{1} \\ x_{2}=3-2k_{1} \\ x_{3}=k_{1} \end{cases}\quad \begin{cases} y_{1}=-3+k_{2} \\ y_{2}=4-2k_{2} \\ y_{3}=k_{2} \end{cases}
⎩
⎨
⎧x1=−2+k1x2=3−2k1x3=k1⎩
⎨
⎧y1=−3+k2y2=4−2k2y3=k2
因此,可得
X
=
(
−
2
k
1
−
3
+
k
2
3
−
2
k
1
4
−
2
k
2
k
1
k
2
)
k
1
,
k
2
为任意常数
X=\begin{pmatrix} -2k_{1} & -3+k_{2} \\ 3-2k_{1} & 4-2k_{2} \\ k_{1} & k_{2} \end{pmatrix}\quad k_{1},k_{2}为任意常数
X=⎝
⎛−2k13−2k1k1−3+k24−2k2k2⎠
⎞k1,k2为任意常数
例:设 α 1 = ( a , 2 , 10 ) T , α 2 = ( − 2 , 1 , 5 ) T , α 3 = ( − 1 , 1 , 4 ) T , β = ( 1 , b , c ) T \alpha_{1}=(a,2,10)^{T},\alpha_{2}=(-2,1,5)^{T},\alpha_{3}=(-1,1,4)^{T},\beta=(1,b,c)^{T} α1=(a,2,10)T,α2=(−2,1,5)T,α3=(−1,1,4)T,β=(1,b,c)T,求 a , b , c a,b,c a,b,c满足的条件
- β \beta β可由 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3} α1,α2,α3线性表出,且表示方法唯一
- β \beta β不能由 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3} α1,α2,α3线性表出
- β \beta β可由 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3} α1,α2,α3线性表出但表示方法不唯一,并写出一般表达式
设
x
1
α
2
+
x
2
α
3
+
x
3
α
3
=
β
(1)
x_{1}\alpha_{2}+x_{2}\alpha_{3}+x_{3}\alpha_{3}=\beta\tag{1}
x1α2+x2α3+x3α3=β(1)
由
∣
A
∣
=
∣
α
1
α
2
α
3
∣
=
∣
a
−
2
−
1
2
1
1
10
5
4
∣
=
−
(
a
+
4
)
|A|=\begin{vmatrix} \alpha_{1}&\alpha_{2}&\alpha_{3} \end{vmatrix}=\begin{vmatrix} a&-2&-1\\2&1&1\\10&5&4 \end{vmatrix}=-(a+4)
∣A∣=∣
∣α1α2α3∣
∣=∣
∣a210−215−114∣
∣=−(a+4)
因此,
当
a
≠
−
4
a\ne-4
a=−4时,
∣
A
∣
≠
0
|A|\ne0
∣A∣=0,方程组有唯一解,
β
\beta
β可由
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3}
α1,α2,α3线性表出,且表示方法唯一
当
a
=
−
4
a=-4
a=−4时
A
ˉ
=
(
−
4
−
2
−
1
1
2
1
1
b
10
5
4
c
)
→
(
2
1
1
b
0
0
1
2
b
+
1
0
0
0
3
b
−
c
−
1
)
\bar{A}=\begin{pmatrix} -4 & -2 & -1 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 & 1 & b \\ 10 & 5 & 4 & c \end{pmatrix}\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 & 1 & b \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 2b+1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3b-c-1 \end{pmatrix}
Aˉ=⎝
⎛−4210−215−1141bc⎠
⎞→⎝
⎛200100110b2b+13b−c−1⎠
⎞
因此,当
a
=
−
4
,
3
b
−
c
≠
1
a=-4,3b-c\ne1
a=−4,3b−c=1时,方程组无解,即
β
\beta
β不能由
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3}
α1,α2,α3线性表出
若
a
=
−
4
,
3
b
−
c
=
1
a=-4,3b-c=1
a=−4,3b−c=1,有
r
(
A
)
=
r
(
A
ˉ
)
=
2
<
3
r(A)=r(\bar{A})=2<3
r(A)=r(Aˉ)=2<3,方程组有
∞
\infty
∞组解,即
β
\beta
β可由
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3}
α1,α2,α3线性表出但表示方法不唯一
A
ˉ
→
(
2
1
1
b
0
0
1
2
b
+
1
0
0
0
3
b
−
c
−
1
)
→
(
2
1
0
−
b
−
1
0
0
1
2
b
+
1
0
0
0
0
)
\bar{A}\rightarrow \begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 & 1 & b \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 2b+1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 3b-c-1 \end{pmatrix}\rightarrow\begin{pmatrix} 2 & 1 & 0 & -b-1 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & 2b+1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix}
Aˉ→⎝
⎛200100110b2b+13b−c−1⎠
⎞→⎝
⎛200100010−b−12b+10⎠
⎞
令
x
1
=
t
x_{1}=t
x1=t,则
x
2
=
−
2
t
−
b
−
1
,
x
3
=
2
b
+
1
x_{2}=-2t-b-1,x_{3}=2b+1
x2=−2t−b−1,x3=2b+1
由
(
1
)
(1)
(1)得
β
=
t
α
1
−
(
2
t
+
b
+
1
)
α
2
+
(
2
b
+
1
)
α
3
t
为任意常数
\beta=t \alpha_{1}-(2t+b+1)\alpha_{2}+(2b+1)\alpha_{3}\quad t为任意常数
β=tα1−(2t+b+1)α2+(2b+1)α3t为任意常数
例:设三阶矩阵 A = ( α 1 α 2 α 3 ) , B = ( β 1 β 2 β 3 ) A=\begin{pmatrix}\alpha_{1} & \alpha_{2} & \alpha_{3}\end{pmatrix},B=\begin{pmatrix}\beta_{1} & \beta_{2} & \beta_{3}\end{pmatrix} A=(α1α2α3),B=(β1β2β3),若向量组 α 1 , α 2 , α 3 \alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3} α1,α2,α3可由向量 β 1 , β 2 , β 3 \beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3} β1,β2,β3线性表出,证明: B T x = 0 B^{T}x=0 BTx=0的解,均为 B x = 0 Bx=0 Bx=0的解
由于向量组
α
1
,
α
2
,
α
3
\alpha_{1},\alpha_{2},\alpha_{3}
α1,α2,α3可由向量
β
1
,
β
2
,
β
3
\beta_{1},\beta_{2},\beta_{3}
β1,β2,β3线性表出,则有
B
C
=
A
⇒
C
T
B
T
=
A
T
BC=A\Rightarrow C^{T}B^{T}=A^{T}
BC=A⇒CTBT=AT
由题意
A
T
x
=
(
C
T
B
T
)
x
=
C
T
(
B
T
x
)
=
C
T
0
=
0
\begin{aligned} A^{T}x=(C^{T}B^{T})x=C^{T}(B^{T}x)=C^{T}0=0 \end{aligned}
ATx=(CTBT)x=CT(BTx)=CT0=0
原题得证