名义利率（Nominal Interest Rate）和实际利率（Real Interest Rate）是什么？

中文版

名义利率（Nominal Interest Rate）和实际利率（Real Interest Rate）是金融和经济学中的两个重要概念，它们帮助投资者和经济学家理解和比较不同时间点的资金成本和收益。

名义利率

名义利率是指未考虑通货膨胀的利率，即贷款人和借款人在合同中明确约定的利率。它是货币单位的利率，是我们通常在银行存款利率或贷款利率中看到的数字。例如，如果银行提供的存款利率是5%，那么这5%就是名义利率。

实际利率

实际利率是名义利率经过通货膨胀调整后的利率。它反映了资金的真实购买力变化，衡量的是借款人支付的实际成本和贷款人获得的实际收益。例如，如果名义利率是5%，但通货膨胀率是2%，那么实际利率大约为3%。

实际利率的计算公式通常为：
$实际利率\approx 名义利率-通货膨胀率$

然而，准确的公式应该是：
$(1+实际利率)=\frac{1+名义利率}{1+通货膨胀率}$

例子

假设某一年名义利率为6%，而当年的通货膨胀率为2%。实际利率可以近似计算为：
$$\begin{gathered} 实际利率=名义利率-通货膨胀率 \\ 实际利率=6\%-2\% \\ 实际利率=4\% \end{gathered}$$

通过这种调整，投资者和借款人可以更准确地评估资金的真实成本和收益。实际利率在长期投资决策中尤其重要，因为通货膨胀对长期资金的购买力有显著影响。

英文版

Nominal Interest Rate and Real Interest Rate are crucial concepts in finance and economics, helping investors and economists understand and compare the cost and return of money over different time periods.

Nominal Interest Rate

The nominal interest rate is the rate stated in monetary terms, without any adjustment for inflation. It is the rate agreed upon by lenders and borrowers in a contract. This is the rate you typically see quoted by banks for loans or deposits. For example, if a bank offers a savings account with a 5% interest rate, this 5% is the nominal interest rate.

Real Interest Rate

The real interest rate adjusts the nominal interest rate to account for inflation, reflecting the true cost or return of money in terms of purchasing power. It measures the actual gain or loss in value for the lender or borrower. For example, if the nominal interest rate is 5% and the inflation rate is 2%, the real interest rate is approximately 3%.

The formula to calculate the real interest rate is usually approximated as:
$\text{Real Interest Rate}\approx \text{Nominal Interest Rate}-\text{Inflation Rate}$

However, the precise formula is:
$(1+\text{Real Interest Rate})=\frac{1+\text{Nominal Interest Rate}}{1+\text{Inflation Rate}}$

Example

Suppose in a given year the nominal interest rate is 6% and the inflation rate is 2%. The real interest rate can be approximated as:
$$\begin{gathered} \text{Real Interest Rate}=\text{Nominal Interest Rate}-\text{Inflation Rate} \\ \text{Real Interest Rate}=6\%-2\% \\ \text{Real Interest Rate}=4\% \end{gathered}$$

By making this adjustment, investors and borrowers can more accurately assess the true cost and return on their money. Real interest rates are especially important for long-term investment decisions, as inflation can significantly affect the purchasing power of money over time.