- 傅里叶变换有以下几个性质:
①线性特性
②时移性
③尺度变换
④频移性与调制定理
⑤对称性(互易特性)
⑥卷积
⑦时域微积分特性
⑧频域微积分特性
⑨Paseval定理(能量定理)
这一篇先涉及前4个性质,剩余的性质在下一篇
1 线性特性
2 时移(相移)性
已知:
F [ f ( t ) ] = F ( j w ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=F(jw) F[f(t)]=F(jw)
则:
F [ f ( t ± t 0 ) ] = F ( j w ) e ± j w t 0 \mathscr{F}[f(t\pm t_0)]=F(jw)e^{\pm jwt_0} F[f(t±t0)]=F(jw)e±jwt0
注:同加减
- 说明: f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 延时 t 0 t_0 t0 得到的信号 f ( t − t 0 ) f(t-t_0) f(t−t0) 的频谱幅度较之前者保持不变,但是相位滞后了 w t 0 wt_0 wt0
3 尺度变换
已知:
F [ f ( t ) ] = F ( j w ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=F(jw) F[f(t)]=F(jw)
则:
F [ f ( a t ) ] = 1 ∣ a ∣ F ( j w a ) \mathscr{F}[f(at)]=\frac{1}{|a|}F(j\frac{w}{a}) F[f(at)]=∣a∣1F(jaw)
- 说明:信号在时域上压缩 ∣ a ∣ |a| ∣a∣ 倍(当 ∣ a ∣ > 1 |a| >1 ∣a∣>1 时),却在频域上表现为伸展 ∣ a ∣ |a| ∣a∣ 倍,且幅度压低 1 ∣ a ∣ \frac{1}{|a|} ∣a∣1 倍;信号在时域上拉伸 ∣ a ∣ |a| ∣a∣ 倍(当 0 < ∣ a ∣ < 1 0< |a|<1 0<∣a∣<1 时)相关情况与之相反
- 实例:门函数
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f(t)=2g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t)+g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t+\frac{3\tau}{8})+g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t-\frac{3\tau}{8})
f(t)=2g2τ(t)+g4τ(t+83τ)+g4τ(t−83τ) 的频谱函数
已知:
F [ g τ ( t ) ] = τ S a ( w τ 2 ) \mathscr{F}[g_\tau(t)]=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{2}) F[gτ(t)]=τSa(2wτ)
g τ 2 ( t ) g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t) g2τ(t) 与 g τ 4 ( t ) g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t) g4τ(t) 是 g τ ( t ) g_\tau(t) gτ(t) 在 t t t 轴上压缩 a a a 倍的结果
F [ f ( t ) ] = 2 F [ g τ 2 ( t ) ] + F [ g τ 4 ( t + 3 τ 8 ) ] + F [ g τ 4 ( t − 3 τ 8 ) ] \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=2\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t)]+\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t+\frac{3\tau}{8})]+\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t-\frac{3\tau}{8})] F[f(t)]=2F[g2τ(t)]+F[g4τ(t+83τ)]+F[g4τ(t−83τ)]
则:
F [ f ( t ) ] = 2 F [ g τ 2 ( t ) ] + F [ g τ 4 ( t ) ] e j 3 w τ 8 + F [ g τ 4 ( t ) ] e − j 3 w τ 8 \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=2\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t)]+\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t)]e^{j\frac{3w\tau}{8}}+\mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t)]e^{-j\frac{3w\tau}{8}} F[f(t)]=2F[g2τ(t)]+F[g4τ(t)]ej83wτ+F[g4τ(t)]e−j83wτ
其中(这里曾犯过错):
{ g τ 2 ( t ) = g τ ( 2 t ) a = 2 g τ 4 ( t ) = g τ ( 4 t ) a = 4 \begin{cases} g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t)=g_\tau(2t) & a=2\\ g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t)=g_\tau(4t) & a=4\\ \end{cases} {g2τ(t)=gτ(2t)g4τ(t)=gτ(4t)a=2a=4
则:
{ F [ g τ 2 ( t ) ] = F [ g τ ( 2 t ) ] = 1 2 F ( j w 2 ) F [ g τ 4 ( t ) ] = F [ g τ ( 4 t ) ] = 1 4 F ( j w 4 ) \begin{cases} \mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{2}}(t)]=\mathscr{F}[g_\tau(2t)]=\frac{1}{2}F(\frac{jw}{2})\\ \mathscr{F}[g_{\frac{\tau}{4}}(t)]=\mathscr{F}[g_\tau(4t)]=\frac{1}{4}F(\frac{jw}{4})\\ \end{cases} {F[g2τ(t)]=F[gτ(2t)]=21F(2jw)F[g4τ(t)]=F[gτ(4t)]=41F(4jw)
代入 F [ f ( t ) ] \mathscr{F}[f(t)] F[f(t)]:
F [ f ( t ) ] = 2 ∗ 1 2 F ( j w 2 ) + 1 4 F ( j w 4 ) e j 3 w τ 8 + 1 4 F ( j w 4 ) e − j 3 w τ 8 \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=2*\frac{1}{2}F(\frac{jw}{2})+\frac{1}{4}F(\frac{jw}{4})e^{j\frac{3w\tau}{8}}+\frac{1}{4}F(\frac{jw}{4})e^{-j\frac{3w\tau}{8}} F[f(t)]=2∗21F(2jw)+41F(4jw)ej83wτ+41F(4jw)e−j83wτ
F [ f ( t ) ] = τ S a ( w τ 4 ) + τ 4 S a ( w τ 8 ) e j 3 w τ 8 + τ 4 S a ( w τ 8 ) e − j 3 w τ 8 \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{4}Sa(\frac{w\tau}{8})e^{j\frac{3w\tau}{8}}+\frac{\tau}{4}Sa(\frac{w\tau}{8})e^{-j\frac{3w\tau}{8}} F[f(t)]=τSa(4wτ)+4τSa(8wτ)ej83wτ+4τSa(8wτ)e−j83wτ
合并同类项:
F [ f ( t ) ] = τ S a ( w τ 4 ) + τ 4 S a ( w τ 8 ) [ e j 3 w τ 8 + e − j 3 w τ 8 ] = τ S a ( w τ 4 ) + τ 4 S a ( w τ 8 ) ⋅ 2 c o s ( 3 w τ 8 ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{4}Sa(\frac{w\tau}{8})[e^{j\frac{3w\tau}{8}}+e^{-j\frac{3w\tau}{8}}]=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{4}Sa(\frac{w\tau}{8})\cdot 2cos(\frac{3w\tau}{8}) F[f(t)]=τSa(4wτ)+4τSa(8wτ)[ej83wτ+e−j83wτ]=τSa(4wτ)+4τSa(8wτ)⋅2cos(83wτ)
根据积化和差公式 s i n a ⋅ c o s b = 1 2 [ s i n ( a + b ) + s i n ( a − b ) ] sina\cdot cosb=\frac{1}{2}[sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)] sina⋅cosb=21[sin(a+b)+sin(a−b)],得:
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\mathscr{F}[f(t)]=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{2}\frac{sin(\frac{w\tau}{8})cos(\frac{3w\tau}{8})}{\frac{w\tau}{4}}
F[f(t)]=τSa(4wτ)+2τ4wτsin(8wτ)cos(83wτ)
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=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{2}\frac{sin(\frac{w\tau}{2})+sin(-\frac{w\tau}{4})}{\frac{w\tau}{4}}
=τSa(4wτ)+2τ4wτsin(2wτ)+sin(−4wτ)
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=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\frac{\tau}{2}[2\frac{sin(\frac{w\tau}{2})}{\frac{w\tau}{2}}-\frac{sin(\frac{w\tau}{4})}{\frac{w\tau}{4}}]
=τSa(4wτ)+2τ[22wτsin(2wτ)−4wτsin(4wτ)]
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=\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})+\tau Sa(\frac{w\tau}{2})-\frac{\tau}{2}Sa(\frac{w\tau}{4})
=τSa(4wτ)+τSa(2wτ)−2τSa(4wτ)
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=2τSa(4wτ)+τSa(2wτ)
- 尺度时移同时存在时
F [ f ( a t ± b ) ] = F f [ a ( t ± b a ) ] = 1 ∣ a ∣ F ( j w a ) e ± j b a w \mathscr{F}[f(at\pm b)]=\mathscr{F}{f[a(t\pm \frac{b}{a})]}=\frac{1}{|a|}F(j\frac{w}{a})e^{\pm j\frac{b}{a}w} F[f(at±b)]=Ff[a(t±ab)]=∣a∣1F(jaw)e±jabw
4 频移性
已知:
F [ f ( t ) ] = F ( j w ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=F(jw) F[f(t)]=F(jw)
则:
F [ f ( t ) e ± j w 0 t ] = F [ j ( w ∓ w 0 ) ] \mathscr{F}[f(t)e^{\pm jw_0t}]=F[j(w\mp w_0)] F[f(t)e±jw0t]=F[j(w∓w0)]
注:一加一减
- 说明: f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 与 相移因子 e j w 0 t e^{jw_0t} ejw0t 相乘,等效与整个频谱延迟(右移) ω 0 ω_0 ω0
4-1 频移性的应用
①周期信号的傅里叶变换
- 直流信号
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f(t)=1 的频移
已知:
F [ f ( t ) ] = 2 π δ ( w ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)]=2\pi \delta(w) F[f(t)]=2πδ(w)
频移后:
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\mathscr{F}[f(t)e^{\pm jw_0t}]=2\pi \delta(w\mp w_0)
F[f(t)e±jw0t]=2πδ(w∓w0)
又因为:
{ e j w 0 t = c o s ( w 0 t ) + j s i n ( w 0 t ) e − j w 0 t = c o s ( w 0 t ) − j s i n ( w 0 t ) \begin{cases} e^{jw_0t}=cos(w_0t)+jsin(w_0t)\\ e^{-jw_0t}=cos(w_0t)-jsin(w_0t) \end{cases} {ejw0t=cos(w0t)+jsin(w0t)e−jw0t=cos(w0t)−jsin(w0t)
左边相进行相减相加可以获得单独的正弦分量与余弦分量
{ c o s ( w 0 t ) = e j w 0 t + e − j w 0 t 2 s i n ( w 0 t ) = e j w 0 t − e − j w 0 t 2 j \begin{cases} cos(w_0t)=\frac{e^{jw_0t}+e^{-jw_0t}}{2}\\ sin(w_0t)=\frac{e^{jw_0t}-e^{-jw_0t}}{2j} \end{cases} {cos(w0t)=2ejw0t+e−jw0tsin(w0t)=2jejw0t−e−jw0t
利用傅里叶变换的线性特性:
{ F [ c o s ( w 0 t ) ] = 2 π δ ( w − w 0 ) + 2 π δ ( w + w 0 ) 2 = π [ δ ( w − w 0 ) + δ ( w + w 0 ) ] F [ s i n ( w 0 t ) ] = 2 π δ ( w − w 0 ) + 2 π δ ( w + w 0 ) 2 j = j π [ δ ( w + w 0 ) − δ ( w − w 0 ) ] \begin{cases} \mathscr{F}[cos(w_0t)]=\frac{2\pi \delta(w-w_0)+2\pi \delta(w+w_0)}{2}=\pi[\delta(w-w_0)+\delta(w+w_0)]\\ \mathscr{F}[sin(w_0t)]=\frac{2\pi \delta(w-w_0)+2\pi \delta(w+w_0)}{2j}=j\pi[\delta(w+w_0)-\delta(w-w_0)]\\ \end{cases} {F[cos(w0t)]=22πδ(w−w0)+2πδ(w+w0)=π[δ(w−w0)+δ(w+w0)]F[sin(w0t)]=2j2πδ(w−w0)+2πδ(w+w0)=jπ[δ(w+w0)−δ(w−w0)]
- 拓展到一般的周期信号:
{ F [ e ± j w 0 t ] = 2 π δ ( w ∓ w 0 ) f T ( t ) = ∑ n = − ∞ + ∞ F n e j n w 0 t \begin{cases} \mathscr{F}[e^{\pm jw_0t}]=2\pi \delta(w\mp w_0)\\ f_T(t)=\sum_{n=-\infty}^{+\infty}F_ne^{jnw_0t}\\ \end{cases} {F[e±jw0t]=2πδ(w∓w0)fT(t)=∑n=−∞+∞Fnejnw0t
则周期信号的傅里叶变换为:
F [ f T ( t ) ] = 2 π ∑ n = − ∞ + ∞ F n δ ( w − n w 0 ) \mathscr{F}[f_T(t)]=2\pi\sum_{n=-\infty}^{+\infty}F_n\delta(w-nw_0) F[fT(t)]=2πn=−∞∑+∞Fnδ(w−nw0)
②信号的调制/解调
- 无线电技术中,通常需要把信号频谱搬移到高频
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ωc 附近
调制——用 f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 乘以相移因子 e j w c t e^{jw_ct} ejwct ,将低频信号频谱搬移到高频 ω c ω_c ωc 附近
解调——用 f ( t ) f(t) f(t) 乘以相移因子 e − j w c t e^{-jw_ct} e−jwct ,将信号频谱搬移至 w = 0 w=0 w=0 附近,再通过滤波处理,恢复原低频信号
- 注:工程技术上,不用因子
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e±jwct ,而使用高频的正、余弦信号作为因子,可实现频谱搬移
由于:
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cos(w0t)=21(ejw0t+e−jw0t)
用高频余弦信号进行调制:
F [ f ( t ) c o s ( w c t ) ] = 1 2 { F [ f ( t ) e j w 0 t ] + F [ f ( t ) e − j w 0 t ] } \mathscr{F}[f(t)cos(w_ct)]=\frac{1}{2}\Big\{\mathscr{F}[f(t)e^{jw_0t}]+\mathscr{F}[f(t)e^{-jw_0t}]\Big\} F[f(t)cos(wct)]=21{F[f(t)ejw0t]+F[f(t)e−jw0t]}
根据频移公式 F [ f ( t ) e ± j w 0 t ] = 2 π δ ( w ∓ w 0 ) \mathscr{F}[f(t)e^{\pm jw_0t}]=2\pi \delta(w\mp w_0) F[f(t)e±jw0t]=2πδ(w∓w0) 得:
F [ f ( t ) c o s ( w c t ) ] = 1 2 { F [ j ( w − w c ) ] + F [ j ( w + w c ) ] } \mathscr{F}[f(t)cos(w_ct)]=\frac{1}{2}\Big\{F[j(w-w_c)]+F[j(w+w_c)]\Big\} F[f(t)cos(wct)]=21{F[j(w−wc)]+F[j(w+wc)]}