求解方程A*cos + B*sin = C

问题

求解
$$A\ast \cos (\theta )+B\ast \sin (\theta )=C$$
中的$\theta$值。

方法一

采用三角函数的万能公式进行求解，假设$t=\tan (\frac{\theta }{2})$
其中
$$\frac{1}{\cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}=1+\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2$$
则

$$\begin{gathered} \cos (\theta )=\cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2-\sin (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2 \\ =\cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2(1-\frac{\sin (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}{\cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}) \\ =\frac{1}{\frac{1}{\cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}}(1-\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2) \\ =\frac{1}{1+\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}(1-\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2) \\ =\frac{1-\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2}{1+\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2} \\ =\frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2} \end{gathered}$$

$$\begin{gathered} \sin (\theta )=2\ast \sin (\frac{\theta }{2})\ast \cos (\frac{\theta }{2}) \\ =2\ast (\frac{\sin (\frac{\theta }{2})}{\cos (\frac{\theta }{2})})\ast \cos (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2 \\ =2\ast \tan (\frac{\theta }{2})\ast \frac{1}{1+\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2} \\ =\frac{2\ast \tan (\frac{\theta }{2})}{1+\tan (\frac{\theta }{2}{)}^2} \\ =\frac{2\ast t}{1+t^2} \end{gathered}$$
则上述方程可以写为
$$A\ast \frac{1-t^2}{1+t^2}+B\ast \frac{2\ast t}{1+t^2}=C$$
化简得
$$(A+C)\ast t^2-2\ast B\ast t-(A-C)=0$$
故二次方程的解为
$$t=\frac{B\pm \sqrt{B^2+A^2-C^2}}{A+C}$$
所以方程的解为
$$\theta =2\ast \arctan (t)$$