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假设 a = [ a 1 ′ , a 2 ′ , ⋯ , a n ′ ] T ∈ R n a=[a_1',a_2',\cdots,a_n']^T\in R^n a=[a1′,a2′,⋯,an′]T∈Rn, b = [ b 1 ′ , b 2 ′ , ⋯ , b m ′ ] T ∈ R m b=[b_1',b_2',\cdots,b_m']^T\in R^m b=[b1′,b2′,⋯,bm′]T∈Rm,它们都是实际的坐标; M = [ m 1 , m 2 , ⋯ , m n ] ∈ R m × n M=[m_1,m_2,\cdots,m_n]\in R^{m\times n} M=[m1,m2,⋯,mn]∈Rm×n
记 a a a所在的空间为原空间,基为 e 1 , e 2 , ⋯ , e n e_1,e_2,\cdots,e_n e1,e2,⋯,en。记 a = [ e 1 , e 2 , ⋯ , e n ] ⋅ [ a 1 , a 2 , ⋯ , a n ] T a=[e_1,e_2,\cdots,e_n]\cdot [a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n]^T a=[e1,e2,⋯,en]⋅[a1,a2,⋯,an]T。
假设
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b=Ma,则有
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\begin{aligned} b&=[b_1,b_2,\cdots,b_m]^T\\ &=[m_1,m_2,\cdots,m_n]\cdot [e_1,e_2,\cdots,e_n]\cdot [a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n]^T\\ &=[m_1e_{11}+m_2e_{12}+\cdots+m_ne_{1n},\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ m_1e_{21}+m_2e_{22}+\cdots+m_ne_{2n},\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \cdots\\ &\ \ \ \ \ \ \ m_1e_{n1}+m_2e_{n2}+\cdots+m_ne_{nn}]\cdot [a_1,a_2,\cdots,a_n]^T\\ \end{aligned}
b=[b1,b2,⋯,bm]T=[m1,m2,⋯,mn]⋅[e1,e2,⋯,en]⋅[a1,a2,⋯,an]T=[m1e11+m2e12+⋯+mne1n, m1e21+m2e22+⋯+mne2n, ⋯ m1en1+m2en2+⋯+mnenn]⋅[a1,a2,⋯,an]T
所以
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b=Ma其实就是将
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a在原空间下的坐标,放到一个新的空间下,以新的空间的基算出新的实际坐标。新空间的基为
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\begin{aligned} [&m_1e_{11}+m_2e_{12}+\cdots+m_ne_{1n},\\ &m_1e_{21}+m_2e_{22}+\cdots+m_ne_{2n},\\ & \cdots\\ &m_1e_{n1}+m_2e_{n2}+\cdots+m_ne_{nn}]\\ \end{aligned}
[m1e11+m2e12+⋯+mne1n,m1e21+m2e22+⋯+mne2n,⋯m1en1+m2en2+⋯+mnenn]
如果原空间的基是标准正交基(此时有
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a_i=a_i'
ai=ai′),则新空间的基就是
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M。
因此,矩阵乘也叫做基变换。