这一节其实是两部分内容：Lagrange interpolation formula和linear algebra的isomorphism。Lagrange interpolation 公式提供了一种用n+1个点的值去固定所有不高于n阶多项式的方法，其在标准基下的矩阵是Vandermonde matrix，这个矩阵的行列式相信折磨过不少刚学高等代数的学子。
第二部分先把polynomial（本质是一个很长的vector）和polynomial function（从 t t t到 f ( t ) f(t) f(t)）联系起来，并定义乘法 ( f ∼ g ∼ ) ( t ) = f ∼ ( t ) g ∼ ( t ) (f^{\sim}g^{\sim})(t)=f^{\sim}(t)g^{\sim}(t) (f∼g∼)(t)=f∼(t)g∼(t)，通过上一节的Theorem 2可知，polynomial function的空间也是一个linear algebra with identity over F F F. 在给出两个algebra如何才是isomorphic的定义后，可以证明本节最重要的结论（即Theorem 3）： f → f ∼ f\to f^{\sim} f→f∼是一个algebra的isomorphism。当然，EXAMPLE 4也很精彩，给予线性算子的多项式和其矩阵以一种新的看法。
Exercises
1.Use the Lagrange interpolation formula to find a polynomial f f f with real coefficients such that f f f has degree ≤ 3 \leq 3 ≤3 and f ( − 1 ) = − 6 , f ( 0 ) = 2 , f ( 1 ) = − 2 , f ( 2 ) = 6 f(-1)=-6,f(0)=2,f(1)=-2,f(2)=6 f(−1)=−6,f(0)=2,f(1)=−2,f(2)=6.
Solution: We have t 0 = − 1 , t 1 = 0 , t 2 = 1 , t 3 = 2 t_0=-1,t_1=0,t_2=1,t_3=2 t0=−1,t1=0,t2=1,t3=2, and
P 0 = x ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( − 1 − 0 ) ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 2 ) = − 1 6 ( x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x ) P 1 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 1 ) ( x − 2 ) ( 0 + 1 ) ( 0 − 1 ) ( 0 − 2 ) = 1 2 ( x 3 − 2 x 2 − x + 2 ) P 2 = ( x + 1 ) x ( x − 2 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 − 0 ) ( 1 − 2 ) = − 1 2 ( x 3 − x 2 − 2 x ) P 3 = ( x + 1 ) x ( x − 1 ) ( 2 + 1 ) ( 2 − 0 ) ( 2 − 1 ) = 1 6 ( x 3 − x ) P_0=\frac{x(x-1)(x-2)}{(-1-0)(-1-1)(-1-2)}=-\frac{1}{6}(x^3-3x^2+2x) \\ P_1=\frac{(x+1)(x-1)(x-2)}{(0+1)(0-1)(0-2)}=\frac{1}{2}(x^3-2x^2-x+2) \\ P_2=\frac{(x+1)x(x-2)}{(1+1)(1-0)(1-2)}=-\frac{1}{2}(x^3-x^2-2x)\\ P_3=\frac{(x+1)x(x-1)}{(2+1)(2-0)(2-1)}=\frac{1}{6}(x^3-x) P0=(−1−0)(−1−1)(−1−2)x(x−1)(x−2)=−61(x3−3x2+2x)P1=(0+1)(0−1)(0−2)(x+1)(x−1)(x−2)=21(x3−2x2−x+2)P2=(1+1)(1−0)(1−2)(x+1)x(x−2)=−21(x3−x2−2x)P3=(2+1)(2−0)(2−1)(x+1)x(x−1)=61(x3−x)
Using Lagrange interpolation formula we have
f = f ( − 1 ) P 0 + f ( 0 ) P 1 + f ( 1 ) P 2 + f ( 2 ) P 3 = − 6 P 0 + 2 P 1 − 2 P 2 + 6 P 3 = ( x 3 − 3 x 2 + 2 x ) + ( x 3 − 2 x 2 − x + 2 ) + ( x 3 − x 2 − 2 x ) + ( x 3 − x ) = 4 x 3 − 6 x 2 − 2 x + 2 \begin{aligned}f&=f(-1)P_0+f(0)P_1+f(1)P_2+f(2)P_3\\&=-6P_0+2P_1-2P_2+6P_3\\&=(x^3-3x^2+2x)+(x^3-2x^2-x+2)+(x^3-x^2-2x)+(x^3-x)\\&=4x^3-6x^2-2x+2\end{aligned} f=f(−1)P0+f(0)P1+f(1)P2+f(2)P3=−6P0+2P1−2P2+6P3=(x3−3x2+2x)+(x3−2x2−x+2)+(x3−x2−2x)+(x3−x)=4x3−6x2−2x+2
2.Let α , β , γ , δ \alpha,\beta,\gamma,\delta α,β,γ,δ be real numbers. We ask when it is possible to fine a polynomial f f f over R R R, of degree not more than 2, such that f ( − 1 ) = α , f ( 1 ) = β , f ( 3 ) = γ f(-1)=\alpha,f(1)=\beta,f(3)=\gamma f(−1)=α,f(1)=β,f(3)=γ and f ( 0 ) = δ f(0)=\delta f(0)=δ. Prove that this is possible if and only if
3 α + 6 β − γ − 8 δ = 0. 3\alpha+6\beta-\gamma-8\delta=0. 3α+6β−γ−8δ=0.
Solution: In the subspace of degree ≤ 2 \leq 2 ≤2, we let t 0 = − 1 , t 1 = 1 , t 2 = 3 t_0=-1,t_1=1,t_2=3 t0=−1,t1=1,t2=3 and thus
P 0 = ( x − 1 ) ( x − 3 ) ( − 1 − 1 ) ( − 1 − 3 ) = 1 8 ( x 2 − 4 x + 3 ) P 1 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 3 ) ( 1 + 1 ) ( 1 − 3 ) = − 1 4 ( x 2 − 2 x − 3 ) P 2 = ( x + 1 ) ( x − 1 ) ( 3 + 1 ) ( 3 − 1 ) = 1 8 ( x 2 − 1 ) P_0=\frac{(x-1)(x-3)}{(-1-1)(-1-3)}=\frac{1}{8}(x^2-4x+3) \\ P_1=\frac{(x+1)(x-3)}{(1+1)(1-3)}=-\frac{1}{4}(x^2-2x-3) \\ P_2=\frac{(x+1)(x-1)}{(3+1)(3-1)}=\frac{1}{8}(x^2-1) P0=(−1−1)(−1−3)(x−1)(x−3)=81(x2−4x+3)P1=(1+1)(1−3)(x+1)(x−3)=−41(x2−2x−3)P2=(3+1)(3−1)(x+1)(x−1)=81(x2−1)
So to satisfy f ( − 1 ) = α , f ( 1 ) = β , f ( 3 ) = γ f(-1)=\alpha,f(1)=\beta,f(3)=\gamma f(−1)=α,f(1)=β,f(3)=γ, f f f must be
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