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函数连续:
若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 满足, lim x → 0 [ f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) ] = 0 \lim_{x\to \ 0}[f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)]=0 x→ 0lim[f(x0+Δx)−f(x0)]=0
则成 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在 x 0 x_0 x0 连续 -
定义:
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 在点 x 0 x_0 x0 的某个邻域有定义,当自变量 x x x 在 x 0 x_0 x0 取得增量 Δ x \Delta x Δx,对应自变量取得增量 Δ y \Delta y Δy,若 lim Δ x → 0 Δ y Δ x \lim_{\Delta x\to0 }\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x} limΔx→0ΔxΔy 存在,那么称函数 y = f ( x ) y=f(x) y=f(x) 在 x 0 x_0 x0 处可导,并将这个极限称做 y = ( x ) y=(x) y=(x) 在 x 0 x_0 x0 处的导数,记为 f ′ ( x 0 ) f'(x_0) f′(x0)
f ′ ( x 0 ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x 0 + Δ x ) − f ( x 0 ) Δ x f'(x_0)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x_0+\Delta x)-f(x_0)}{\Delta x} f′(x0)=Δx→0limΔxf(x0+Δx)−f(x0) -
常用函数求导
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常数函数 f ( x ) = C f(x)=C f(x)=C, f ′ ( x ) = 0 f'(x)=0 f′(x)=0
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f ( x ) = x n ( n ∈ N ∗ ) f(x)=x^n(n\in N^{*}) f(x)=xn(n∈N∗)
当 n = 1 n=1 n=1 时, f ( x ) = 1 f(x)=1 f(x)=1
当 n > 1 n>1 n>1 时,
f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 ( x + Δ x ) n − x n Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 n x n − 1 + ( n 2 ) x n − 2 Δ x + ⋯ + Δ x n − 1 = n x n − 1 f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\ =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{(x+\Delta x)^n-x^n}{\Delta x}\\ =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}nx^{n-1}+\binom{n}{2}x^{n-2}\Delta x+\dots +\Delta x^{n-1}=nx^{n-1} f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)=Δx→0limΔx(x+Δx)n−xn=Δx→0limnxn−1+(2n)xn−2Δx+⋯+Δxn−1=nxn−1 -
幂函数 f ( x ) = x μ ( μ ∈ R ) f(x)=x^{\mu}(\mu\in R) f(x)=xμ(μ∈R),设 x x x 在 f ( x ) f(x) f(x) 的定义域内且 x ≠ 0 x\neq 0 x=0
引理1:
lim x → 0 l o g a ( 1 + x ) x = lim x → 0 l o g a ( 1 + x ) 1 x = 1 ln ( a ) \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{log_a(1+x)}{x}=\lim_{x\to 0}log_a(1+x)^{\frac{1}{x}}=\frac{1}{\ln (a)} x→0limxloga(1+x)=x→0limloga(1+x)x1=ln(a)1引理2:
lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) μ − 1 x = lim x → 0 ( 1 + x ) μ − 1 ln ( 1 + x ) μ ∗ μ ln ( 1 + x ) x lim t → 0 t ln ( 1 + t ) ∗ lim x → 0 μ ln ( 1 + x ) x = μ \lim_{x\to0}\frac{(1+x)^{\mu}-1}{x}\\ = \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{(1+x)^{\mu}-1}{\ln (1+x)^{\mu}}*\frac{\mu \ln (1+x)}{x}\\\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{t}{\ln (1+t)}*\lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\mu \ln (1+x)}{x}=\mu x→0limx(1+x)μ−1=x→0limln(1+x)μ(1+x)μ−1∗xμln(1+x)t→0limln(1+t)t∗x→0limxμln(1+x)=μ
故 f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 ( x + Δ x ) μ − x μ Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 x μ − 1 ∗ ( 1 + Δ x x ) μ − 1 Δ x x = μ x μ − 1 f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\ =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{(x+\Delta x)^{\mu}-x^{\mu}}{\Delta x}\\ =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}x^{\mu -1}*\frac{(1+\frac{\Delta x}{x})^{\mu}-1}{\frac{\Delta x}{x}}=\mu x^{\mu-1} f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)=Δx→0limΔx(x+Δx)μ−xμ=Δx→0limxμ−1∗xΔx(1+xΔx)μ−1=μxμ−1 -
f ( x ) = sin x f(x)=\sin x f(x)=sinx 的导数
引理 lim x → 0 sin x x = 1 \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin x}{x}=1 limx→0xsinx=1
运用夹逼法,得面积关系有 tan x > x > sin x → cos x < sin x x < 1 \tan x>x>\sin x \to \cos x<\frac{\sin x}{x}<1 tanx>x>sinx→cosx<xsinx<1进而得证(可以自行百度)
故有
f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 sin ( x + Δ x ) − sin x Δ x f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\sin(x+\Delta x)-\sin x}{\Delta x} f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)=Δx→0limΔxsin(x+Δx)−sinx
和差化积
lim Δ x → 0 sin ( x + Δ x ) − sin x Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 2 sin Δ x 2 cos ( x + Δ x 2 ) Δ x = cos x \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{\sin(x+\Delta x)-\sin x}{\Delta x}\\ =\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{2\sin \frac{\Delta x}{2}\cos (x+\frac{\Delta x}{2})}{\Delta x}=\cos x Δx→0limΔxsin(x+Δx)−sinx=Δx→0limΔx2sin2Δxcos(x+2Δx)=cosx
同理可得, ( cos x ) ′ = − sin x (\cos x)'=-\sin x (cosx)′=−sinx -
f ( x ) = a x ( a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ) f(x)=a^{x}(a>0,a\neq 1) f(x)=ax(a>0,a=1) 的导数
引理 lim x → 0 a x − 1 x = ln a \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{a^x-1}{x}=\ln a limx→0xax−1=lna
令 t = a x − 1 t=a^x-1 t=ax−1, lim x → 0 a x − 1 x = lim t → 0 t l o g a ( t + 1 ) = ln a \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{a^x-1}{x}=\lim_{t\to 0}\frac{t}{log_a(t+1)}=\ln a limx→0xax−1=limt→0loga(t+1)t=lna
f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x = a x lim Δ x → 0 a Δ x − 1 Δ x = ln a ∗ a x f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\= a^x\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{a^{\Delta x}-1}{\Delta x}=\ln a*a^x f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)=axΔx→0limΔxaΔx−1=lna∗ax -
f ( x ) = log a x ( a > 0 , a ≠ 1 ) f(x)=\log_a x(a>0,a\neq 1) f(x)=logax(a>0,a=1) 的导数
f ′ ( x ) = lim Δ x → 0 f ( x + Δ x ) − f ( x ) Δ x = lim Δ x → 0 1 Δ x log a x + Δ x x = lim Δ x → 0 1 x ∗ x Δ x log a ( 1 + Δ x x ) = 1 x ln a f'(x)=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}\\=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta x}\log_a\frac{x+\Delta x}{x}=\\ \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{1}{x}*\frac{x}{\Delta x}\log_a(1+\frac{\Delta x}{x})=\frac{1}{x\ln a} f′(x)=Δx→0limΔxf(x+Δx)−f(x)=Δx→0limΔx1logaxx+Δx=Δx→0limx1∗Δxxloga(1+xΔx)=xlna1
于是我们有 ( ln x ) ′ = 1 x (\ln x)'=\frac{1}{x} (lnx)′=x1
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函数求导法则:
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定理:如果函数 u = u ( x ) , v = v ( x ) u=u(x),v=v(x) u=u(x),v=v(x) 在 x x x 均具有导数,那么它们的和,差,积,商(分母不为0),都在 x x x 点具有导数
- [ u ( x ) ± v ( x ) ] ′ = u ′ ( x ) ± v ′ ( x ) [u(x)\pm v(x)]'=u'(x)\pm v'(x) [u(x)±v(x)]′=u′(x)±v′(x)
- [ u ( x ) v ( x ) ] ′ = u ′ ( x ) v ( x ) + v ′ ( x ) u ( x ) [u(x)v(x)]'=u'(x)v(x)+v'(x)u(x) [u(x)v(x)]′=u′(x)v(x)+v′(x)u(x)
- [ u ( x ) v ( x ) ] ′ = u ′ ( x ) v ( x ) − u ( x ) v ′ ( x ) v 2 ( x ) [\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}]'=\frac{u'(x)v(x)-u(x)v'(x)}{v^2(x)} [v(x)u(x)]′=v2(x)u′(x)v(x)−u(x)v′(x)
法则1略
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法则2证明:
[ u ( x ) v ( x ) ] ′ = lim h → 0 u ( x + h ) v ( x + h ) − u ( x ) v ( x ) h = lim h → 0 [ u ( x + h ) − u ( x ) h v ( x + h ) − u ( x ) v ( x + h ) − v ( x ) h ] = u ′ ( x ) v ( x ) + v ′ ( x ) u ( x ) [u(x)v(x)]'=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{u(x+h)v(x+h)-u(x)v(x)}{h}\\=\lim_{h\to 0}[\frac{u(x+h)-u(x)}{h}v(x+h)-u(x)\frac{v(x+h)-v(x)}{h}]\\=u'(x)v(x)+v'(x)u(x) [u(x)v(x)]′=h→0limhu(x+h)v(x+h)−u(x)v(x)=h→0lim[hu(x+h)−u(x)v(x+h)−u(x)hv(x+h)−v(x)]=u′(x)v(x)+v′(x)u(x)
其中 lim h → 0 v ( x + h ) = v ( x ) \lim_{h\to 0}v(x+h)=v(x) limh→0v(x+h)=v(x) 是因为 v ( x ) v(x) v(x) 在点 x x x 连续 -
法则3 证明:
[ u ( x ) v ( x ) ] ′ = lim h → 0 u ( x + h ) v ( x + h ) − u ( x ) v ( x ) h = lim h → 0 [ u ( x + h ) v ( x ) − u ( x ) v ( x + h ) h v ( x + h ) v ( x ) ] = lim h → 0 [ ( u ( x + h ) − u ( x ) ) v ( x ) − u ( x ) ( v ( x + h ) − v ( x ) ) h v ( x + h ) v ( x ) ] = ( u ′ ( x ) v ( x ) − u ( x ) v ′ ( x ) ) v 2 ( x ) [\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}]'=\lim_{h\to 0}\frac{\frac{u(x+h)}{v(x+h)}-\frac{u(x)}{v(x)}}{h}\\=\lim_{h\to 0}[\frac{u(x+h)v(x)-u(x)v(x+h)}{hv(x+h)v(x)}]\\=\lim_{h\to 0}[\frac{(u(x+h)-u(x))v(x)-u(x)(v(x+h)-v(x))}{hv(x+h)v(x)}]\\=\frac{(u'(x)v(x)-u(x)v'(x))}{v^2(x)} [v(x)u(x)]′=h→0limhv(x+h)u(x+h)−v(x)u(x)=h→0lim[hv(x+h)v(x)u(x+h)v(x)−u(x)v(x+h)]=h→0lim[hv(x+h)v(x)(u(x+h)−u(x))v(x)−u(x)(v(x+h)−v(x))]=v2(x)(u′(x)v(x)−u(x)v′(x)) -
复合函数求导法则:
定理:若干 u = g ( x ) u=g(x) u=g(x) 在点 x x x 可导,而 y = f ( u ) y=f(u) y=f(u) 在点 u = g ( x ) u=g(x) u=g(x) 可导,那么复合函数 y = f [ g ( x ) ] y=f[g(x)] y=f[g(x)]在点 x x x 可导,其导函数为
d y d x = f ′ ( u ) ∗ g ′ ( x ) \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}=f'(u)*g'(x) dxdy=f′(u)∗g′(x)
证明:
lim Δ u → 0 Δ y Δ u = f ′ ( u ) \lim_{\Delta u\to 0}\frac{\Delta y}{\Delta u}=f'(u) Δu→0limΔuΔy=f′(u)
那么我们有
Δ y Δ u = f ′ ( u ) + α ( Δ u ) \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta u}=f'(u)+\alpha(\Delta u) ΔuΔy=f′(u)+α(Δu)
其中 α ( Δ u ) \alpha(\Delta u) α(Δu) 是 Δ u → 0 \Delta u\to 0 Δu→0 时的无穷小,那么
Δ y = f ′ ( u ) Δ u + α ( Δ u ) Δ u Δ y Δ x = f ′ ( u ) Δ u Δ x + α ( Δ u ) Δ u Δ x \Delta y=f'(u)\Delta u+\alpha(\Delta u)\Delta u\\ \frac{\Delta y}{\Delta x}=f'(u)\frac{\Delta u}{\Delta x}+\alpha(\Delta u)\frac{\Delta u}{\Delta x} Δy=f′(u)Δu+α(Δu)ΔuΔxΔy=f′(u)ΔxΔu+α(Δu)ΔxΔu
由于 g ( x ) g(x) g(x) 连续,所以 Δ x → 0 \Delta x\to 0 Δx→0 时, Δ u → 0 \Delta u\to 0 Δu→0,所以 lim Δ x → 0 α ( Δ u ) = 0 \lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\alpha(\Delta u)=0 limΔx→0α(Δu)=0
所以
d x d y = f ′ ( u ) ∗ g ′ ( x ) \frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}y}=f'(u)*g'(x) dydx=f′(u)∗g′(x) -
还有一些常见函数的求导
( t a n x ) ′ = ( s i n x c o s x ) ′ = c o s 2 x + s i n 2 x c o s 2 x = s e c 2 x (tan\ x)'=(\frac{sin\ x}{cos\ x})'=\frac{cos^2\ x+sin^2\ x}{cos^2\ x}=sec^2\ x (tan x)′=(cos xsin x)′=cos2 xcos2 x+sin2 x=sec2 x
( c o t x ) ′ = c o s x s i n x = − 1 s i n 2 x = − c s c 2 x (cot\ x)'=\frac{cos\ x}{sin\ x}=\frac{-1}{sin^2\ x}=-csc^2\ x (cot x)′=sin xcos x=sin2 x−1=−csc2 x
( s e c x ) ′ = ( 1 c o s x ) ′ = s i n x c o s 2 x = s e c x t a n x (sec\ x)'=(\frac{1}{cos\ x})'=\frac{sin\ x}{cos^2\ x}=sec\ xtan \ x (sec x)′=(cos x1)′=cos2 xsin x=sec xtan x
( c s c x ) ′ = 1 s i n x = − c o s x s i n 2 x = − c s c x c o t x (csc\ x)'=\frac{1}{sin\ x}=\frac{-cos\ x}{sin^2\ x}=-csc\ xcot\ x (csc x)′=sin x1=sin2 x−cos x=−csc xcot x
( a r c s i n x ) ′ = 1 ( s i n y ) ′ = 1 c o s y = 1 1 − s i n 2 y = 1 1 − x 2 (arcsin\ x)'=\frac{1}{(sin\ y)'}=\frac{1}{cos\ y}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-sin^2\ y}}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} (arcsin x)′=(sin y)′1=cos y1=1−sin2 y1=1−x21
( a r c c o s x ) ′ = 1 ( c o s y ) ′ = − 1 s i n y = − 1 1 − x 2 (arccos\ x)'=\frac{1}{(cos\ y)'}=-\frac{1}{sin\ y}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}} (arccos x)′=(cos y)′1=−sin y1=−1−x21
( a r c t a n x ) ′ = 1 s e c 2 y = 1 1 + t a n 2 y = 1 1 + x 2 (arctan\ x)'=\frac{1}{sec^2 y}=\frac{1}{1+tan^2 y}=\frac{1}{1+x^2} (arctan x)′=sec2y1=1+tan2y1=1+x21
( a r c c o t x ) ′ = − 1 c s c 2 y = − 1 1 + x 2 (arccot\ x)'=\frac{-1}{csc^2\ y}=-\frac{1}{1+x^2} (arccot x)′=csc2 y−1=−1+x21 -
莱布尼兹公式
( u v ) ( n ) = ∑ i = 0 n ( n i ) u ( i ) v ( n − i ) (uv)^{(n)}=\sum_{i=0}^n\binom{n}{i}u^{(i)}v^{(n-i)} (uv)(n)=i=0∑n(in)u(i)v(n−i)