Definition and Theorems of Chapter 4

Definition. Let $F$ be a field. A linear algebra over the field F is a vector space $\mathfrak{a}$ over $F$ with an additional operation called multiplication of vectors which associates with each pair of vectors $\alpha ,\beta$ in $\mathfrak{a}$ a vector $\alpha \beta$ in $\mathfrak{a}$ called the product of $\alpha$ and $\beta$ in such a way that
( a ) multiplication is associative,
$$\alpha (\beta \gamma )=(\alpha \beta )\gamma$$
( b ) multiplication is distributive with respect to addition,
$$\alpha (\beta +\gamma )=\alpha \beta +\alpha \gamma \text{and}(\alpha +\beta )\gamma =\alpha \gamma +\beta \gamma$$
( c ) for each scalar $c$ in $F$,
$$c(\alpha \beta )=(c\alpha )\beta =\alpha (c\beta ).$$
If there is an element $1$ in $\mathfrak{a}$ such that $1\alpha =\alpha 1=\alpha$ for each $\alpha$ in $\mathfrak{a}$, we call $\mathfrak{a}$ a linear algebra with identity over F, and call $1$ the identity of $\mathfrak{a}$. The algebra $\mathfrak{a}$ is called commutative if $\alpha \beta =\beta \alpha$ for all $\alpha$ and $\beta$ in $\mathfrak{a}$.

Definition. Let $F[x]$ be the subspace of $F^{\infty }$ spanned by the vectors $1,x,x^2,\dots$. An element of $F[x]$ is called a polynomial over F.

Theorem 1. Let $f$ and $g$ be non-zero polynomials over $F$. Then
( i ) $fg$ is a non-zero polynomial;
( ii ) $\mathrm{deg}(fg)=\mathrm{deg}f+\mathrm{deg}g$;
( iii ) $fg$ is a monic polynomial if both $f$ and $g$ are monic polynomials;
( iv ) $fg$ is a scalar polynomial if both $f$ and $g$ are scalar polynomials;
( v ) if $f+g\ne 0,\mathrm{deg}(f+g)\le \max (\mathrm{deg}f,\mathrm{deg}g)$.
Corollary 1. The set of all polynomials over a given field $F$ equipped with the opertations
$$af+bg=(a{f}_0+b{g}_0,a{f}_1+b{g}_1,a{f}_2+b{g}_2,\dots )$$
and
$$(fg{)}_n=\sum _{i=0}^n{f}_j{g}^{}$$