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⭐ 高等数学专栏介绍:本专栏系统地梳理高等数学这门课的知识点,参考书主要为经典的同济版第七版《高等数学》以及作者在高校使用的《高等数学》系统教材。梳理《高等数学》这门课,旨在帮助那些刚刚接触这门课的小白以及需要系统复习这门课的考研人士。希望自己的一些经验能够帮助更多的人。
向量的数量积
- 定义:
设向量 a → \overrightarrow{a} a, b → \overrightarrow{b} b的夹角为 θ \theta θ,称
∣ a → ∣ ∣ b → ∣ c o s |\overrightarrow{a}||\overrightarrow{b}|cos ∣a∣∣b∣cos θ \theta θ记作 a → ⋅ b → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b} a⋅b为 a → \overrightarrow{a} a与 b → \overrightarrow{b} b的数量积(点积、内积)
- 性质
(1) a → ⋅ a → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{a} a⋅a= ∣ a → ∣ 2 |\overrightarrow{a}|^{2} ∣a∣2
(2) a → \overrightarrow{a} a, b → \overrightarrow{b} b为两个非零向量,则有 a → ⋅ b → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b} a⋅b=0 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ a → ⊥ b → \overrightarrow{a}\bot\overrightarrow{b} a⊥b
注:
由于零向量的方向是任意的,所有规定零向量与任何向量都垂直.
- 运算规律
(1)交换律: a → ⋅ b → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b} a⋅b= b → ⋅ a → \overrightarrow{b}\cdot\overrightarrow{a} b⋅a
(2)结合律: ( λ a → ) ⋅ b → (\lambda\overrightarrow{a})\cdot\overrightarrow{b} (λa)⋅b= a → ⋅ ( λ b → ) \overrightarrow{a}\cdot(\lambda\overrightarrow{b}) a⋅(λb)= λ ( a → ⋅ b → ) \lambda(\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}) λ(a⋅b)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ( λ a → ) ⋅ ( μ b → ) (\lambda\overrightarrow{a})\cdot(\mu\overrightarrow{b}) (λa)⋅(μb)= λ ( a → ⋅ ( λ b → ) ) \lambda(\overrightarrow{a}\cdot(\lambda\overrightarrow{b})) λ(a⋅(λb))= λ μ ( a → ⋅ b → ) \lambda\mu(\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}) λμ(a⋅b)(其中 λ , μ \lambda,\mu λ,μ为实数)
(3)分配律: ( a → + b → ) ⋅ c → (\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b})\cdot\overrightarrow{c} (a+b)⋅c= a → ⋅ c → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{c} a⋅c+ b → ⋅ c → \overrightarrow{b}\cdot\overrightarrow{c} b⋅c
- 坐标表示
-
设 a → \overrightarrow{a} a= a x i → + a y j → + a z k → a_{x}\overrightarrow{i}+a_{y}\overrightarrow{j}+a_{z}\overrightarrow{k} axi+ayj+azk, b → \overrightarrow{b} b= b x i → + b y j → + b z k → b_{x}\overrightarrow{i}+b_{y}\overrightarrow{j}+b_{z}\overrightarrow{k} bxi+byj+bzk,则
a → ⋅ b → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b} a⋅b= a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a_{x}b_{x}+a_{y}b_{y}+a_{z} b_{z} axbx+ayby+azbz -
两向量夹角公式
当 a → \overrightarrow{a} a, b → \overrightarrow{b} b为两个非零向量时,由于 a → ⋅ b → \overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b} a⋅b= ∣ a → ∣ ∣ b → ∣ c o s |\overrightarrow{a}||\overrightarrow{b}|cos ∣a∣∣b∣cos θ \theta θ,从而
c o s θ cos\theta cosθ= a → ⋅ b → ∣ a → ∣ ∣ b → ∣ \frac{\overrightarrow{a}\cdot\overrightarrow{b}}{|\overrightarrow{a}||\overrightarrow{b}|} ∣a∣∣b∣a⋅b= a x b x + a y b y + a z b z a x 2 + a y 2 + a z 2 b x 2 + b y 2 + b z 2 \frac{a_{x}b_{x}+a_{y}b_{y}+a_{z} b_{z}}{ \sqrt{a^{2}_{x}+a^{2}_{y}+a^{2}_{z} }\sqrt{b^{2}_{x}+b^{2}_{y}+b^{2}_{z} }} ax2+ay2+az2bx2+by2+bz2axbx+ayby+azbz -
两向量垂直的充要条件
a → ⊥ b → \overrightarrow{a}\bot\overrightarrow{b} a⊥b ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ a x b x + a y b y + a z b z = 0 a_{x}b_{x}+a_{y}b_{y}+a_{z} b_{z}=0 axbx+ayby+azbz=0
向量的向量积
- 定义
设向量 a → \overrightarrow{a} a, b → \overrightarrow{b} b的夹角为 θ \theta θ,定义
向量 c → \overrightarrow{c} c:①方向: c → ⊥ a → \overrightarrow{c}\bot\overrightarrow{a} c⊥a, c → ⊥ b → \overrightarrow{c}\bot\overrightarrow{b} c⊥b且符合右手规则
~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ②模: ∣ c → ∣ |\overrightarrow{c}| ∣c∣= ∣ a → ∣ ∣ b → ∣ s i n |\overrightarrow{a}||\overrightarrow{b}|sin ∣a∣∣b∣sin θ \theta θ
称 c → \overrightarrow{c} c为 a → 与 b → \overrightarrow{a}与\overrightarrow{b} a与b为的向量积(叉积),记作 c → \overrightarrow{c} c= a → × b → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b} a×b
- 性质
(1) a → × a → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{a} a×a= 0 → \overrightarrow{0} 0
(2) a → \overrightarrow{a} a, b → \overrightarrow{b} b为两个非零向量,则有 a → × b → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b} a×b=0 ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ a → ∥ b → \overrightarrow{a}\parallel\overrightarrow{b} a∥b
- 运算规律
(1) a → × b → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b} a×b=- b → × a → \overrightarrow{b}×\overrightarrow{a} b×a
(2)结合律: ( λ a → ) × b → (\lambda\overrightarrow{a})×\overrightarrow{b} (λa)×b= a → × ( λ b → ) \overrightarrow{a}×(\lambda\overrightarrow{b}) a×(λb)= λ ( a → × b → ) \lambda(\overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b}) λ(a×b)
(3)分配律: ( a → + b → ) × c → (\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b})×\overrightarrow{c} (a+b)×c= a → × c → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{c} a×c+ b → × c → \overrightarrow{b}×\overrightarrow{c} b×c
- 坐标表示
- 设
a
→
\overrightarrow{a}
a=
a
x
i
→
+
a
y
j
→
+
a
z
k
→
a_{x}\overrightarrow{i}+a_{y}\overrightarrow{j}+a_{z}\overrightarrow{k}
axi+ayj+azk,
b
→
\overrightarrow{b}
b=
b
x
i
→
+
b
y
j
→
+
b
z
k
→
b_{x}\overrightarrow{i}+b_{y}\overrightarrow{j}+b_{z}\overrightarrow{k}
bxi+byj+bzk,则
a → × b → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b} a×b= ( a y b z − a z b y ) i → + ( a z b x − a x b z ) j → + ( a x b y − a y b x ) k → (a_{y}b_{z}-a_{z}b_{y})\overrightarrow{i}+(a_{z}b_{x}-a_{x} b_{z})\overrightarrow{j}+(a_{x}b_{y}-a_{y} b_{x})\overrightarrow{k} (aybz−azby)i+(azbx−axbz)j+(axby−aybx)k - 两个向量积的行列式表示
a → × b → \overrightarrow{a}×\overrightarrow{b} a×b= ( a y b z − a z b y ) i → + ( a z b x − a x b z ) j → + ( a x b y − a y b x ) k → (a_{y}b_{z}-a_{z}b_{y})\overrightarrow{i}+(a_{z}b_{x}-a_{x} b_{z})\overrightarrow{j} +(a_{x}b_{y}-a_{y} b_{x})\overrightarrow{k} (aybz−azby)i+(azbx−axbz)j+(axby−aybx)k = ∣ i → j → k → a x a y a z b x b y b z ∣ \left| \begin{array}{cccc} \overrightarrow{i}&\overrightarrow{j}&\overrightarrow{k}\\ a_{x}&a_{y}&a_{z}\\ b_{x}&b_{y}&b_{z}\\ \end{array} \right| iaxbxjaybykazbz