The
E
n
(
x
)
\textrm{E}_n(x)
En(x) function is defined by the integral
E
n
(
x
)
=
∫
1
∞
e
−
x
t
t
n
d
t
(1)
\textrm{E}_n(x)=\int_1^\infty{e^{-xt}\over t^n}dt \tag 1
En(x)=∫1∞tne−xtdt(1) Defining
t
≡
η
(
−
1
)
t \equiv \eta^{(-1)}
t≡η(−1) so that
d
t
=
−
η
(
−
2
)
d
η
dt=-\eta^{(-2)}d\eta
dt=−η(−2)dη,
E
n
(
x
)
=
∫
0
1
e
−
x
/
η
η
n
−
2
d
η
(2)
\textrm{E}_n(x)=\int_0^1{e^{-x/\eta} \eta^{n-2}}d\eta \tag 2
En(x)=∫01e−x/ηηn−2dη(2) For integer
n
>
1
n>1
n>1,
E
n
(
0
)
=
1
n
−
1
(3)
\textrm{E}_n(0)={1\over n-1} \tag 3
En(0)=n−11(3) For
n
=
1
n=1
n=1,
E
1
(
x
)
=
−
Ei
(
−
x
)
=
Γ
(
0
,
x
)
=
∫
x
∞
e
u
u
d
u
(4)
\textrm{E}_1(x)=-\textrm{Ei}(-x)=\Gamma(0,x)=\int_x^\infty{e^u\over u}du \tag 4
E1(x)=−Ei(−x)=Γ(0,x)=∫x∞ueudu(4)
where
Ei
(
x
)
\textrm{Ei}(x)
Ei(x) is the exponential integral and
Γ
(
a
,
z
)
=
∫
z
∞
e
u
u
a
−
1
d
u
\Gamma(a,z)=\int_z^\infty{e^uu^{a-1}}du
Γ(a,z)=∫z∞euua−1du is an incomplete gamma function. It is also equal to
E
1
(
x
)
=
−
γ
−
ln
(
x
)
−
∑
n
=
1
∞
(
−
1
)
n
x
n
n
n
!
(5)
\textrm{E}_1(x)=-\gamma-\ln(x)-\sum_{n=1}^\infty {(-1)^nx^n\over n\ n!} \tag 5
E1(x)=−γ−ln(x)−n=1∑∞n n!(−1)nxn(5) where
γ
\gamma
γ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant
γ
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
∑
k
=
n
1
/
k
−
ln
n
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
(
H
n
−
ln
n
)
(6)
\gamma = \lim_{n\to\infty}\left(\sum_{k=}^n1/k-\ln n\right) = \lim_{n\to\infty} (H_n-\ln n) \tag 6
γ=n→∞lim(k=∑n1/k−lnn)=n→∞lim(Hn−lnn)(6)
γ
\gamma
γ has the numerical value
γ
=
0.5772156649...
\gamma=0.5772156649...
γ=0.5772156649....
The Euler-Mascheroni constant arises in many integrals
γ
=
−
∫
0
∞
e
−
x
ln
x
d
x
=
−
∫
0
1
ln
ln
1
x
d
x
(7)
\gamma= -\int_0^\infty e^{-x}\ln xdx=-\int_0^1 \ln \ln {1\over x}dx \tag 7
γ=−∫0∞e−xlnxdx=−∫01lnlnx1dx(7)
Two special values are
E
1
(
0
)
=
∞
,
E
1
(
i
x
)
=
−
ci
(
x
)
+
i
si
(
x
)
(8)
\textrm{E}_1(0)=\infty, \quad \textrm{E}_1(ix)=-\textrm{ci}(x)+i \textrm{si}(x) \tag 8
E1(0)=∞,E1(ix)=−ci(x)+isi(x)(8) where
ci
(
x
)
\textrm{ci}(x)
ci(x) and
si
(
x
)
\textrm{si}(x)
si(x) are the cosine integral and sine integral.
ci
(
x
)
=
−
∫
x
∞
cos
t
t
d
t
,
si
(
z
)
=
−
∫
0
z
sin
t
t
d
t
(9)
\textrm{ci}(x)=-\int_x^\infty{\cos t\over t}dt, \quad \textrm{si}(z)=-\int_0^z{\sin t\over t}dt \tag 9
ci(x)=−∫x∞tcostdt,si(z)=−∫0ztsintdt(9)
The En-function satisfies the recurrence relations
E
n
′
(
x
)
=
−
E
n
−
1
(
x
)
,
n
E
n
+
1
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
−
x
E
n
(
x
)
(10)
\textrm{E}_n'(x)=-\textrm{E}_{n-1}(x),\quad n\textrm{E}_{n+1}(x)=e^{-x}-x\textrm{E}_n(x) \tag {10}
En′(x)=−En−1(x),nEn+1(x)=e−x−xEn(x)(10)
The series expansions is given by
E
n
(
x
)
=
x
n
−
1
Γ
(
1
−
n
)
+
[
−
1
1
−
n
+
x
2
−
n
−
x
2
2
(
3
−
n
)
+
.
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
k
+
1
x
k
k
!
(
k
+
1
−
n
)
+
.
.
.
]
(11)
\textrm{E}_n(x)=x^{n-1}\Gamma(1-n)+[-{1\over 1-n}+{x\over 2-n}-{x^2\over 2(3-n)}+...+{(-1)^{k+1}x^k\over k!(k+1-n)}+...] \tag {11}
En(x)=xn−1Γ(1−n)+[−1−n1+2−nx−2(3−n)x2+...+k!(k+1−n)(−1)k+1xk+...](11)
E
n
(
x
)
=
e
−
x
x
[
1
−
n
x
+
n
(
n
+
1
)
x
2
−
.
.
.
+
(
−
1
)
k
(
n
)
k
x
k
+
.
.
.
]
(12)
\textrm{E}_n(x)={e^{-x}\over x}[1-{n\over x}+{n(n+1)\over x^2}-...+{(-1)^k(n)_k\over x^k}+...] \tag {12}
En(x)=xe−x[1−xn+x2n(n+1)−...+xk(−1)k(n)k+...](12)
The
Ei
(
x
)
\textrm{Ei}(x)
Ei(x) is given by the integral
Ei
(
x
)
=
−
∫
−
x
∞
e
−
t
t
d
t
.
\textrm{Ei}(x)=-\int_{-x}^\infty{e^{-t}\over t}dt.
Ei(x)=−∫−x∞te−tdt.
Special values include
Ei
(
1
)
=
1.89511781...
\textrm{Ei}(1)=1.89511781...
Ei(1)=1.89511781...
The Puiseux series of
Ei
(
z
)
\textrm{Ei}(z)
Ei(z) along the positive real axis is given by
Ei
(
z
)
=
γ
+
ln
z
+
∑
n
=
1
∞
z
n
n
n
!
.
\textrm{Ei}(z)=\gamma+\ln z+\sum_{n=1}^\infty{z^n\over n\ n!}.
Ei(z)=γ+lnz+n=1∑∞n n!zn.
Ref.
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/\textrm{En}-Function.html
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Expon\textrm{En}tialIntegral.html
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Euler-MascheroniConstant.html
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Cosin\textrm{Ei}ntegral.html
https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Sin\textrm{Ei}ntegral.html
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