留数定义
设
z
0
z_0
z0是解析函数f(z)的孤立奇点,我们把
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
z
0
z_0
z0处的洛朗展开中的负一次幂项的系数
C
−
1
C_{-1}
C−1称为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
z
0
z_0
z0的留数。记作
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]
Res[f(z),z0],即
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
=
C
−
1
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]=C_{-1}
Res[f(z),z0]=C−1
显然,留数
C
−
1
C_{-1}
C−1就是积分
∮
C
f
(
z
)
d
z
\oint_{C}f(z)\mathrm{d}z
∮Cf(z)dz的值,其中
C
C
C为解析函数
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的
z
0
z_0
z0的去心领域内绕
z
0
z_0
z0的闭曲线
无穷远点的留数
设
∞
\infty
∞为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的孤立奇点,即
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在圆环域
R
<
∣
z
∣
<
+
∞
R<\left| z \right | <+\infty
R<∣z∣<+∞内解析,则称
1
2
π
i
∮
C
−
f
(
z
)
d
z
(
C
:
∣
z
∣
=
ρ
>
R
)
\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{C^{-}}f(z)\mathrm{d}z(C:\left| z \right|=\rho >R)
2πi1∮C−f(z)dz(C:∣z∣=ρ>R)
为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
∞
\infty
∞的留数,记为
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]
Res[f(z),∞]
若
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
R
<
∣
z
∣
<
+
∞
R<\left| z \right | <+\infty
R<∣z∣<+∞的洛朗展式为
f
(
z
)
=
∑
n
=
−
∞
+
∞
C
n
z
n
f(z)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{+\infty}C_n z^n
f(z)=∑n=−∞+∞Cnzn,则有
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
=
−
C
−
1
Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]=-C_{-1}
Res[f(z),∞]=−C−1
留数定理
设函数
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在区域
D
D
D内除有限孤立奇点
z
1
,
z
2
,
⋯
,
z
n
z_1,z_2,\cdots, z_n
z1,z2,⋯,zn处处解析,
C
C
C是
D
D
D内包围各起点的一条正向简单闭曲线,那么
∮
C
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
\oint_{C}f(z)\mathrm{d}z=2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]
∮Cf(z)dz=2πik=1∑nRes[f(z),z0]
留数计算
准则1
若
z
0
z_0
z0为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的简单极点,则
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
=
lim
z
→
z
0
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]=\lim\limits_{z\to z_0}(z-z_0)f(z)
Res[f(z),z0]=z→z0lim(z−z0)f(z)
证明:
f
(
z
)
=
C
−
1
z
−
z
0
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
C
n
(
z
−
z
0
)
n
(
0
<
∣
z
−
z
0
∣
<
δ
)
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
=
C
−
1
+
∑
n
=
0
∞
C
n
(
z
−
z
0
)
n
+
1
lim
z
→
0
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
=
C
−
1
\begin{aligned} f(z)&=\frac{C_{-1}}{z-z_0}+\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} C_n(z-z_0)^{n}(0<\left| z-z_0 \right| <\delta) \\ (z-z_0)f(z)&=C_{-1}+\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} C_n(z-z_0)^{n+1} \\ \lim\limits_{z\to 0} (z-z_0)f(z)&=C_{-1} \end{aligned}
f(z)(z−z0)f(z)z→0lim(z−z0)f(z)=z−z0C−1+n=0∑∞Cn(z−z0)n(0<∣z−z0∣<δ)=C−1+n=0∑∞Cn(z−z0)n+1=C−1
准则2
设
f
(
z
)
=
P
(
z
)
Q
(
z
)
f(z)=\frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}
f(z)=Q(z)P(z),其中
P
(
z
)
,
Q
(
z
)
P(z),Q(z)
P(z),Q(z)在
z
0
z_0
z0处解析,若
P
(
z
0
)
≠
0
,
z
0
P(z_0)\neq 0,z_0
P(z0)=0,z0为
Q
(
z
)
Q(z)
Q(z)的一阶零点,则
z
0
z_0
z0为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的一阶极点,且
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
=
P
(
z
0
)
Q
′
(
z
0
)
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]=\frac{P(z_0)}{Q'(z_0)}
Res[f(z),z0]=Q′(z0)P(z0)
证明:
因为
z
0
z_0
z0为
Q
(
z
)
Q(z)
Q(z)的一阶零点,故
z
0
z_0
z0为
1
Q
(
z
)
\frac{1}{Q(z)}
Q(z)1的一阶极点,因此
存在
ϕ
(
z
)
\phi(z)
ϕ(z)在
z
0
z_0
z0处解析,且
ϕ
(
z
0
)
≠
0
\phi(z_0)\neq 0
ϕ(z0)=0,使得
1
Q
(
z
)
=
1
z
−
z
0
ϕ
(
z
)
\frac{1}{Q(z)}=\frac{1}{z-z_0}\phi(z)
Q(z)1=z−z01ϕ(z)
f
(
z
)
=
g
(
z
)
z
−
z
0
f(z)=\frac{g(z)}{z-z_0}
f(z)=z−z0g(z)
其中
g
(
z
)
=
P
(
z
)
ϕ
(
z
)
,
g
(
z
)
g(z)=P(z)\phi(z),g(z)
g(z)=P(z)ϕ(z),g(z)在
z
0
z_0
z0处解析,故
z
0
z_0
z0为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的一阶极点.
根据准则1
C
−
1
=
lim
z
→
0
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
=
lim
z
→
0
P
(
z
)
Q
(
z
)
−
Q
(
z
0
)
z
−
z
0
=
P
(
z
0
)
Q
′
(
z
0
)
C_{-1}=\lim\limits_{z\to 0}(z-z_0)f(z)=\lim\limits_{z\to 0}\frac{P(z)}{\frac{Q(z)-Q(z_0)}{z-z_0}}=\frac{P(z_0)}{Q'(z_0)}
C−1=z→0lim(z−z0)f(z)=z→0limz−z0Q(z)−Q(z0)P(z)=Q′(z0)P(z0)
准则3
如果
z
0
z_0
z0为
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)的
m
m
m阶极点,则
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
=
1
(
m
−
1
)
!
lim
z
→
0
d
m
−
1
d
z
m
−
1
[
(
z
−
z
0
)
m
f
(
z
)
]
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]=\frac{1}{(m-1)!}\lim\limits_{z\to 0}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{m-1}}{\mathrm{d}z^{m-1}}\left[(z-z_0)^{m}f(z) \right ]
Res[f(z),z0]=(m−1)!1z→0limdzm−1dm−1[(z−z0)mf(z)]
证明:由于
f
(
z
)
=
∑
k
=
−
m
∞
C
k
(
z
−
z
0
)
k
(
z
−
z
0
)
m
f
(
z
)
=
∑
k
=
−
m
∞
C
k
(
z
−
z
0
)
k
+
m
lim
z
→
0
d
m
−
1
d
z
m
−
1
[
(
z
−
z
0
)
m
f
(
z
)
]
=
C
−
1
(
m
−
1
)
!
\begin{aligned} f(z)&=\sum_{k=-m}^{\infty}C_{k}(z-z_0)^{k}\\ (z-z_0)^{m}f(z)&=\sum_{k=-m}^{\infty}C_{k}(z-z_0)^{k+m}\\ \lim\limits_{z\to 0}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{m-1}}{\mathrm{d}z^{m-1}}\left[(z-z_0)^{m}f(z) \right ] &= C_{-1}(m-1)! \end{aligned}
f(z)(z−z0)mf(z)z→0limdzm−1dm−1[(z−z0)mf(z)]=k=−m∑∞Ck(z−z0)k=k=−m∑∞Ck(z−z0)k+m=C−1(m−1)!
故
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
=
1
(
m
−
1
)
!
lim
z
→
0
d
m
−
1
d
z
m
−
1
[
(
z
−
z
0
)
m
f
(
z
)
]
Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]=\frac{1}{(m-1)!}\lim\limits_{z\to 0}\frac{\mathrm{d}^{m-1}}{\mathrm{d}z^{m-1}}\left[(z-z_0)^{m}f(z) \right ]
Res[f(z),z0]=(m−1)!1z→0limdzm−1dm−1[(z−z0)mf(z)]
引理
若
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在扩充复平面上只有有限个孤立奇点(包括无穷远点),设为
z
1
,
z
2
,
⋯
,
z
n
,
∞
z_1,z_2,\cdots,z_n,\infty
z1,z2,⋯,zn,∞,则
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在各点的留数总和为
0
0
0
证明:
考虑充分大的正数
R
R
R,使得
z
1
,
z
2
,
⋯
,
z
n
z_1,z_2,\cdots,z_n
z1,z2,⋯,zn全在
∣
z
∣
<
R
\left|z\right|<R
∣z∣<R内,于是由留数定理可得
∮
∣
z
∣
=
R
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
\oint_{\left|z\right| =R}f(z)\mathrm{d}z=2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]
∮∣z∣=Rf(z)dz=2πik=1∑nRes[f(z),z0]
而
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
z
∣
=
R
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
−
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{\left| z\right| =R}f(z)\mathrm{d}z=-Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]
2πi1∮∣z∣=Rf(z)dz=−Res[f(z),∞]
所以
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
0
]
+
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
=
0
\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_0 \right ]+Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]=0
k=1∑nRes[f(z),z0]+Res[f(z),∞]=0
准则4
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
=
−
R
e
s
[
f
(
1
z
)
1
z
2
,
0
]
Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]=-Res\left[f(\frac{1}{z})\frac{1}{z^2},0 \right ]
Res[f(z),∞]=−Res[f(z1)z21,0]
证明:
在无穷远点的留数定义中,设
z
=
ρ
e
i
θ
z=\rho e^{i\theta}
z=ρeiθ,并设
z
=
1
ξ
z=\frac{1}{\xi}
z=ξ1,则有
ξ
=
r
e
i
ϕ
(
r
=
1
ρ
,
ϕ
=
−
θ
)
\xi=re^{i\phi}(r=\frac{1}{\rho},\phi=-\theta)
ξ=reiϕ(r=ρ1,ϕ=−θ)
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
∞
]
=
1
2
π
i
∮
C
−
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
1
2
π
i
∫
0
−
2
π
f
(
ρ
e
i
θ
)
ρ
i
e
i
θ
d
θ
=
−
1
2
π
i
∫
0
2
π
f
(
1
r
e
i
ϕ
)
i
r
e
i
ϕ
d
ϕ
=
−
1
2
π
i
∫
0
2
π
f
(
1
r
e
i
ϕ
)
1
(
r
e
i
ϕ
)
2
d
(
r
e
i
ϕ
)
=
−
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
1
ρ
f
(
1
ξ
)
1
ξ
2
d
ξ
\begin{aligned} &\quad Res\left[f(z),\infty \right ]\\ &=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{C^{-}}f(z)\mathrm{d}z\\ &=\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{0}^{-2\pi} f(\rho e^{i\theta})\rho ie^{i\theta}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=-\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{0}^{2\pi} f(\frac{1}{re^{i\phi}}) \frac{i}{re^{i\phi}}\mathrm{d}\phi\\ &=-\frac{1}{2\pi i}\int_{0}^{2\pi}f(\frac{1}{re^{i\phi}})\frac{1}{(re^{i\phi})^2}\mathrm{d}(re^{i\phi})\\ &=-\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{\left|\xi \right|=\frac{1}{\rho}}f(\frac{1}{\xi})\frac{1}{\xi^{2}}\mathrm{d}\xi \end{aligned}
Res[f(z),∞]=2πi1∮C−f(z)dz=2πi1∫0−2πf(ρeiθ)ρieiθdθ=−2πi1∫02πf(reiϕ1)reiϕidϕ=−2πi1∫02πf(reiϕ1)(reiϕ)21d(reiϕ)=−2πi1∮∣ξ∣=ρ1f(ξ1)ξ21dξ
由于
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
ρ
<
∣
z
∣
<
+
∞
\rho <\left|z\right|<+\infty
ρ<∣z∣<+∞内解析,从而
f
(
1
ξ
)
在
0
<
∣
ξ
∣
<
1
ρ
f(\frac{1}{\xi})在0<\left|\xi\right|<\frac{1}{\rho}
f(ξ1)在0<∣ξ∣<ρ1内解析,因此
f
(
1
ξ
)
1
ξ
2
在
∣
ξ
∣
<
1
ρ
f(\frac{1}{\xi})\frac{1}{\xi^{2}}在\left|\xi\right|<\frac{1}{\rho}
f(ξ1)ξ21在∣ξ∣<ρ1内除了
ξ
=
0
\xi=0
ξ=0外没有其他的奇点,由留数定理得
1
2
π
i
∮
∣
ξ
∣
=
1
ρ
f
(
1
ξ
)
1
ξ
2
d
ξ
=
R
e
s
[
f
(
1
ξ
)
1
ξ
2
,
0
]
\frac{1}{2\pi i}\oint_{\left|\xi \right|=\frac{1}{\rho}}f(\frac{1}{\xi})\frac{1}{\xi^{2}}\mathrm{d}\xi=Res\left[f(\frac{1}{\xi})\frac{1}{\xi^{2}},0 \right ]
2πi1∮∣ξ∣=ρ1f(ξ1)ξ21dξ=Res[f(ξ1)ξ21,0]
留数定理算实积分
类型1
形如
∫
0
2
π
R
(
cos
θ
,
sin
θ
)
d
θ
\int_{0}^{2\pi}R(\cos \theta ,\sin \theta)\mathrm{d}\theta
∫02πR(cosθ,sinθ)dθ的积分
令
z
=
e
i
θ
,
d
z
=
i
e
i
θ
d
θ
z=e^{i\theta},\mathrm{d}z=ie^{i\theta}\mathrm{d}\theta
z=eiθ,dz=ieiθdθ,
sin
θ
=
e
i
θ
−
e
i
θ
2
i
=
z
2
−
1
2
i
z
,
cos
θ
=
e
i
θ
+
e
i
θ
2
=
z
2
+
1
2
z
\sin \theta =\frac{e^{i\theta}-e^{i\theta}}{2i}=\frac{z^2-1}{2iz},\cos \theta =\frac{e^{i\theta}+e^{i\theta}}{2}=\frac{z^2+1}{2z}
sinθ=2ieiθ−eiθ=2izz2−1,cosθ=2eiθ+eiθ=2zz2+1
R
(
cos
θ
,
sin
θ
)
R(\cos \theta ,\sin \theta )
R(cosθ,sinθ)是
cos
θ
,
sin
θ
\cos \theta,\sin \theta
cosθ,sinθ的有理函数,它作为
θ
\theta
θ的函数,在
0
≤
θ
≤
2
π
0\le \theta \le 2\pi
0≤θ≤2π上连续。当
θ
\theta
θ经历变程
[
0
,
2
π
]
\left[0,2\pi \right ]
[0,2π]时,对应的
z
z
z正好沿着单位圆
∣
z
∣
=
1
\left|z\right|=1
∣z∣=1的正向绕行一周,
f
(
z
)
=
R
(
z
2
+
1
2
z
,
z
2
−
1
2
i
z
)
f(z)=R\left(\frac{z^2+1}{2z}, \frac{z^2-1}{2iz}\right )
f(z)=R(2zz2+1,2izz2−1)在积分闭路上
∣
z
∣
=
1
\left|z\right|=1
∣z∣=1上无奇点,则
∮
0
2
π
R
(
cos
θ
,
sin
θ
)
d
θ
=
∮
∣
z
∣
=
1
R
(
z
2
+
1
2
z
,
z
2
−
1
2
i
z
)
d
z
i
z
=
∮
∣
z
∣
=
1
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\begin{aligned} &\quad \oint_{0}^{2\pi}R(\cos \theta,\sin \theta)\mathrm{d}\theta \\ &=\oint_{\left|z\right|=1}R(\frac{z^2+1}{2z},\frac{z^2-1}{2iz})\frac{\mathrm{d}z}{iz} \\ &=\oint_{\left|z\right| =1}f(z)\mathrm{d}z \\ &=2\pi i\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_k \right ] \end{aligned}
∮02πR(cosθ,sinθ)dθ=∮∣z∣=1R(2zz2+1,2izz2−1)izdz=∮∣z∣=1f(z)dz=2πik=1∑nRes[f(z),zk]
小圆弧引理
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
C
:
z
=
z
0
+
ρ
e
i
θ
(
θ
∈
[
α
,
β
]
)
C:z=z_0+\rho e^{i\theta}(\theta \in \left[\alpha,\beta \right ])
C:z=z0+ρeiθ(θ∈[α,β])上连续,且
lim
z
→
z
0
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{z\to z_0}(z-z_0)f(z)=A
z→z0lim(z−z0)f(z)=A,则
lim
z
→
z
0
∫
C
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
i
(
β
−
α
)
A
\lim\limits_{z\to z_0}\int_{C}f(z)\mathrm{d}z=i(\beta-\alpha)A
z→z0lim∫Cf(z)dz=i(β−α)A
大圆弧引理
f
(
z
)
f(z)
f(z)在
C
:
z
=
z
0
+
ρ
e
i
θ
(
θ
∈
[
α
,
β
]
)
C:z=z_0+\rho e^{i\theta}(\theta \in \left[\alpha,\beta \right ])
C:z=z0+ρeiθ(θ∈[α,β])上连续,且
lim
z
→
∞
(
z
−
z
0
)
f
(
z
)
=
A
\lim\limits_{z\to \infty}(z-z_0)f(z)=A
z→∞lim(z−z0)f(z)=A,则
lim
z
→
∞
∫
C
f
(
z
)
d
z
=
i
(
β
−
α
)
A
\lim\limits_{z\to \infty}\int_{C}f(z)\mathrm{d}z=i(\beta-\alpha)A
z→∞lim∫Cf(z)dz=i(β−α)A
类型2
形如
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
d
x
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)\mathrm{d}x
∫−∞+∞R(x)dx的积分
其中
R
(
z
)
=
P
(
z
)
Q
(
z
)
=
a
0
z
n
+
a
1
z
n
−
1
+
⋯
+
a
n
b
0
z
m
+
b
1
z
m
−
1
+
⋯
+
b
m
(
a
0
,
b
0
≠
0
,
m
−
n
≥
2
)
R(z)=\frac{P(z)}{Q(z)}=\frac{a_0 z^n +a_1 z^{n-1}+\cdots+a_n}{b_0 z^m +b_1 z^{m-1}+\cdots+b_m}(a_0,b_0\neq 0,m-n\ge 2)
R(z)=Q(z)P(z)=b0zm+b1zm−1+⋯+bma0zn+a1zn−1+⋯+an(a0,b0=0,m−n≥2)
满足
- Q ( z ) Q(z) Q(z)比 P ( z ) P(z) P(z)至少高两次
- Q ( z ) Q(z) Q(z)在实轴上无零点
- R ( z ) R(z) R(z)在上半平面 I m z > 0 Im\ z >0 Im z>0内的极点为 z k ( k = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , n ) z_k(k=1,2,\cdots,n) zk(k=1,2,⋯,n)
则有
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
d
x
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
R
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)\mathrm{d}x=2\pi i\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[R(z),z_k \right ]
∫−∞+∞R(x)dx=2πik=1∑nRes[R(z),zk]
证明:
作围道
C
R
:
z
=
R
e
i
θ
(
0
≤
θ
≤
π
)
C_R:z=Re^{i\theta}(0\le \theta \le \pi)
CR:z=Reiθ(0≤θ≤π)
当
R
R
R充分大,所有的极点都包含在积分路径内,
∫
−
R
R
R
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
C
R
R
(
z
)
d
z
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
R
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-R}^{R}R(x)\mathrm{d}x+\int_{C_R}R(z)\mathrm{d}z=2\pi i\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[R(z),z_k \right ]
∫−RRR(x)dx+∫CRR(z)dz=2πik=1∑nRes[R(z),zk]
lim
R
→
+
∞
z
R
(
z
)
=
0
\lim \limits_{R\to +\infty}zR(z)=0
R→+∞limzR(z)=0
由大圆弧引理
lim
R
→
+
∞
∫
C
R
R
(
z
)
d
z
=
i
(
π
−
0
)
0
=
0
\lim\limits_{R\to +\infty}\int_{C_R}R(z)\mathrm{d}z=i(\pi-0) 0=0
R→+∞lim∫CRR(z)dz=i(π−0)0=0
所以
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
d
x
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
R
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)\mathrm{d}x=2\pi i\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[R(z),z_k \right ]
∫−∞+∞R(x)dx=2πik=1∑nRes[R(z),zk]
若尔当引理
引理
当
0
≤
θ
≤
π
2
0\le \theta \le \frac{\pi}{2}
0≤θ≤2π时,
2
π
θ
≤
sin
θ
\frac{2\pi }{\theta }\le\sin \theta
θ2π≤sinθ
证明:
f
(
θ
)
=
sin
θ
2
θ
π
=
π
sin
θ
2
θ
f(\theta)=\frac{\sin \theta }{\frac{2\theta}{\pi}}=\frac{\pi \sin \theta}{2\theta}
f(θ)=π2θsinθ=2θπsinθ
f
′
(
θ
)
=
π
2
θ
cos
θ
−
sin
θ
θ
2
f'(\theta)=\frac{\pi}{2}\frac{\theta \cos \theta - \sin \theta}{\theta^2}
f′(θ)=2πθ2θcosθ−sinθ
g
(
θ
)
=
θ
cos
θ
−
sin
θ
g(\theta)=\theta \cos \theta -\sin \theta
g(θ)=θcosθ−sinθ
g
′
(
θ
)
=
−
θ
sin
θ
<
0
g'(\theta)=-\theta \sin\theta<0
g′(θ)=−θsinθ<0
g
(
θ
)
≤
g
(
0
)
=
0
g(\theta)\le g(0)=0
g(θ)≤g(0)=0
f
′
(
θ
)
≤
0
f'(\theta)\le0
f′(θ)≤0
f
(
θ
)
≥
f
(
π
2
)
=
1
f(\theta)\ge f(\frac{\pi}{2})=1
f(θ)≥f(2π)=1
2
π
θ
<
sin
θ
\frac{2\pi }{\theta }<\sin \theta
θ2π<sinθ
若尔当引理
设函数
g
(
z
)
g(z)
g(z)在闭区域
θ
1
≤
arg
z
≤
θ
2
,
R
0
≤
∣
z
∣
≤
+
∞
(
R
0
≥
0
,
0
≤
θ
1
≤
θ
2
≤
π
)
\theta_1\le \arg z \le \theta_2,R_0\le\left| z\right| \le +\infty(R_0\ge 0 ,0\le \theta_1\le \theta_2\le \pi)
θ1≤argz≤θ2,R0≤∣z∣≤+∞(R0≥0,0≤θ1≤θ2≤π)上连续,并设
C
R
C_R
CR是该闭区域上的一段以原点为中心,
R
(
R
>
R
0
)
R(R>R_0)
R(R>R0)为半径的圆弧,若当z在该闭区域上时
lim
z
→
∞
g
(
z
)
=
0
\lim \limits_{z\to \infty}g(z)=0
z→∞limg(z)=0
则对任何
a
>
0
a>0
a>0,有
lim
R
→
∞
∫
C
R
g
(
z
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
=
0
\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\int_{C_R}g(z)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z=0
R→∞lim∫CRg(z)eiazdz=0
证明:
由
lim
z
→
∞
g
(
z
)
=
0
\lim \limits_{z\to \infty}g(z)=0
z→∞limg(z)=0
∀
ϵ
>
0
,
∃
R
1
(
ϵ
)
>
0
\forall \epsilon>0,\exists R_1(\epsilon)>0
∀ϵ>0,∃R1(ϵ)>0,当
R
>
R
1
(
ϵ
)
R>R_1(\epsilon)
R>R1(ϵ)时,对一切在
C
R
C_R
CR上的
z
z
z,有
∣
g
(
z
)
∣
<
ϵ
\left|g(z)\right|<\epsilon
∣g(z)∣<ϵ,于是
∣
∫
C
R
g
(
z
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
∣
=
∣
∫
θ
1
θ
2
g
(
R
e
i
θ
)
e
i
a
R
e
i
θ
R
e
i
θ
i
d
θ
∣
=
∣
∫
θ
1
θ
2
g
(
R
e
i
θ
)
e
i
a
R
cos
θ
e
i
a
R
i
sin
θ
R
e
i
θ
i
d
θ
∣
≤
R
∫
θ
1
θ
2
∣
g
(
R
e
i
θ
)
∣
e
−
a
R
sin
θ
d
θ
<
R
ϵ
∫
θ
1
θ
2
e
−
a
R
sin
θ
d
θ
≤
R
ϵ
∫
0
π
e
−
a
R
sin
θ
d
θ
=
2
R
ϵ
∫
0
π
2
e
−
a
R
sin
θ
d
θ
≤
2
R
ϵ
∫
0
π
2
e
−
a
R
2
θ
π
d
θ
=
π
ϵ
a
(
1
−
e
−
a
R
)
<
π
ϵ
a
\begin{aligned} &\quad \left|\int_{C_R}g(z)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z\right|\\ &=\left|\int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} g(Re^{i\theta})e^{iaRe^{i\theta}}Re^{i\theta}i\mathrm{d}\theta\right|\\ &=\left|\int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} g(Re^{i\theta})e^{iaR\cos \theta}e^{iaRi\sin \theta}Re^{i\theta}i\mathrm{d}\theta\right|\\ &\le R\int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2}\left|g(Re^{i\theta})\right|e^{-aR\sin \theta}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &< R\epsilon \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2}e^{-aR\sin\theta}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &\le R\epsilon \int_{0}^{\pi}e^{-aR\sin\theta}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &= 2R\epsilon \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}e^{-aR\sin\theta}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &\le 2R\epsilon \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}}e^{-aR\frac{2\theta}{\pi}}\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\frac{\pi\epsilon}{a}(1-e^{-aR})\\ &<\frac{\pi \epsilon}{a} \end{aligned}
∣∣∣∣∫CRg(z)eiazdz∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∫θ1θ2g(Reiθ)eiaReiθReiθidθ∣∣∣∣∣=∣∣∣∣∣∫θ1θ2g(Reiθ)eiaRcosθeiaRisinθReiθidθ∣∣∣∣∣≤R∫θ1θ2∣∣g(Reiθ)∣∣e−aRsinθdθ<Rϵ∫θ1θ2e−aRsinθdθ≤Rϵ∫0πe−aRsinθdθ=2Rϵ∫02πe−aRsinθdθ≤2Rϵ∫02πe−aRπ2θdθ=aπϵ(1−e−aR)<aπϵ
所以
lim
R
→
∞
∫
C
R
g
(
z
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
=
0
\lim\limits_{R\to \infty}\int_{C_R}g(z)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z=0
R→∞lim∫CRg(z)eiazdz=0
类型3
形如
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
(
a
>
0
)
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z(a>0)
∫−∞+∞R(x)eiazdz(a>0)
满足
- R ( x ) R(x) R(x)是真分式
- 实轴上无奇点
则
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
e
i
a
x
d
x
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)e^{iax}\mathrm{d}x=2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_k \right ]
∫−∞+∞R(x)eiaxdx=2πik=1∑nRes[f(z),zk]
证明:
作围道
C
R
:
z
=
R
e
i
θ
(
0
≤
θ
≤
π
)
C_R:z=Re^{i\theta}(0\le \theta \le \pi)
CR:z=Reiθ(0≤θ≤π)
当
R
R
R充分大,所有的极点都包含在积分路径内,
∫
−
R
R
R
(
x
)
e
i
a
z
d
x
+
∫
C
R
R
(
z
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
R
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-R}^{R}R(x)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}x+\int_{C_R}R(z)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z=2\pi i\sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[R(z),z_k \right ]
∫−RRR(x)eiazdx+∫CRR(z)eiazdz=2πik=1∑nRes[R(z),zk]
由若尔当引理
∫
C
R
R
(
z
)
e
i
a
z
d
z
=
0
\int_{C_R}R(z)e^{iaz}\mathrm{d}z=0
∫CRR(z)eiazdz=0
所以
∫
−
∞
+
∞
R
(
x
)
e
i
a
x
d
x
=
2
π
i
∑
k
=
1
n
R
e
s
[
f
(
z
)
,
z
k
]
\int_{-\infty}^{+\infty}R(x)e^{iax}\mathrm{d}x=2\pi i \sum_{k=1}^{n}Res\left[f(z),z_k \right ]
∫−∞+∞R(x)eiaxdx=2πik=1∑nRes[f(z),zk]