前置知识:牛顿-莱布尼茨公式
介绍
形如
G ( x ) = ∫ v ( x ) u ( x ) f ( t ) d t G(x)=\int_{v(x)}^{u(x)}f(t)dt G(x)=∫v(x)u(x)f(t)dt
的积分称为变限积分。
由牛顿-莱布尼茨公式可得,
G ′ ( x ) = F ′ ( u ( x ) ) u ′ ( x ) − F ′ ( v ( x ) ) v ′ ( x ) = f ( u ( x ) ) u ′ ( x ) − f ( v ( x ) ) v ′ ( x ) G'(x)=F'(u(x))u'(x)-F'(v(x))v'(x)=f(u(x))u'(x)-f(v(x))v'(x) G′(x)=F′(u(x))u′(x)−F′(v(x))v′(x)=f(u(x))u′(x)−f(v(x))v′(x)
那么我们就可以用这个式子来求变限积分的导数了。
例题1
令 F ( x ) = ∫ 1 x 2 e t d t F(x)=\int_1^{x^2}e^tdt F(x)=∫1x2etdt,求 F ′ ( x ) F'(x) F′(x)
解:
F
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=
e
x
2
⋅
2
x
−
e
1
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0
=
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e
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2
\qquad F'(x)=e^{x^2}\cdot 2x-e^1\cdot 0=2xe^{x^2}
F′(x)=ex2⋅2x−e1⋅0=2xex2
例题2
计算 lim x → 0 ∫ ∫ 0 x sin t 2 d t x 2 ln ( 1 + x ) \lim\limits_{x\to 0}\int\dfrac{\int_0^x\sin t^2dt}{x^2\ln(1+x)} x→0lim∫x2ln(1+x)∫0xsint2dt
解:
\qquad
由无穷小代换,原式
=
lim
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∫
∫
0
x
sin
t
2
d
t
x
2
⋅
x
=\lim\limits_{x\to 0}\int\dfrac{\int_0^x\sin t^2dt}{x^2\cdot x}
=x→0lim∫x2⋅x∫0xsint2dt
\qquad 由洛必达法则,原式 = lim x → 0 sin x 2 3 x 2 = lim x → 0 x 2 3 x 2 = 1 3 =\lim\limits_{x\to 0}\dfrac{\sin x^2}{3x^2}=\lim\limits_{x\to 0}\dfrac{x^2}{3x^2}=\dfrac 13 =x→0lim3x2sinx2=x→0lim3x2x2=31