随机向量内积的概率分布分析过程:
- 计算向量所张成空间的体积;
- 给定一个特殊向量,确定与此特殊向量的内积大于给定值的向量所构成的空间;
- 计算此特定空间与整个空间的面积之比。
The surface area of a t-dimensional complex hypersphere of radius is given by
A
t
(
r
)
=
2
π
t
r
2
t
−
1
(
t
−
1
)
!
A_t\left( r \right) = \frac{2\pi ^t r^{ {2t - 1} }}{\left( {t - 1} \right)! }
At(r)=(t−1)!2πtr2t−1
Proof: (见2,附录)
The volume of a t-dimensional complex hypersphere of radius is given by
V
t
(
r
)
=
π
t
r
2
t
t
!
V_t\left( r \right) = \frac{\pi ^t r^{ {2t} }}{ {t}! }
Vt(r)=t!πtr2t
Let
A
t
(
r
,
r
0
)
A_t\left( r , r_0\right)
At(r,r0) denote the area of the spherical cap formed by the intersection of the subspace
∣
h
1
∣
>
r
0
\left | h_1 \right |> r_0
∣h1∣>r0 (the first complex element of vector
h
\mathbf h
h), and the t-dimensional complex hypersphere given by
∥
h
∥
=
r
\left \| \mathbf{h} \right \| =r
∥h∥=r,
h
=
(
h
1
,
⋯
,
h
t
)
\mathbf h =(h_1,\cdots, h_t)
h=(h1,⋯,ht). The volume of the spherical cap is
V
t
(
r
,
r
0
)
=
π
t
(
r
2
−
r
0
2
)
t
t
!
V_t\left( r,r_0 \right) = \frac{\pi ^t\left ( r^2-r_0^2 \right )^t}{ t ! }
Vt(r,r0)=t!πt(r2−r02)t
and the area is
A
t
(
r
,
r
0
)
=
2
π
t
r
(
r
2
−
r
0
2
)
t
−
1
(
t
−
1
)
!
A_t\left( r,r_0 \right) = \frac{2\pi ^t r\left ( r^2-r_0^2 \right )^{t-1}}{ \left ( t-1 \right ) ! }
At(r,r0)=(t−1)!2πtr(r2−r02)t−1
该球面表示向量
h
=
(
h
1
,
h
2
,
⋯
,
h
t
)
\mathbf h =(h_1, h_2,\cdots, h_t)
h=(h1,h2,⋯,ht) 的端点,其中
∣
h
1
∣
>
r
0
\left | h_1 \right |> r_0
∣h1∣>r0,
∥
h
∥
=
r
\left \| \mathbf{h} \right \| =r
∥h∥=r。任意单位向量的端点在整个球面上。
假设给定一个向量为
h
=
(
1
,
0
,
⋯
,
0
)
\mathbf h =(1, 0,\cdots, 0)
h=(1,0,⋯,0),以上的 spherical cap 球面所表示的面积与整个球面面积之比即为两向量内积大于
γ
=
r
0
/
r
\gamma =r_0/r
γ=r0/r的概率。对于球形对称的分布,向量
h
=
(
1
,
0
,
⋯
,
0
)
\mathbf h =(1, 0,\cdots, 0)
h=(1,0,⋯,0) 与其它所有的单位向量出现的概率相等,所以上述的向量内积可以表示任意的两个单位向量的内积大于
γ
=
r
0
,
0
≤
r
0
≤
1
\gamma =r_0,0\le r_0\le 1
γ=r0,0≤r0≤1的概率。
参考:
-
D. J. Love, R. W. Heath, Jr., and T. Strohmer, ``Grassmannian beamforming for multiple-input multiple-output wireless systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory \textit{IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory} IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2735–2747, Oct. 2003.
-
K. K. Mukkavilli, A. Sabharwal, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang, ``On beamforming with finite rate feedback in multiple-antenna systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory \textit{IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory} IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 49, pp. 2562–2579, Oct. 2003.