目录
2.1 Transaction Related Valuations(交易相关)
2.2 Compliance Related Valuation(合规相关)
2.3 Litigation Related Valuation(诉讼相关)
3.1 Normalized Earnings 账面利润正常化调整
3.3 Estimating the Discount Rate 折现率的估计
3.4 Valuation Discounts and Premiums 折价和溢价调整
3.4.2 Discount for Lack of Control(DLOC)
3.4.3 Discount of lack of marketability (DLOM)
4.1.1 FCF:Free Cash Flow Valuation Approach
4.1.2 CCM: The capitalized cash flow method (single stage)
4.1.3 EEM: excess earnings method
4.2.1 GPCM:Guideline Public Company Method(以上市公司为可比对象)
4.2.2 GTM:Guideline Transactions Method(以近期交易为可比对象)
4.2.3 PTM:Prior transaction method(以过去融资交易为可比对象)
4.3 Asset-based Approach (ABA) / Cost Approach
1 上市公司与非上市公司估值的对比
2 哪些场景下需要对非上市公司估值
2.1 Transaction Related Valuations(交易相关)
- VC financing (early stage)
- PE financing (growth or buyout stage)
- IPO
- Debt financing
- Acquisitions and divestitures
- Bankruptcy
- Share-based incentive compensation
2.2 Compliance Related Valuation(合规相关)
- Financial reporting: Goodwill impairment; cash-generating unit (IFRS) & reporting unit (US.GAAP)
- Tax purposes
2.3 Litigation Related Valuation(诉讼相关)
- damages, lost profits, shareholder disputes, and divorce
3 非上市公司估值的注意事项
3.1 Normalized Earnings 账面利润正常化调整
- One-off items & ongoing distortions非经常性科目
- Related party transactions (与关联交易相对应的事arm's length transaction)
- 可能以非公允价值计量的交易: related to compensation、non-operating assets、tangible goods、services、financing and/or use of intangible property such as licenses or cost
sharing. - Above-market compensation or expense(私营企业的有些高管、老板的工资不合理,需要调整)
- 有些公司,房地产/车子在公司的账面上,但是是个人的资产,也不能算
3.2 Estimating Cash Flow计算现金流
- 为了保证结果的准确性,要预测多个情景的现金流(projecting the different possible future scenarios)
- 每一个情境下折现率的选择应该反应该场景下的风险
- 最后,要进行概率加权(probability-weighted average of the company’s estimated scenario values)
一般用FCFF现金流最好,因为:
① 很多公司不发股利,所以不用DDM
② FCFE会受到股权结构的影响,非上市公司股权结果波动性大
③ RI基于clean surplus relation的假设,OCI和Capital假设不变,但对于非上市公司来说不成立
3.3 Estimating the Discount Rate 折现率的估计
用CAPM模型套非上市公司存在的问题:CAPM模型假设投资者的风险是充分分散的(well-diversified),所以只考虑了系统性风险,assumes that investors are only exposed to market risk, not the total risk of a company.
其中,涉及用Pure-Play Method算beta,在CFA一级里面已经学了,不再详述: