随机向量内积的概率分布


随机向量内积的概率分布分析过程:

  1. 计算向量所张成空间的体积;
  2. 给定一个特殊向量,确定与此特殊向量的内积大于给定值的向量所构成的空间;
  3. 计算此特定空间与整个空间的面积之比。

The surface area of a t-dimensional complex hypersphere of radius is given by
A t ( r ) = 2 π t r 2 t − 1 ( t − 1 ) ! A_t\left( r \right) = \frac{2\pi ^t r^{ {2t - 1} }}{\left( {t - 1} \right)! } At(r)=(t1)!2πtr2t1

Proof: (见2,附录)
The volume of a t-dimensional complex hypersphere of radius is given by
V t ( r ) = π t r 2 t t ! V_t\left( r \right) = \frac{\pi ^t r^{ {2t} }}{ {t}! } Vt(r)=t!πtr2t

Let A t ( r , r 0 ) A_t\left( r , r_0\right) At(r,r0) denote the area of the spherical cap formed by the intersection of the subspace ∣ h 1 ∣ > r 0 \left | h_1 \right |> r_0 h1>r0 (the first complex element of vector h \mathbf h h), and the t-dimensional complex hypersphere given by ∥ h ∥ = r \left \| \mathbf{h} \right \| =r h=r, h = ( h 1 , ⋯   , h t ) \mathbf h =(h_1,\cdots, h_t) h=(h1,,ht). The volume of the spherical cap is
V t ( r , r 0 ) = π t ( r 2 − r 0 2 ) t t ! V_t\left( r,r_0 \right) = \frac{\pi ^t\left ( r^2-r_0^2 \right )^t}{ t ! } Vt(r,r0)=t!πt(r2r02)t
and the area is
A t ( r , r 0 ) = 2 π t r ( r 2 − r 0 2 ) t − 1 ( t − 1 ) ! A_t\left( r,r_0 \right) = \frac{2\pi ^t r\left ( r^2-r_0^2 \right )^{t-1}}{ \left ( t-1 \right ) ! } At(r,r0)=(t1)!2πtr(r2r02)t1
​该球面表示向量 h = ( h 1 , h 2 , ⋯   , h t ) \mathbf h =(h_1, h_2,\cdots, h_t) h=(h1,h2,ht) 的端点,其中 ∣ h 1 ∣ > r 0 \left | h_1 \right |> r_0 h1>r0 ∥ h ∥ = r \left \| \mathbf{h} \right \| =r h=r。任意单位向量的端点在整个球面上。
假设给定一个向量为 h = ( 1 , 0 , ⋯   , 0 ) \mathbf h =(1, 0,\cdots, 0) h=(1,0,0),以上的 spherical cap 球面所表示的面积与整个球面面积之比即为两向量内积大于 γ = r 0 / r \gamma =r_0/r γ=r0/r的概率。对于球形对称的分布,向量 h = ( 1 , 0 , ⋯   , 0 ) \mathbf h =(1, 0,\cdots, 0) h=(1,0,0) 与其它所有的单位向量出现的概率相等,所以上述的向量内积可以表示任意的两个单位向量的内积大于 γ = r 0 , 0 ≤ r 0 ≤ 1 \gamma =r_0,0\le r_0\le 1 γ=r00r01的概率。

参考:

  1. D. J. Love, R. W. Heath, Jr., and T. Strohmer, ``Grassmannian beamforming for multiple-input multiple-output wireless systems,’’ IEEE   Trans.   Inf.   Theory \textit{IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory} IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 49, no. 10, pp. 2735–2747, Oct. 2003.

  2. K. K. Mukkavilli, A. Sabharwal, E. Erkip, and B. Aazhang, ``On beamforming with finite rate feedback in multiple-antenna systems,’’ IEEE   Trans.   Inform.   Theory \textit{IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory} IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 49, pp. 2562–2579, Oct. 2003.

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