3.3 Isomorphism

这一节把isomorphism单独阐述，即既是一对一又是onto的，也就是一个bijection。其本质可以用文中的一句话概括：isomorphism is an equivalence relation on the class of vector spaces。Theorem 10说明了所有n维vector space都和$F^n$是isomorphic的，实际上，isomorphism是“dimension preserving”。

Exercises

1.Let $V$ be the set of complex numbers and let $F$ be the field of real numbers. With the usual operations, $V$ is a vector space over $F$. Describe explicitly an isomorphism of this space onto $R^2$.
Solution: For any $c=a+bi\in V$, define $U(c)=(a,b)$, then $U$ is an isomorphism of $V$ onto $R^2$.

2.Let $V$ be a vector space over the field of complex numbers, and suppose there is an isomorphism $T$ of $V$ onto $C^3$. Let ${\alpha }_1,{\alpha }_2,{\alpha }_3,{\alpha }_4$ be vectors in $V$ such that
$$\begin{gathered} T{\alpha }_1=(1,0,i),T{\alpha }_2=(-2,1+i,0), \\ T{\alpha }_3=(-1,1,1),T{\alpha }_4=(\sqrt{2},i,3). \end{gathered}$$
( a ) Is ${\alpha }_1$ in the subspace spanned by ${\alpha }_2$ and ${\alpha }_3$?
( b ) Let $W_1$ be the subspace spanned by ${\alpha }_1$ and ${\alpha }_2$, and let $W_2$ be the subspace spanned by ${\alpha }_3$ and ${\alpha }_4$. What is the intersection of $W_1$ and $W_2$?
( c ) Find a basis for the subspace of $V$ spanned by the four vectors ${\alpha }_j$.
Solution:
( a ) It is easy to see $T{\alpha }_2,T{\alpha }_3$ are linearly independent, thus ${\alpha }_2,{\alpha }_3$ are linearly independent, since
$$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& i\\ -2& 1+i& 0\\ -1& 1& 1\end{array}\right]\to \left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& i\\ 0& 1+i& 2i\\ 0& 1& 1+i\end{array}\right]\to \left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& i\\ 0& 1& 1+i\\ 0& 0& 0\end{array}\right]$$
$T{\alpha }_1,T{\alpha }_2,T{\alpha }_3$ are linearly dependent, thus ${\alpha }_1$ is in the subspace spanned by ${\alpha }_2,{\alpha }_3$.
( b ) From ( a ) we have $(1+i)(T{\alpha }_2+2T{\alpha }_1)=T{\alpha }_{}$