索引
- Hw11:验证商模是模。
- Hw12: R R R是一个含幺环,证明
- Hw13:陈述模态射基本定理。
- Hw14:证明 F r a c ( R ) Frac\left( R \right) Frac(R)是一个域,且 R R R是 F r a c ( R ) Frac\left( R \right) Frac(R)的子环。
- Hw15:当含幺交换环 R R R是整环时有 deg ( f g ) = deg ( f ) + deg ( g ) \deg \left( fg \right)=\deg \left( f \right)+\deg \left( g \right) deg(fg)=deg(f)+deg(g)
- Hw16:存在 { η 1 , . . . , η n } ⊆ R [ x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n ] S n \left\{ { {\eta }_{1}},...,{ {\eta }_{n}} \right\}\subseteq R{ {\left[ { {x}_{1}},{ {x}_{2}},...,{ {x}_{n}} \right]}^{ { {S}_{n}}}} { η1,...,ηn}⊆R[x1,x2,...,xn]Sn 满足 η i ≠ r σ j { {\eta }_{i}}\ne r{ {\sigma }_{j}} ηi=rσj, ∀ r ∈ R , ∀ i , j ∈ { 1 , 2 , . . . , n } \forall r\in R,\text{ }\forall i,j\in \left\{ 1,2,...,n \right\} ∀r∈R, ∀i,j∈{ 1,2,...,n},且 R [ η 1 , . . . , η n ] = R [ x 1 , . . . , x n ] S n R\left[ { {\eta }_{1}},...,{ {\eta }_{n}} \right]=R{ {\left[ { {x}_{1}},...,{ {x}_{n}} \right]}^{ { {S}_{n}}}} R[η1,...,ηn]=R[x1,...,xn]Sn.
- Hw17:证明 Z \mathbb{Z} Z是 P I D PID PID。
- Hw18:找一个 Z \mathbb{Z} Z的素理想但同时不是极大理想。
- Hw19:证明 7 ∈ Z [ − 5 ] 7\in \mathbb{Z}\left[ \sqrt[{}]{-5} \right] 7∈Z[−5]是不可约元素。
- Hw20:证明若存在 f : K 1 ↦ K 2 f:{ {K}_{1}}\mapsto { {K}_{2}} f:K1↦K2是一个域态射,则 c h a r ( K 1 ) = c h a r ( K 2 ) char\left( { {K}_{1}} \right)=char\left( { {K}_{2}} \right) char(K1)=char(K2)。
Hw11:验证商模是模。
证明:
Proof:
Let ( M , + ) \left( M,+ \right) (M,+) be one commutative group, ( M , φ ) \left( M,\varphi \right) (M,φ) is an R-module, N < M N<M N<M & ( N , φ ) \left( N,\varphi \right) (N,φ) is a submodule of ( M , φ ) \left( M,\varphi \right) (M,φ), in which φ : R ⊙ M → M r ⊙ m 1 → m 2 \varphi :\begin{matrix} R & \odot & M & \to & M \\ r & \odot & {
{m}_{1}} & \to & {
{m}_{2}} \\ \end{matrix} φ:Rr⊙⊙Mm1→→Mm2. Consider ( M / N , ψ ) \left( M/N,\psi \right) (M/N,ψ), in which M / N = { m ‾ = m + N ∣ m ∈ N } M/N=\left\{ \left. \overline{m}=m+N \right|m\in N \right\} M/N={
m=m+N∣m∈N} and ψ ≅ φ : R ∗ M / N → M / N r ∗ m 1 ‾ → m 2 ‾ \psi \cong \varphi :\begin{matrix} R & * & M/N & \to & M/N \\ r & * & \overline{
{
{m}_{1}}} & \to & \overline{
{
{m}_{2}}} \\ \end{matrix} ψ≅φ:Rr∗∗M/Nm1→→M/Nm2.
First we prove that ( M / N , + ) \left( M/N,+ \right) (M/N,+) is a commutative group.
Commutativity law: ∀ m 1 , m 2 ∈ M \forall {
{m}_{1}},{
{m}_{2}}\in M ∀m1,m2∈M,
{ ( m 1 + N ) + ( m 2 + N ) = ( m 1 + m 2 ) + ( N + N ) = ( m 1 + m 2 ) + N ( m 2 + N ) + ( m 1 + N ) = ( m 2 + m 1 ) + ( N + N ) = ( m 2 + m 1 ) + N m 1 + m 2 = m 2 + m 1 \left\{ \begin{aligned} & \left( {
{m}_{1}}+N \right)+\left( {
{m}_{2}}+N \right)=\left( {
{m}_{1}}+{
{m}_{2}} \right)+\left( N+N \right)=\left( {
{m}_{1}}+{
{m}_{2}} \right)+N \\ & \left( {
{m}_{2}}+N \right)+\left( {
{m}_{1}}+N \right)=\left( {
{m}_{2}}+{
{m}_{1}} \right)+\left( N+N \right)=\left( {
{m}_{2}}+{
{m}_{1}} \right)+N \\ & {
{m}_{1}}+{
{m}_{2}}={
{m}_{2}}+{
{m}_{1}} \\ \end{aligned} \right. ⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧(m1+N)+(m2+N)=(m1+m2)+(N+N)=(m1+m2)+N(m2+N)+(m1+N)=(m2+m1)+(N+N)=(m2+m1)+Nm1+m2=m2+m1
⇒ m 1 ‾ + m 2 ‾ = m 2 ‾ + m 1 ‾ \Rightarrow \overline{
{
{m}_{1}}}+\overline{
{
{m}_{2}}}=\overline{
{
{m}_{2}}}+\overline{
{
{m}_{1}}} ⇒m1+m2=m2+m1.
Association law: ∀ m 1 , m 2 , m 3 ∈ M \forall {
{m}_{1}},{
{m}_{2}},{
{m}_{3}}\in M ∀m1,m2,m3∈M,
( m 1 ‾ + m 2 ‾ ) + m 3 ‾ = m 1 ‾ + ( m 2 ‾ + m 3 ‾ ) = ( m 1 + m 2 + m 3 ) + N \left( \overline{
{
{m}_{1}}}+\overline{
{
{m}_{2}}} \right)+\overline{
{
{m}_{3}}}=\overline{
{
{m}_{1}}}+\left( \overline{
{
{m}_{2}}}+\overline{
{
{m}_{3}}} \right)=\left( {
{m}_{1}}+{
{m}_{2}}+{
{m}_{3}} \right)+N (m1+m2)+m3=m1+(m2+m3)=(m1+m2+m3)+N
Unit:: 0 ‾ = 0 + N = N \overline{0}=0+N=N 0=0+N=N.
Reversibility: ∀ m ∈ M \forall m\in M ∀m∈M, ∃ ( − m ) ∈ M \exists \left( -m \right)\in M ∃(−m)∈M,
m ‾ + ( − m ) ‾ = ( m + N ) + ( − m + N ) = ( m − m ) + N = N = 0 ‾ \overline{m}+\overline{\left( -m \right)}=\left( m+N \right)+\left( -m+N \right)=\left( m-m \right)+N=N=\overline{0} m+(−m)=(m+N)+(−m+N)=(m−m)+N=N=0
And since ψ ≅ φ \psi \cong \varphi ψ≅φ, it is obvious that ( M / N , ψ ) \left( M/N,\psi \right) (M/N,ψ) is an R-module.
Hw12: R R R是一个含幺环,证明
1) K e r ( f ) Ker\left( f \right) Ker(f)是 R − R- R−模,是 M M M的子模;
证明:
需要证明两点——
① K e r ( f ) < M Ker\left( f \right)<M Ker(f)<M。
首先有 K e r ( f ) ⊆ M Ker\left( f \right)\subseteq M Ker(f)⊆M
封闭性: ∀ x 1 , x 2 ∈ K e r ( f ) , f ( x 1 + x 2 ) = f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 2 ) = 0 + 0 = 0 ⇒ x 1 + x 2 ∈ K e r ( f ) \forall {
{x}_{1}},{
{x}_{2}}\in Ker\left( f \right),\text{ }f\left( {
{x}_{1}}+{
{x}_{2}} \right)=f\left( {
{x}_{1}} \right)+f\left( {
{x}_{2}} \right)=0+0=0\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }{
{x}_{1}}+{
{x}_{2}}\in Ker\left( f \right) ∀x1,x2∈Ker(f), f(x1+x2)=f(x1)+f(x2)=0+0=0 ⇒ x1+x2∈Ker(f)
结合律:继承 M M M的加法结合律。
单位元:由于 f ( 0 ) = 0 f\left( 0 \right)=0 f(0)=0有 0 ∈ K e r ( f ) 0\in Ker\left( f \right) 0∈Ker(f),作为 M M M的单位元, 0 0 0也是 K e r ( f ) Ker\left( f \right) Ker(f)的单位元。
可逆性: ∀ x ∈ K e r ( f ) \forall x\in Ker\left( f \right) ∀x∈Ker(f),有 f ( 0 ) = f ( − x + x ) = f ( − x ) + f ( x ) = f ( − x ) + 0 = 0 ⇒ f ( − x ) = 0 ⇒ − x ∈ K e r ( f ) f\left( 0 \right)=f\left( -x+x \right)=f\left( -x \right)+f\left( x \right)=f\left( -x \right)+0=0\Rightarrow f\left( -x \right)=0\Rightarrow -x\in Ker\left( f \right) f(0)=f(−x+x)=f(−x)+f(x)=f(−x)+0=0⇒f(−x)=0⇒−x∈Ker(f).
② R [ K e r ( f ) ] ⊆ K e r ( f ) R\left[ Ker\left( f \right) \right]\subseteq Ker\left( f \right) R[Ker(f)]⊆Ker(f)
∀ x ∈ K e r ( f ) \forall x\in Ker\left( f \right) ∀x∈Ker(f), ∀ r ∈ R \forall r\in R ∀r∈R,考虑
f ( r x ) = r f ( x ) = r × 0 = 0 ⇒ r x ∈ K e r ( f ) ⇒ R [ K e r ( f ) ] ⊆ K e r ( f ) f\left( rx \right)=rf\left( x \right)=r\times 0=0\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }rx\in Ker\left( f \right)\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }R\left[ Ker\left( f \right) \right]\subseteq Ker\left( f \right) f(rx)=rf(x)=r×0=0 ⇒ rx∈Ker(f) ⇒ R[Ker(f)]⊆Ker(f)
2) Im ( f ) \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) Im(f)是 R − R- R−模,是 M ′ M' M′的子模;
证明:
需要证明两点——
① Im ( f ) < M ′ \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right)<M' Im(f)<M′。
首先有 Im ( f ) ⊆ M ′ \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right)\subseteq M' Im(f)⊆M′.
封闭性: ∀ y 1 , y 2 ∈ Im ( f ) \forall {
{y}_{1}},{
{y}_{2}}\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) ∀y1,y2∈Im(f), ∃ x 1 , x 2 ∈ M \exists {
{x}_{1}},{
{x}_{2}}\in M ∃x1,x2∈M,使得
f ( x 1 ) = y 1 & f ( x 2 ) = y 2 ⇒ f ( x 1 + x 2 ) = f ( x 1 ) + f ( x 2 ) = y 1 + y 2 ⇒ y 1 + y 2 ∈ Im ( f ) f\left( {
{x}_{1}} \right)={
{y}_{1}}\text{ }\And \text{ }f\left( {
{x}_{2}} \right)={
{y}_{2}}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }f\left( {
{x}_{1}}+{
{x}_{2}} \right)=f\left( {
{x}_{1}} \right)+f\left( {
{x}_{2}} \right)={
{y}_{1}}+{
{y}_{2}}\text{ }\Rightarrow \text{ }{
{y}_{1}}+{
{y}_{2}}\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) f(x1)=y1 & f(x2)=y2 ⇒ f(x1+x2)=f(x1)+f(x2)=y1+y2 ⇒ y1+y2∈Im(f)
结合律:继承 M ′ M' M′的结合律。
单位元: f ( 0 ) = 0 f\left( 0 \right)=0 f(0)=0, 0 ∈ Im ( f ) 0\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) 0∈Im(f)也是 Im ( f ) \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) Im(f)的单位元。
可逆性: ∀ y ∈ Im ( f ) , ∃ x ∈ M , s . t . f ( x ) = y \forall y\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right),\text{ }\exists x\in M,\text{ }s.t.\text{ }f\left( x \right)=y ∀y∈Im(f), ∃x∈M, s.t. f(x)=y。考虑 − x ∈ M -x\in M −x∈M和 f ( − x ) f\left( -x \right) f(−x): f ( 0 ) = f ( x − x ) = f ( x ) + f ( − x ) = y + f ( − x ) = 0 f\left( 0 \right)=f\left( x-x \right)=f\left( x \right)+f\left( -x \right)=y+f\left( -x \right)=0 f(0)=f(x−x)=f(x)+f(−x)=y+f(−x)=0
⇒ f ( − x ) = − y ∈ Im ( f ) \Rightarrow f\left( -x \right)=-y\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) ⇒f(−x)=−y∈Im(f).
② R [ Im ( f ) ] ⊆ Im ( f ) R\left[ \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) \right]\subseteq \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) R[Im(f)]⊆Im(f)。
∀ y ∈ Im ( f ) , ∃ x ∈ M , s . t . f ( x ) = y \forall y\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right),\text{ }\exists x\in M,\text{ }s.t.\text{ }f\left( x \right)=y ∀y∈Im(f), ∃x∈M, s.t. f(x)=y, ∀ r ∈ R \forall r\in R ∀r∈R,有 r y = r f ( x ) = f ( r x ) , r x ∈ M ry=rf\left( x \right)=f\left( rx \right),\text{ }rx\in M ry=rf(x)=f(rx), rx∈M,所以有 r y ∈ Im ( f ) ry\in \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) ry∈Im(f),所以 R [ Im ( f ) ] ⊆ Im ( f ) R\left[ \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) \right]\subseteq \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) R[Im(f)]⊆Im(f)。
Hw13:陈述模态射基本定理。
-
f : M → M ′ f:M\to M' f:M→M′是一个模态射,则 Ker ( f ) ◃ M \text{Ker}\left( f \right)\triangleleft M Ker(f)◃M,且 ∃ f ‾ : M / Ker ( f ) → M ′ \exists \overline{f}:M/\text{Ker}\left( f \right)\to M' ∃f:M/Ker(f)→M′,使得以下的图交换:
注:
其中映射 P P P可取 P : M → M / K e r ( f ) m → m K e r ( f ) P:\begin{matrix} M & \to & M/Ker\left( f \right) \\ m & \to & mKer\left( f \right) \\ \end{matrix} P:Mm→→M/Ker(f)mKer(f), f ‾ \overline{f} f 可取 f ‾ : M / K e r ( f ) → M ′ m K e r ( f ) → f ( m ) \overline{f}:\begin{matrix} M/Ker\left( f \right) & \to & M' \\ mKer\left( f \right) & \to & f\left( m \right) \\ \end{matrix} f:M/Ker(f)mKer(f)→→M′f(m)
由于 K e r ( f ) ◃ M Ker\left( f \right)\triangleleft M Ker(f)◃M,所以 M / K e r ( f ) M/Ker\left( f \right) M/Ker(f)是一个群,且在博客《群态射,环态射,域态射》中的“群态射例子”部分已证明 P P P也是一个群态射。
此外 f ‾ \overline{f} f也是一个群态射,还存在群同构 M / K e r ( f ) ≅ Im ( f ) ⊆ M ′ M/Ker\left( f \right)\cong \operatorname{Im}\left( f \right) \subseteq M' M/Ker(f)≅Im(f)⊆M′。 -
N ◃ M , S < M N\triangleleft M,\text{ }S<M N◃M, S<M,则 S N < M , S ⋂ N ◃ S SN<M,\text{ }S\bigcap N\triangleleft S SN<M, S⋂N◃S,且: S N / N ≅ S / ( S ⋂ N ) SN/N\cong S/\left( S\bigcap N \right) SN/N≅S/(S⋂N)(这里的 ≅ \cong ≅是存在群同构(双射群态射)的意思,下同);
-
N ◃ M N\triangleleft M N◃M,则 M / N M/N M/N的所有(正规?)子群均形如 K / N K/N K/N ( N ◃ K < M ) \left( N\triangleleft K<M \right) (N◃K<M),且
K / N ◃ M / N ⇔ K ◃ M K/N\triangleleft M/N\text{ }\Leftrightarrow \text{ }K\triangleleft M K/N◃M/N ⇔ K◃M,此时我们有: ( M / N ) / ( K / N ) ≅ M / K \left( M/N \right)/\left( K/N \right)\cong M/K (M/N)/(K/N)≅M/K。