索引
- Hw1：证明 " − - −" 在 R , Q , Z \mathbb{R},\mathbb{Q},\mathbb{Z} R,Q,Z上不是交换或结合的二元运算。
- Hw2： ℜ \Re ℜ是 A A A上的一个等价关系，令 { K α } α { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha }} { Kα}α为 ℜ \Re ℜ所给出的等价类构成的集合，证明 { K α } α { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha }} { Kα}α是 A A A的一个分划。
- Hw3：画出 S 3 S_3 S3的群表。
- Hw4： G G G是一个群，证明若 H 1 , H 2 < G { {H}_{1}},{ {H}_{2}}<G H1,H2<G，则 H 1 ⋂ H 2 < G { {H}_{1}}\bigcap { {H}_{2}}<G H1⋂H2<G.
- Hw5：证明阿贝尔群的子群都是正规子群。
- Hw6：证明 G G G是一个群，则 G G G一定不是两个真子群的并集。
- Hw7：在 R / I ≠ { 0 } R/I\ne \left\{ 0 \right\} R/I={ 0}的情况下：
- Hw8：证明当 P P P是素数时 Z / P \mathbb{Z}/P Z/P是域 ；
- Hw9： E n d ( R ) : = { f : R → R ∣ f is a ring morphism } End\left( R \right):=\left\{ \left. f:R\to R \right|f\text{ is a ring morphism} \right\} End(R):={ f:R→R∣f is a ring morphism} 是含幺环。
- Hw10：证明 S 3 ≅ A u t ( S 3 ) = I n n ( S 3 ) { {S}_{3}}\cong Aut\left( { {S}_{3}} \right)=Inn\left( { {S}_{3}} \right) S3≅Aut(S3)=Inn(S3)
Hw1：证明 “ − - −” 在 R , Q , Z \mathbb{R},\mathbb{Q},\mathbb{Z} R,Q,Z上不是交换或结合的二元运算。
证明：
{ φ ( a , b ) = b − a φ ( b , a ) = a − b \left\{ \begin{aligned} & \varphi \left( a,b \right)=b-a \\ & \varphi \left( b,a \right)=a-b \\ \end{aligned} \right. {
φ(a,b)=b−aφ(b,a)=a−b
⇒ φ ( a , b ) − φ ( b , a ) = 2 ( a − b ) ≡ 0 \Rightarrow \varphi \left( a,b \right)-\varphi \left( b,a \right)=2\left( a-b \right)\cancel{\equiv }0 ⇒φ(a,b)−φ(b,a)=2(a−b)≡
0,
thus ‘ − - −’ is not commutative on R , Q , Z \mathbb{R},\mathbb{Q},\mathbb{Z} R,Q,Z.
{ φ ( φ ( a , b ) , c ) = ( a − b ) − c = a − b − c φ ( a , φ ( b , c ) ) = a − ( b − c ) = a − b + c \left\{ \begin{aligned} & \varphi \left( \varphi \left( a,b \right),c \right)=\left( a-b \right)-c=a-b-c \\ & \varphi \left( a,\varphi \left( b,c \right) \right)=a-\left( b-c \right)=a-b+c \\ \end{aligned} \right. {
φ(φ(a,b),c)=(a−b)−c=a−b−cφ(a,φ(b,c))=a−(b−c)=a−b+c
⇒ φ ( φ ( a , b ) , c ) − φ ( a , φ ( b , c ) ) = − 2 c ≡ 0 , \Rightarrow \varphi \left( \varphi \left( a,b \right),c \right)-\varphi \left( a,\varphi \left( b,c \right) \right)=-2c\cancel{\equiv }0, ⇒φ(φ(a,b),c)−φ(a,φ(b,c))=−2c≡
0,
thus ‘ − - −’ is not associative on R , Q , Z \mathbb{R},\mathbb{Q},\mathbb{Z} R,Q,Z.
Hw2： ℜ \Re ℜ是 A A A上的一个等价关系，令 { K α } α { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha }} { Kα}α为 ℜ \Re ℜ所给出的等价类构成的集合，证明 { K α } α { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha }} { Kα}α是 A A A的一个分划。
证明：
- To prove ∀ K i ∈ { K α } α ∈ A \forall {
{K}_{i}}\in {
{\left\{ {
{K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha \in A}} ∀Ki∈{
Kα}α∈A, K i ≠ ∅ {
{K}_{i}}\ne \varnothing Ki=∅.
∀ K i ∈ { K α } \forall { {K}_{i}}\in \left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\} ∀Ki∈{ Kα}, we see the definition of K i { {K}_{i}} Ki is
K i : = { x ∈ A ∣ x ℜ i } . { {K}_{i}}:=\left\{ \left. x\in A \right|x\Re i \right\}. Ki:={ x∈A∣xℜi}.
Because ℜ \Re ℜ is self-reflexive, we have
i ℜ i ⇒ i ∈ K i ⇒ K i ≠ ∅ . i\Re i\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }i\in { {K}_{i}}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }{ {K}_{i}}\ne \varnothing. iℜi ⇒ i∈Ki ⇒ Ki=∅. - To prove that ∀ K i , K j ∈ { K α } , i ≠ j , K i ⋂ K j = ∅ . \forall {
{K}_{i}},{
{K}_{j}}\in \left\{ {
{K}_{\alpha }} \right\},\text{ }i\ne j,\text{ }{
{K}_{i}}\bigcap {
{K}_{j}}=\varnothing . ∀Ki,Kj∈{
Kα}, i=j, Ki⋂Kj=∅.
Directly we have
i ∈ K i ∧ j ∈ K j . i\in { {K}_{i}}\text{ }\wedge \text{ }j\in { {K}_{j}}. i∈Ki ∧ j∈Kj.
And because K i ≠ K j { {K}_{i}}\ne { {K}_{j}} Ki=Kj, we have
i ∉ K j ∧ j ∉ K i . i\notin { {K}_{j}}\text{ }\wedge \text{ }j\notin { {K}_{i}}. i∈/Kj ∧ j∈/Ki.
Thus firstly we have
i , j ∉ ( K i ⋂ K j ) . i,j\notin \left( { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}} \right). i,j∈/(Ki⋂Kj).
Then consider ∀ k ∈ A \ { i , j } \forall k\in A\backslash \left\{ i,j \right\} ∀k∈A\{ i,j}, all the possibilities are below.
2.1:
( k ∉ K i ∧ k ∉ K j ) ∨ ( k ∈ K i ∧ k ∉ K j ) ∨ ( k ∉ K i ∧ k ∈ K j ) \left( k\notin { {K}_{i}}\wedge k\notin { {K}_{j}} \right)\text{ }\vee \text{ }\left( k\in { {K}_{i}}\wedge k\notin { {K}_{j}} \right)\text{ }\vee \text{ }\left( k\notin { {K}_{i}}\wedge k\in { {K}_{j}} \right) (k∈/Ki∧k∈/Kj) ∨ (k∈Ki∧k∈/Kj) ∨ (k∈/Ki∧k∈Kj)
⇒ k ∉ ( K i ⋂ K j ) \Rightarrow \text{ }k\notin \left( { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}} \right) ⇒ k∈/(Ki⋂Kj)
2.2:
k ∈ K i ∧ k ∈ K j k\in { {K}_{i}}\wedge k\in { {K}_{j}}\text{ } k∈Ki∧k∈Kj
⇒ k R i ∧ k R j ⇒ i R k ∧ k R j ⇒ i R j ⇒ i ∈ K j \begin{aligned} & \Rightarrow \text{ }kRi\text{ }\wedge \text{ }kRj\text{ } \\ & \Rightarrow \text{ }iRk\wedge kRj \\ & \Rightarrow \text{ }iRj \\ & \Rightarrow \text{ }i\in { {K}_{j}} \\ \end{aligned} ⇒ kRi ∧ kRj ⇒ iRk∧kRj⇒ iRj⇒ i∈Kj
which is contradictious with i ∉ K j i\notin { {K}_{j}} i∈/Kj.
Thus ∀ k ∈ A \ { i , j } \forall k\in A\backslash \left\{ i,j \right\} ∀k∈A\{ i,j}, k ∉ ( K i ⋂ K j ) k\notin \left( { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}} \right) k∈/(Ki⋂Kj).
{ K i ⋂ K j ⊂ A i , j ∉ ( K i ⋂ K j ) k ∉ ( K i ⋂ K j ) , ∀ k ∈ A \ { i , j } ⇒ K i ⋂ K j = ∅ \left\{ \begin{aligned} & { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}}\subset A \\ & i,j\notin \left( { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}} \right) \\ & k\notin \left( { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}} \right),\text{ }\forall k\in A\backslash \left\{ i,j \right\} \\ \end{aligned} \right.\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }{ {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}}=\varnothing ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧Ki⋂Kj⊂Ai,j∈/(Ki⋂Kj)k∈/(Ki⋂Kj), ∀k∈A\{ i,j} ⇒ Ki⋂Kj=∅. - To prove that A = ⋃ α K α A=\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{
{K}_{\alpha }} A=α⋃Kα. The proposition is equal to
A ⊂ ⋃ α K α ∧ ⋃ α K α ⊂ A . A\subset \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\text{ }\wedge \text{ }\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\subset A. A⊂α⋃Kα ∧ α⋃Kα⊂A.
3.1 To prove that ⋃ α K α ⊂ A . \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\subset A. α⋃Kα⊂A.
∀ t ∀ i ( t ∈ K i → t ∈ A ) ⇒ ∀ K i ∈ { K α } , K i ⊂ A ⇒ ⋃ K α ⊂ A \begin{aligned} & \forall t\forall i\left( t\in { {K}_{i}}\text{ }\to \text{ }t\in A \right) \\ & \Rightarrow \text{ }\forall { {K}_{i}}\in \left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\},\text{ }{ {K}_{i}}\subset A \\ & \Rightarrow {\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\subset A \\ \end{aligned} ∀t∀i(t∈Ki → t∈A)⇒ ∀Ki∈{ Kα}, Ki⊂A⇒⋃Kα⊂A.
3.2 To prove that A ⊂ ⋃ α K α . A\subset \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}. A⊂α⋃Kα.
Due to ⋃ α K α ⊂ A \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\subset A α⋃Kα⊂A proved in 3.1, we divide A A A into A − ⋃ α K α A-\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} A−α⋃Kα & ⋃ α K α \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} α⋃Kα, and we have
A = ( A − ⋃ α K α ) ⋃ ( ⋃ α K α ) . A=\left( A-\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} \right)\bigcup \left( \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} \right). A=(A−α⋃Kα)⋃(α⋃Kα).
Consider ∀ k ∈ A \forall k\in A ∀k∈A, there are two possibilities:
3.2.1 ∃ K i ∈ { K α } , k ∈ K i \exists { {K}_{i}}\in \left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\},\text{ }k\in { {K}_{i}} ∃Ki∈{ Kα}, k∈Ki, then obviously we have
k ∈ ⋃ α K α ⊂ A . k\in \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\subset A. k∈α⋃Kα⊂A.
3.2.2 ∀ K i ∈ { K α } , k ∉ K i \forall { {K}_{i}}\in \left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\},\text{ }k\notin { {K}_{i}} ∀Ki∈{ Kα}, k∈/Ki, then we have
k ∉ ⋃ α K α ⇒ k ∈ ( A − ⋃ α K α ) k\notin \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }k\in \left( A-\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} \right) k∈/α⋃Kα ⇒ k∈(A−α⋃Kα)
So we can let K k : = { x ∈ ( A \ ⋃ α K α ) ∣ x ℜ k } { {K}_{k}}:=\left\{ \left. x\in \left( A\backslash \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} \right) \right|x\Re k \right\} Kk:={ x∈(A\α⋃Kα)∣∣∣∣xℜk}, then we have
k ∈ K k ⇒ k ∈ ⋃ α K α , k\in { {K}_{k}}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }k\in \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }}, k∈Kk ⇒ k∈α⋃Kα,
which is contradictious with k ∉ ⋃ α K α k\notin \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} k∈/α⋃Kα.
Thus we prove that A ⊂ ⋃ α K α A\subset \underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} A⊂α⋃Kα.
Thus we prove that A = ⋃ α K α A=\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} A=α⋃Kα.
In conclusion, we have proved
{ K i ≠ ∅ , ∀ K i ∈ { K α } α ∈ A K i ⋂ K j = ∅ , ∀ K i , K j ∈ { K α } , i ≠ j A = ⋃ α K α \left\{ \begin{aligned} & { {K}_{i}}\ne \varnothing ,\text{ }\forall { {K}_{i}}\in { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha \in A}} \\ & { {K}_{i}}\bigcap { {K}_{j}}=\varnothing ,\text{ }\forall { {K}_{i}},{ {K}_{j}}\in \left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\},\text{ }i\ne j \\ & A=\underset{\alpha }{\mathop{\bigcup }}\,{ {K}_{\alpha }} \\ \end{aligned} \right. ⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎪⎪⎪⎪⎧Ki=∅, ∀Ki∈{ Kα}α∈AKi⋂Kj=∅, ∀Ki,Kj∈{ Kα}, i=jA=α⋃Kα
thus { K α } α ∈ A { {\left\{ { {K}_{\alpha }} \right\}}_{\alpha \in A}} { Kα}α∈A is a partition of A A A.
Hw3：画出 S 3 S_3 S3的群表。
On { 1 , 2 , 3 } \left\{ 1,2,3 \right\} {
1,2,3} define permutation f i j k : = { 1 → i 2 → j 3 → k , i ≠ j ≠ k {
{f}_{ijk}}:=\left\{ \begin{aligned} & 1\to i \\ & 2\to j \\ & 3\to k \\ \end{aligned} \right.,\text{ }i\ne j\ne k fijk:=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1→i2→j3→k, i=j=k.
Then we have the group table of S 3 {
{S}_{3}} S3:
f 123 f 132 f 213 f 231 f 312 f 321 f 123 f 123 f 132 f 213 f 231 f 312 f 321 f 132 f 132 f 123 f 231 f 213 f 321 f 312 f 213 f 213 f 312 f 123 f 321 f 132 f 231 f 231 f 231 f 321 f 132 f 312 f 123 f 213 f 312 f 312 f 213 f 321 f 123 f 231 f 132 f 321 f 321 f 231 f 312 f 132 f 213 f 123 \begin{matrix} {} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{321}} \\ {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{321}} \\ {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{312}} \\ {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{231}} \\ {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{213}} \\ {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{123}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{132}} \\ {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{321}} & {
{f}_{231}} & {
{f}_{312}} & {
{f}_{132}} & {
{f}_{213}} & {
{f}_{123}} \\ \end{matrix} f123f132f213f231f312f321f123f123f132f213f231f312f321f132f132f123f312f321f213f231f213f213f231f123f132f321f312
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