zynq7000之AXI-Lite

1、为什么写这个？
今天是中秋节最后一天，放肆的玩了两天以后还是要努力工作的。作为底软开发人员，会在ARM侧操作FPGA的相关接口就够了。但是好奇心驱使我看了一天FPGA。
2、这个东东有啥用？
AXI总线在zynq7000系列SOC中用作PS（这不是photoshop）和PL之前通信（别的任何系列，任何东西，我都不知道）。这里只讨论AXI-Lite。字面上来看是轻量级的意思。本意也确实如此，它一般最常用作PS控制PL中的寄存器。你可以想象一下，在FPGA上自己实现了一个USB控制器，PS想要对它进行操作，一般的单片机或者微处理器都是访问一个地址来操作外设。在zynq7000系列SOC上是否也可以呢？答案是可以，就用AXI-Lite总线。
3、认识下她吧。
说了半天没用的，如果不懂前面我说的的人估计也不会打开我这篇文章。
第一步，创建一个AXI的IP核，从代码角度来认识一下AXI-Lite总线，点击如下图在tool下找到创建IP

然后



这些是为了得到官方的AXI-Lite，以便于分析。好了现在得到了，怎么分析呢。先看看有哪些接口：

 		input wire  s00_axi_aclk,
		input wire  s00_axi_aresetn,
		input wire [C_S00_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH-1 : 0] s00_axi_awaddr,
		input wire [2 : 0] s00_axi_awprot,
		input wire  s00_axi_awvalid,
		output wire  s00_axi_awready,
		input wire [C_S00_AXI_DATA_WIDTH-1 : 0] s00_axi_wdata,
		input wire [(C_S00_AXI_DATA_WIDTH/8)-1 : 0] s00_axi_wstrb,
		input wire  s00_axi_wvalid,
		output wire  s00_axi_wready,
		output wire [1 : 0] s00_axi_bresp,
		output wire  s00_axi_bvalid,
		input wire  s00_axi_bready,
		input wire [C_S00_AXI_ADDR_WIDTH-1 : 0] s00_axi_araddr,
		input wire [2 : 0] s00_axi_arprot,
		input wire  s00_axi_arvalid,
		output wire  s00_axi_arready,
		output wire [C_S00_AXI_DATA_WIDTH-1 : 0] s00_axi_rdata,
		output wire [1 : 0] s00_axi_rresp,
		output wire  s00_axi_rvalid,
		input wire  s00_axi_rready

我认为硬件描述语言还不如原理图看起来舒服，说什么自上而下的设计。
既然都这么用，少发牢骚多做事吧。

这个图来自于ds970，不要问我什么事ds970，要是不懂，不要在学zynq了，我是业余的都懂。这就想找高中班主任了，讲完生物总是先问问我会了没，我要说会了，他就很高兴的下课了。（说明大家都会了）
看完这些信号的含义以后，才发现没什么用，于是接着看代码：

   always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_awready <= 1'b0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (~axi_awready && S_AXI_AWVALID && S_AXI_WVALID)
	        begin
	          // slave is ready to accept write address when 
	          // there is a valid write address and write data
	          // on the write address and data bus. This design 
	          // expects no outstanding transactions. 
	          axi_awready <= 1'b1;
	        end
	      else           
	        begin
	          axi_awready <= 1'b0;
	        end
	    end 
	end       

	// Implement axi_awaddr latching
	// This process is used to latch the address when both 
	// S_AXI_AWVALID and S_AXI_WVALID are valid. 

	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_awaddr <= 0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (~axi_awready && S_AXI_AWVALID && S_AXI_WVALID)
	        begin
	          // Write Address latching 
	          axi_awaddr <= S_AXI_AWADDR;
	        end
	    end 
	end       

	// Implement axi_wready generation
	// axi_wready is asserted for one S_AXI_ACLK clock cycle when both
	// S_AXI_AWVALID and S_AXI_WVALID are asserted. axi_wready is 
	// de-asserted when reset is low. 

	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_wready <= 1'b0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (~axi_wready && S_AXI_WVALID && S_AXI_AWVALID)
	        begin
	          // slave is ready to accept write data when 
	          // there is a valid write address and write data
	          // on the write address and data bus. This design 
	          // expects no outstanding transactions. 
	          axi_wready <= 1'b1;
	        end
	      else
	        begin
	          axi_wready <= 1'b0;
	        end
	    end 
	end       

	// Implement memory mapped register select and write logic generation
	// The write data is accepted and written to memory mapped registers when
	// axi_awready, S_AXI_WVALID, axi_wready and S_AXI_WVALID are asserted. Write strobes are used to
	// select byte enables of slave registers while writing.
	// These registers are cleared when reset (active low) is applied.
	// Slave register write enable is asserted when valid address and data are available
	// and the slave is ready to accept the write address and write data.
	assign slv_reg_wren = axi_wready && S_AXI_WVALID && axi_awready && S_AXI_AWVALID;

	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      slv_reg0 <= 0;
	      slv_reg1 <= 0;
	      slv_reg2 <= 0;
	      slv_reg3 <= 0;
	    end 
	  else begin
	    if (slv_reg_wren)
	      begin
	        case ( axi_awaddr[ADDR_LSB+OPT_MEM_ADDR_BITS:ADDR_LSB] )
	          2'h0:
	            for ( byte_index = 0; byte_index <= (C_S_AXI_DATA_WIDTH/8)-1; byte_index = byte_index+1 )
	              if ( S_AXI_WSTRB[byte_index] == 1 ) begin
	                // Respective byte enables are asserted as per write strobes 
	                // Slave register 0
	                slv_reg0[(byte_index*8) +: 8] <= S_AXI_WDATA[(byte_index*8) +: 8];
	              end  
	          2'h1:
	            for ( byte_index = 0; byte_index <= (C_S_AXI_DATA_WIDTH/8)-1; byte_index = byte_index+1 )
	              if ( S_AXI_WSTRB[byte_index] == 1 ) begin
	                // Respective byte enables are asserted as per write strobes 
	                // Slave register 1
	                slv_reg1[(byte_index*8) +: 8] <= S_AXI_WDATA[(byte_index*8) +: 8];
	              end  
	          2'h2:
	            for ( byte_index = 0; byte_index <= (C_S_AXI_DATA_WIDTH/8)-1; byte_index = byte_index+1 )
	              if ( S_AXI_WSTRB[byte_index] == 1 ) begin
	                // Respective byte enables are asserted as per write strobes 
	                // Slave register 2
	                slv_reg2[(byte_index*8) +: 8] <= S_AXI_WDATA[(byte_index*8) +: 8];
	              end  
	          2'h3:
	            for ( byte_index = 0; byte_index <= (C_S_AXI_DATA_WIDTH/8)-1; byte_index = byte_index+1 )
	              if ( S_AXI_WSTRB[byte_index] == 1 ) begin
	                // Respective byte enables are asserted as per write strobes 
	                // Slave register 3
	                slv_reg3[(byte_index*8) +: 8] <= S_AXI_WDATA[(byte_index*8) +: 8];
	              end  
	          default : begin
	                      slv_reg0 <= slv_reg0;
	                      slv_reg1 <= slv_reg1;
	                      slv_reg2 <= slv_reg2;
	                      slv_reg3 <= slv_reg3;
	                    end
	        endcase
	      end
	  end
	end    

	// Implement write response logic generation
	// The write response and response valid signals are asserted by the slave 
	// when axi_wready, S_AXI_WVALID, axi_wready and S_AXI_WVALID are asserted.  
	// This marks the acceptance of address and indicates the status of 
	// write transaction.

	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_bvalid  <= 0;
	      axi_bresp   <= 2'b0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (axi_awready && S_AXI_AWVALID && ~axi_bvalid && axi_wready && S_AXI_WVALID)
	        begin
	          // indicates a valid write response is available
	          axi_bvalid <= 1'b1;
	          axi_bresp  <= 2'b0; // 'OKAY' response 
	        end                   // work error responses in future
	      else
	        begin
	          if (S_AXI_BREADY && axi_bvalid) 
	            //check if bready is asserted while bvalid is high) 
	            //(there is a possibility that bready is always asserted high)   
	            begin
	              axi_bvalid <= 1'b0; 
	            end  
	        end
	    end
	end   

	// Implement axi_arready generation
	// axi_arready is asserted for one S_AXI_ACLK clock cycle when
	// S_AXI_ARVALID is asserted. axi_awready is 
	// de-asserted when reset (active low) is asserted. 
	// The read address is also latched when S_AXI_ARVALID is 
	// asserted. axi_araddr is reset to zero on reset assertion.

	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_arready <= 1'b0;
	      axi_araddr  <= 32'b0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (~axi_arready && S_AXI_ARVALID)
	        begin
	          // indicates that the slave has acceped the valid read address
	          axi_arready <= 1'b1;
	          // Read address latching
	          axi_araddr  <= S_AXI_ARADDR;
	        end
	      else
	        begin
	          axi_arready <= 1'b0;
	        end
	    end 
	end       

	// Implement axi_arvalid generation
	// axi_rvalid is asserted for one S_AXI_ACLK clock cycle when both 
	// S_AXI_ARVALID and axi_arready are asserted. The slave registers 
	// data are available on the axi_rdata bus at this instance. The 
	// assertion of axi_rvalid marks the validity of read data on the 
	// bus and axi_rresp indicates the status of read transaction.axi_rvalid 
	// is deasserted on reset (active low). axi_rresp and axi_rdata are 
	// cleared to zero on reset (active low).  
	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_rvalid <= 0;
	      axi_rresp  <= 0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      if (axi_arready && S_AXI_ARVALID && ~axi_rvalid)
	        begin
	          // Valid read data is available at the read data bus
	          axi_rvalid <= 1'b1;
	          axi_rresp  <= 2'b0; // 'OKAY' response
	        end   
	      else if (axi_rvalid && S_AXI_RREADY)
	        begin
	          // Read data is accepted by the master
	          axi_rvalid <= 1'b0;
	        end                
	    end
	end    

	// Implement memory mapped register select and read logic generation
	// Slave register read enable is asserted when valid address is available
	// and the slave is ready to accept the read address.
	assign slv_reg_rden = axi_arready & S_AXI_ARVALID & ~axi_rvalid;
	always @(*)
	begin
	      // Address decoding for reading registers
	      case ( axi_araddr[ADDR_LSB+OPT_MEM_ADDR_BITS:ADDR_LSB] )
	        2'h0   : reg_data_out <= slv_reg0;
	        2'h1   : reg_data_out <= slv_reg1;
	        2'h2   : reg_data_out <= slv_reg2;
	        2'h3   : reg_data_out <= slv_reg3;
	        default : reg_data_out <= 0;
	      endcase
	end

	// Output register or memory read data
	always @( posedge S_AXI_ACLK )
	begin
	  if ( S_AXI_ARESETN == 1'b0 )
	    begin
	      axi_rdata  <= 0;
	    end 
	  else
	    begin    
	      // When there is a valid read address (S_AXI_ARVALID) with 
	      // acceptance of read address by the slave (axi_arready), 
	      // output the read dada 
	      if (slv_reg_rden)
	        begin
	          axi_rdata <= reg_data_out;     // register read data
	        end   
	    end
	end    

	// Add user logic here

	// User logic ends

这几个always块很明白的说明了AXI总线的工作流程。
1、产生axi_awready信号；
2、锁定axi_awaddr；
3、产生axi_wready信号；
4、根据地址偏移量，找到对应的寄存器。（这个很重要，AXI-总线会有个基地址，在vivado上面可以看到，也可以设置）。如下图：

随便找个工程复制的，但是能够说明道理。基地址+偏移地址，就是我们要操作的寄存器。是不是似曾相识的感觉？
5、写应答逻辑；
6、产生axi_arready信号；
7、产生axi_arvalid信号；
8、根据偏移写寄存器，和4相对应；
9、 Output register or memory read data；
每个always块的逻辑大概就是这个样子，之后我会画一个时序图，今天太晚了，先休息。。。

每次都会有的题外话：去是一种选择，回是一种归宿。