直接换元
对于
y
′
=
p
(
x
)
y
+
q
(
x
)
y
n
y'=p(x)y+q(x)y^n
y′=p(x)y+q(x)yn类型的微分方程可以使用直接换元
等式两侧同时乘以
1
y
n
\frac {1} {y^n}
yn1
y
′
y
n
=
p
(
x
)
y
1
−
n
+
q
(
x
)
\frac {y'}{y^n}=p(x)y^{1-n}+q(x)
yny′=p(x)y1−n+q(x)
v
=
y
1
−
n
v=y^{1-n}
v=y1−n
v
′
=
(
1
−
n
)
y
′
y
n
v'=(1-n)\frac {y'}{y^n}
v′=(1−n)yny′
v
′
1
−
n
=
p
(
x
)
v
+
q
(
x
)
\frac {v'}{1-n}=p(x)v+q(x)
1−nv′=p(x)v+q(x)
v
′
−
(
1
−
n
)
p
(
x
)
v
=
(
1
−
n
)
q
(
x
)
v'-(1-n)p(x)v=(1-n)q(x)
v′−(1−n)p(x)v=(1−n)q(x)(标准一阶线性形式)
u
(
x
)
=
e
∫
(
n
−
1
)
p
(
x
)
d
x
u(x) =e^{\int_{}^{} (n-1)p(x)dx}
u(x)=e∫(n−1)p(x)dx
v
=
∫
u
(
x
)
(
1
−
n
)
q
(
x
)
d
x
u
(
x
)
v=\frac {\int_{}^{}u(x)(1-n)q(x)dx}{u(x)}
v=u(x)∫u(x)(1−n)q(x)dx
y
=
v
1
1
−
n
y=v^{\frac{1}{1-n}}
y=v1−n1
逆换元
对于
y
′
=
F
(
y
x
)
y'=F(\frac{y}{x})
y′=F(xy)类型的齐次微分方程可以使用直接换元
y
′
=
F
(
y
x
)
y'=F(\frac {y}{x})
y′=F(xy)
z
=
y
x
z=\frac{y}{x}
z=xy
y
=
x
z
y=xz
y=xz
y
′
=
z
+
x
z
′
y'=z+xz'
y′=z+xz′
z
+
x
z
′
=
F
(
y
x
)
z+xz'=F(\frac{y}{x})
z+xz′=F(xy)
x
d
z
d
x
=
F
(
z
)
−
z
x\frac{dz}{dx}=F(z)-z
xdxdz=F(z)−z
d
z
F
(
z
)
−
z
=
d
x
x
\frac{dz}{F(z)-z}=\frac{dx}{x}
F(z)−zdz=xdx
l
n
x
=
∫
d
z
F
(
z
)
−
z
lnx=\int_{}^{}\frac{dz}{F(z)-z}
lnx=∫F(z)−zdz
example
y
′
=
x
+
y
x
−
y
y'=\frac{x+y}{x-y}
y′=x−yx+y
y
′
=
1
+
y
/
x
1
−
y
/
x
=
1
+
z
1
−
z
=
F
(
z
)
y'=\frac{1+y/x}{1-y/x}=\frac{1+z}{1-z}=F(z)
y′=1−y/x1+y/x=1−z1+z=F(z)
l
n
x
=
∫
d
z
1
+
z
1
−
z
−
z
lnx=\int_{}^{}\frac{dz}{\frac{1+z}{1-z}-z}
lnx=∫1−z1+z−zdz
l
n
x
=
∫
1
−
z
1
+
z
2
d
z
lnx=\int_{}^{}\frac{1-z}{1+z^2}dz
lnx=∫1+z21−zdz
l
n
x
=
t
a
n
−
1
z
−
l
n
1
+
z
2
+
C
lnx=tan^{-1}z-ln\sqrt{1+z^2}+C
lnx=tan−1z−ln1+z2
+C
l
n
x
2
+
y
2
=
t
a
n
−
1
y
x
+
C
ln\sqrt{x^2+y^2}=tan^{-1}\frac{y}{x}+C
lnx2+y2
=tan−1xy+C(直角坐标方程)
ρ
=
C
e
θ
\rho=Ce^{\theta}
ρ=Ceθ(极坐标方程)