人脸检测之FaceBoxes

 

出自李子青老师组的作品，FaceBoxes: A CPU Real-time Face Detector with High Accuracy

 

文章整体创新分为3个部分：

(1)RDCL模块

在这个模块中，卷积的滑动步长是很大，属于比较稀疏的滑动卷积。其中conv1滑动步长为4，使得feature map缩小1/4，conv2使得滑动步长为2，使得feature map缩小1/2，pool1,pool2分别缩小1/2，最终feature map缩小1/32。这样就使得feature map减小的比较快，速度也就会提升。

Conv1,conv2使用的卷积核大小分别为7*7,5*5。

另一个需要说的就是，这里使用了CRELU单元，直接对卷积层的输出，做完batchnorm后，将原始的BN的输出和经过取反后的输出做concat，使得channel数double，然后再做scale操作，这里，caffe中，BN和scale是2个分开的层，BN+scale才算是一个完整的batchnorm。

使用CRELU的优势就在于，减少了一半的卷积计算量。

 

CRELU的思想在于，刚开始的时候，也就是网络的前几层，网络会学习正样本的信息和负样本的信息，或者说attention的地方和not attention的地方，学习出来的特征是呈现对称的一正一负分布的(pair filter)。从而保证正负相关性。一般网络的前几层会表现出正负先关性，随着层数的增加，这种性质越来越弱。而RELU的作用就在于激活attention的地方，将不care的地方至为0。一般网络的前2层可以尝试使用CRELU加速，同时对精度影响较小。

 

(2)MSCL模块

 

该模块通过使Inception module作为一个shortcut来进行不同层的特征融合，保证不同scale的特征都能利用起来。

另外就是采用了SSD的多个scale思想，每一个scale部分都输出该阶段的结果，进行分类和回归操作。这样做能保证不同的scale下检测不同尺度的人脸，可以大大提高召回率。

(3)anchor稠密化策略模块

Incetpiton,conv3_2,conv4_2模块的anchor scale分别为(32,64,128),256,512，anchor采样间隔分别为(32,32,32),64,128

根据上面的公式，可以算出anchor密度分别为(1,2,4),4,4，这里由于前面的anchor密度比较少，会导致对小人脸召回率不够高。作者这里做了anchor的平衡，对前面的inception层的anchor进行了增加。

这里anchor增加的策略就是以感受野为中心，通过像素的滑动，进行45度和135度斜对角线anchor的增加。


代码测试：

 

git clone https://github.com/weiliu89/caffe.git
git checkout ssd
git pull
git clone https://github.com/zeusees/FaceBoxes.git

下载好模型后使用下面的c++程序进行测试

 

 

 

 

#define USE_OPENCV 1
//#define CPU_ONLY 1
#define USE_CUDNN 1

#include <caffe/caffe.hpp>
#ifdef USE_OPENCV
#include <opencv2/core/core.hpp>
#include <opencv2/highgui/highgui.hpp>
#include <opencv2/imgproc/imgproc.hpp>
#endif  // USE_OPENCV
#include <algorithm>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iosfwd>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include "head.h"

#ifdef USE_OPENCV
using namespace caffe;  // NOLINT(build/namespaces)

class Detector {
 public:
  Detector(const string& model_file,
           const string& weights_file,
           const string& mean_file,
           const string& mean_value);

  std::vector<vector<float> > Detect(const cv::Mat& img);

 private:
  void SetMean(const string& mean_file, const string& mean_value);

  void WrapInputLayer(std::vector<cv::Mat>* input_channels);

  void Preprocess(const cv::Mat& img,
                  std::vector<cv::Mat>* input_channels);

 private:
  shared_ptr<Net<float> > net_;
  cv::Size input_geometry_;
  int num_channels_;
  cv::Mat mean_;
};

Detector::Detector(const string& model_file,
                   const string& weights_file,
                   const string& mean_file,
                   const string& mean_value) {
#ifdef CPU_ONLY
  Caffe::set_mode(Caffe::CPU);
#else
  Caffe::set_mode(Caffe::GPU);
#endif

  /* Load the network. */
  net_.reset(new Net<float>(model_file, TEST));
  net_->CopyTrainedLayersFrom(weights_file);

  CHECK_EQ(net_->num_inputs(), 1) << "Network should have exactly one input.";
  CHECK_EQ(net_->num_outputs(), 1) << "Network should have exactly one output.";

  Blob<float>* input_layer = net_->input_blobs()[0];
  num_channels_ = input_layer->channels();
  CHECK(num_channels_ == 3 || num_channels_ == 1)
    << "Input layer should have 1 or 3 channels.";
  input_geometry_ = cv::Size(input_layer->width(), input_layer->height());

  /* Load the binaryproto mean file. */
  SetMean(mean_file, mean_value);
}

std::vector<vector<float> > Detector::Detect(const cv::Mat& img) {
  Blob<float>* input_layer = net_->input_blobs()[0];
  input_layer->Reshape(1, num_channels_,
                       input_geometry_.height, input_geometry_.width);
  /* Forward dimension change to all layers. */
  net_->Reshape();

  std::vector<cv::Mat> input_channels;
  WrapInputLayer(&input_channels);

  Preprocess(img, &input_channels);

  net_->Forward();

  /* Copy the output layer to a std::vector */
  Blob<float>* result_blob = net_->output_blobs()[0];
  const float* result = result_blob->cpu_data();
  const int num_det = result_blob->height();
  vector<vector<float> > detections;
  for (int k = 0; k < num_det; ++k) {
    if (result[0] == -1) {
      // Skip invalid detection.
      result += 7;
      continue;
    }
    vector<float> detection(result, result + 7);
    detections.push_back(detection);
    result += 7;
  }
  return detections;
}

/* Load the mean file in binaryproto format. */
void Detector::SetMean(const string& mean_file, const string& mean_value) {
  cv::Scalar channel_mean;
  if (!mean_file.empty()) {
    CHECK(mean_value.empty()) <<
      "Cannot specify mean_file and mean_value at the same time";
    BlobProto blob_proto;
    ReadProtoFromBinaryFileOrDie(mean_file.c_str(), &blob_proto);

    /* Convert from BlobProto to Blob<float> */
    Blob<float> mean_blob;
    mean_blob.FromProto(blob_proto);
    CHECK_EQ(mean_blob.channels(), num_channels_)
      << "Number of channels of mean file doesn't match input layer.";

    /* The format of the mean file is planar 32-bit float BGR or grayscale. */
    std::vector<cv::Mat> channels;
    float* data = mean_blob.mutable_cpu_data();
    for (int i = 0; i < num_channels_; ++i) {
      /* Extract an individual channel. */
      cv::Mat channel(mean_blob.height(), mean_blob.width(), CV_32FC1, data);
      channels.push_back(channel);
      data += mean_blob.height() * mean_blob.width();
    }

    /* Merge the separate channels into a single image. */
    cv::Mat mean;
    cv::merge(channels, mean);

    /* Compute the global mean pixel value and create a mean image
     * filled with this value. */
    channel_mean = cv::mean(mean);
    mean_ = cv::Mat(input_geometry_, mean.type(), channel_mean);
  }
  if (!mean_value.empty()) {
    CHECK(mean_file.empty()) <<
      "Cannot specify mean_file and mean_value at the same time";
    stringstream ss(mean_value);
    vector<float> values;
    string item;
    while (getline(ss, item, ',')) {
      float value = std::atof(item.c_str());
      values.push_back(value);
    }
    CHECK(values.size() == 1 || values.size() == num_channels_) <<
      "Specify either 1 mean_value or as many as channels: " << num_channels_;

    std::vector<cv::Mat> channels;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_channels_; ++i) {
      /* Extract an individual channel. */
      cv::Mat channel(input_geometry_.height, input_geometry_.width, CV_32FC1,
          cv::Scalar(values[i]));
      channels.push_back(channel);
    }
    cv::merge(channels, mean_);
  }
}

/* Wrap the input layer of the network in separate cv::Mat objects
 * (one per channel). This way we save one memcpy operation and we
 * don't need to rely on cudaMemcpy2D. The last preprocessing
 * operation will write the separate channels directly to the input
 * layer. */
void Detector::WrapInputLayer(std::vector<cv::Mat>* input_channels) {
  Blob<float>* input_layer = net_->input_blobs()[0];

  int width = input_layer->width();
  int height = input_layer->height();
  float* input_data = input_layer->mutable_cpu_data();
  for (int i = 0; i < input_layer->channels(); ++i) {
    cv::Mat channel(height, width, CV_32FC1, input_data);
    input_channels->push_back(channel);
    input_data += width * height;
  }
}

void Detector::Preprocess(const cv::Mat& img,
                            std::vector<cv::Mat>* input_channels) {
  /* Convert the input image to the input image format of the network. */
  cv::Mat sample;
  if (img.channels() == 3 && num_channels_ == 1)
    cv::cvtColor(img, sample, cv::COLOR_BGR2GRAY);
  else if (img.channels() == 4 && num_channels_ == 1)
    cv::cvtColor(img, sample, cv::COLOR_BGRA2GRAY);
  else if (img.channels() == 4 && num_channels_ == 3)
    cv::cvtColor(img, sample, cv::COLOR_BGRA2BGR);
  else if (img.channels() == 1 && num_channels_ == 3)
    cv::cvtColor(img, sample, cv::COLOR_GRAY2BGR);
  else
    sample = img;


  cv::Mat sample_resized;
  if (sample.size() != input_geometry_)
    cv::resize(sample, sample_resized, input_geometry_);
  else
    sample_resized = sample;

  cv::Mat sample_float;
  if (num_channels_ == 3)
    sample_resized.convertTo(sample_float, CV_32FC3);
  else
    sample_resized.convertTo(sample_float, CV_32FC1);

  cv::Mat sample_normalized;
  cv::subtract(sample_float, mean_, sample_normalized);
  sample_normalized = sample_normalized / 127.5;

  /* This operation will write the separate BGR planes directly to the
   * input layer of the network because it is wrapped by the cv::Mat
   * objects in input_channels. */
  cv::split(sample_normalized, *input_channels);

  CHECK(reinterpret_cast<float*>(input_channels->at(0).data)
        == net_->input_blobs()[0]->cpu_data())
    << "Input channels are not wrapping the input layer of the network.";
}

DEFINE_string(mean_file, "",
    "The mean file used to subtract from the input image.");
DEFINE_string(mean_value, "104,117,123",
    "If specified, can be one value or can be same as image channels"
    " - would subtract from the corresponding channel). Separated by ','."
    "Either mean_file or mean_value should be provided, not both.");
DEFINE_string(file_type, "image",
    "The file type in the list_file. Currently support image and video.");
DEFINE_string(out_file, "",
    "If provided, store the detection results in the out_file.");
DEFINE_double(confidence_threshold, 0.3,//0.01,
    "Only store detections with score higher than the threshold.");

int main(int argc, char** argv) {

	::google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
	argc = 4;
	argv[0] = "ssd_detect.exe -file_type=image -confidence_threshold=0.3";
	argv[1] = "faceboxes_deploy.prototxt";
	argv[2] = "FaceBoxes_1024x1024.caffemodel";
	argv[3] = "list.txt";


 // ::google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
  // Print output to stderr (while still logging)
  FLAGS_alsologtostderr = 1;

#ifndef GFLAGS_GFLAGS_H_
  namespace gflags = google;
#endif

  gflags::SetUsageMessage("Do detection using SSD mode.\n"
        "Usage:\n"
        "    ssd_detect [FLAGS] model_file weights_file list_file\n");
  gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);

  if (argc < 4) {
	  gflags::ShowUsageWithFlagsRestrict(argv[0], "examples/ssd/ssd_detect");
	  return 1;
  }

  const string& model_file = argv[1];
  const string& weights_file = argv[2];
  const string& mean_file = FLAGS_mean_file;
  const string& mean_value = FLAGS_mean_value;
  const string& file_type = FLAGS_file_type;
  const string& out_file = FLAGS_out_file;
  const float confidence_threshold = FLAGS_confidence_threshold;

  // Initialize the network.
  Detector detector(model_file, weights_file, mean_file, mean_value);

  // Set the output mode.
  std::streambuf* buf = std::cout.rdbuf();
  std::ofstream outfile;
  if (!out_file.empty()) {
    outfile.open(out_file.c_str());
    if (outfile.good()) {
      buf = outfile.rdbuf();
    }
  }
  std::ostream out(buf);

  // Process image one by one.
  std::ifstream infile(argv[3]);
  std::string file;
  while (infile >> file) {
    if (file_type == "image") {
      cv::Mat img = cv::imread(file, -1);
      CHECK(!img.empty()) << "Unable to decode image " << file;

	  clock_t start1, end1;
	  start1 = clock();
      std::vector<vector<float> > detections = detector.Detect(img);

	  end1 = (double)(1000 * (clock() - start1) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
	  std::cout << "time:  " << end1 << "ms" << std::endl;


      /* Print the detection results. */
      for (int i = 0; i < detections.size(); ++i) {
        const vector<float>& d = detections[i];
        // Detection format: [image_id, label, score, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax].
        CHECK_EQ(d.size(), 7);
        const float score = d[2];
        if (score >= confidence_threshold) {
          out << file << " ";
          out << static_cast<int>(d[1]) << " ";
          out << score << " ";
          out << static_cast<int>(d[3] * img.cols) << " ";
          out << static_cast<int>(d[4] * img.rows) << " ";
          out << static_cast<int>(d[5] * img.cols) << " ";
          out << static_cast<int>(d[6] * img.rows) << std::endl;
          	
          cv::rectangle( img, cv::Point(static_cast<int>(d[3] * img.cols), static_cast<int>(d[4] * img.rows)), cv::Point(static_cast<int>(d[5] * img.cols), static_cast<int>(d[6] * img.rows)), cv::Scalar(0, static_cast<int>(d[1])*10, 205), 2, 4, 0 ); 
        }
      }
      imshow("result",img);
      cvWaitKey(0);
    } else if (file_type == "video") {
      cv::VideoCapture cap(file);
      if (!cap.isOpened()) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open video: " << file;
      }
      cv::Mat img;
      int frame_count = 0;
      while (true) {
        bool success = cap.read(img);
	
        if (!success) {
          LOG(INFO) << "Process " << frame_count << " frames from " << file;
          break;
        }
        CHECK(!img.empty()) << "Error when read frame";

		clock_t start1, end1;
		start1 = clock();
        std::vector<vector<float> > detections = detector.Detect(img);

		end1 = (double)(1000 * (clock() - start1) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC);
		std::cout << "time:  " << end1 << "ms" << std::endl;

        /* Print the detection results. */
        for (int i = 0; i < detections.size(); ++i) {
          const vector<float>& d = detections[i];
          // Detection format: [image_id, label, score, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax].
          CHECK_EQ(d.size(), 7);
          const float score = d[2];
          if (score >= confidence_threshold) {
            out << file << "_";
            out << std::setfill('0') << std::setw(6) << frame_count << " ";
            out << static_cast<int>(d[1]) << " ";
            out << score << " ";
            out << static_cast<int>(d[3] * img.cols) << " ";
            out << static_cast<int>(d[4] * img.rows) << " ";
            out << static_cast<int>(d[5] * img.cols) << " ";
            out << static_cast<int>(d[6] * img.rows) << std::endl;

  cv::rectangle( img, cv::Point(static_cast<int>(d[3] * img.cols), static_cast<int>(d[4] * img.rows)), cv::Point(static_cast<int>(d[5] * img.cols), static_cast<int>(d[6] * img.rows)), cv::Scalar(0, static_cast<int>(d[1])*10, 255), 2, 4, 0 ); 

          }
        }
        ++frame_count;

      imshow("result",img);
      cvWaitKey(1);
      }
      if (cap.isOpened()) {
        cap.release();
      }
    } else {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Unknown file_type: " << file_type;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}
#else
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  LOG(FATAL) << "This example requires OpenCV; compile with USE_OPENCV.";
}
#endif  // USE_OPENCV

 

 

输出结果：（cpu 7700HQ，显卡1060）

 

 

 

 

 

 

结果看速度确实很快，模型也很小，只有3.4M，召回率不是很好，可能作者的模型实现上和论文的实现有区别吧。留待后续探索。

my test project:http://download.csdn.net/download/qq_14845119/10216589

 

References:

FaceBoxes: A CPU Real-time Face Detector with HighAccuracy

Understanding and improving convolutional neural networks viaconcatenated rectified linear units. InICML, 2016

https://github.com/zeusees/FaceBoxes

官方github:

https://github.com/zisianw/FaceBoxes.PyTorch

https://github.com/sfzhang15/FaceBoxes