目录
- 130.
I
=
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
x
e
x
)
−
e
−
x
2
2
e
2
x
x
4
=
I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(xe^x)-e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}e^{2x}}}{x^4}=
I=x→0limx4cos(xex)−e−2x2e2x=
( A ) 0 , (A)0, (A)0,
( B ) − 1 6 , (B)-\cfrac{1}{6}, (B)−61,
( C ) − 1 8 , (C)-\cfrac{1}{8}, (C)−81,
( D ) − 1 12 . (D)-\cfrac{1}{12}. (D)−121. - 132.
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
(
1
−
cos
x
)
sin
2
x
=
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(\sin x)-\cos x}{(1-\cos x)\sin^2x}=
x→0lim(1−cosx)sin2xcos(sinx)−cosx=
( A ) 1 , (A)1, (A)1,
( B ) 1 2 , (B)\cfrac{1}{2}, (B)21,
( C ) 1 3 , (C)\cfrac{1}{3}, (C)31,
( D ) 0. (D)0. (D)0. - 180.下列函数在指定区间上不存在定积分的是
( A ) f ( x ) = { sin 1 x , x ≠ 0 , 1 , x = 0 , x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] . (A)f(x)=\begin{cases}\sin\cfrac{1}{x},&x\ne0,\\1,&x=0,\end{cases}x\in[-1,1]. (A)f(x)=⎩⎨⎧sinx1,1,x=0,x=0,x∈[−1,1].
( B ) f ( x ) = s g n x = { 1 , x > 0 , 0 , x = 0 , − 1 , x < 0 , x ∈ [ a , b ] . (B)f(x)=\mathrm{sgn}x=\begin{cases}1,&x>0,\\0,&x=0,\\-1,&x<0,\end{cases}x\in[a,b]. (B)f(x)=sgnx=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1,0,−1,x>0,x=0,x<0,x∈[a,b].
( C ) f ( x ) = { tan x , x ∈ ( − π 2 , π 2 ) , 0 , x = ± π 2 , x ∈ [ − π 2 , π 2 ] . (C)f(x)=\begin{cases}\tan x,&x\in(-\cfrac{\pi}{2},\cfrac{\pi}{2}),\\0,&x=\pm\cfrac{\pi}{2},\end{cases}x\in[-\cfrac{\pi}{2},\cfrac{\pi}{2}]. (C)f(x)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧tanx,0,x∈(−2π,2π),x=±2π,x∈[−2π,2π].
( D ) f ( x ) = { sin x x , x ≠ 0 1 , x = 0 , x ∈ [ − 1 , 1 ] . (D)f(x)=\begin{cases}\cfrac{\sin x}{x},&x\ne0\\1,&x=0,\end{cases}x\in[-1,1]. (D)f(x)=⎩⎨⎧xsinx,1,x=0x=0,x∈[−1,1]. - 219.设
f
1
(
x
)
,
f
2
(
x
)
f_1(x),f_2(x)
f1(x),f2(x)为二阶常系数线性微分方程
y
′
′
+
p
y
′
+
q
y
=
0
y''+py'+qy=0
y′′+py′+qy=0的两个特解,
C
1
,
C
2
C_1,C_2
C1,C2是两个任意常数,则
C
1
f
1
(
x
)
+
C
2
f
2
(
x
)
C_1f_1(x)+C_2f_2(x)
C1f1(x)+C2f2(x)是该方程通解的充分条件是
( A ) f 1 ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) − f 2 ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 , (A)f_1(x)f'_2(x)-f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0, (A)f1(x)f2′(x)−f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
( B ) f 1 ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 , (B)f_1(x)f'_2(x)+f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0, (B)f1(x)f2′(x)+f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
( C ) f 1 ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) + f 2 ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 , (C)f_1(x)f'_2(x)+f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0, (C)f1(x)f2′(x)+f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
( D ) f 1 ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) − f 2 ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) = 0 , (D)f_1(x)f'_2(x)-f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0, (D)f1(x)f2′(x)−f2(x)f1′(x)=0, - 227.设
k
k
k为常数,则极限
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
y
2
sin
k
y
x
2
+
y
4
\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy^2\sin ky}{x^2+y^4}
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y4xy2sinky
( A ) (A) (A)等于 0 0 0;
( B ) (B) (B)等于 1 2 \cfrac{1}{2} 21;
( C ) (C) (C)不存在;
( D ) (D) (D)存在与否与取值有关。 - 233.设
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
{
x
y
sin
1
x
2
+
y
2
,
x
2
+
y
2
≠
0
0
x
2
+
y
2
=
0
f(x,y)=\begin{cases}xy\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}},&x^2+y^2\ne0\\0&x^2+y^2=0\end{cases}
f(x,y)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧xysinx2+y21,0x2+y2=0x2+y2=0,则
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)在点
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)处
( A ) (A) (A)不连续;
( B ) (B) (B)连续,但偏导数 f x ′ ( 0 , 0 ) f'_x(0,0) fx′(0,0)和 f y ′ ( 0 , 0 ) f'_y(0,0) fy′(0,0)不存在;
( C ) (C) (C)连续且偏导数 f x ′ ( 0 , 0 ) f'_x(0,0) fx′(0,0)和 f y ′ ( 0 , 0 ) f'_y(0,0) fy′(0,0)都存在,但不可微;
( D ) (D) (D)全微分存在但一阶偏导数 f x ′ f'_x fx′和 f y ′ f'_y fy′不连续 - 245.已知
(
x
+
a
y
)
d
x
+
y
d
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
\cfrac{(x+ay)\mathrm{d}x+y\mathrm{d}y}{(x+y)^2}
(x+y)2(x+ay)dx+ydy为某函数的全微分,则
a
a
a等于
( A ) 2 ; (A)2; (A)2;
( B ) 1 ; (B)1; (B)1;
( C ) 0 ; (C)0; (C)0;
( D ) − 1. (D)-1. (D)−1. - 263.设积分区域
D
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
0
⩽
x
⩽
1
,
0
⩽
y
⩽
1
}
D=\{(x,y)|0\leqslant x\leqslant1,0\leqslant y\leqslant1\}
D={(x,y)∣0⩽x⩽1,0⩽y⩽1},则二重积分
I
=
∬
D
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
=
I=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=
I=D∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ=
( A ) π 2 ; (A)\cfrac{\pi}{2}; (A)2π;
( B ) π 3 ; (B)\cfrac{\pi}{3}; (B)3π;
( C ) π 4 ; (C)\cfrac{\pi}{4}; (C)4π;
( D ) π 6 . (D)\cfrac{\pi}{6}. (D)6π. - 275.设
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x)是可微函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)的反函数,且
f
(
1
)
=
0
,
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
1010
f(1)=0,\displaystyle\int^1_0xf(x)\mathrm{d}x=1010
f(1)=0,∫01xf(x)dx=1010,则
∫
0
1
d
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t
\displaystyle\int^1_0\mathrm{d}x\displaystyle\int^{f(x)}_0g(t)\mathrm{d}t
∫01dx∫0f(x)g(t)dt的值为
( A ) 0 ; (A)0; (A)0;
( B ) 2021 ; (B)2021; (B)2021;
( C ) 2020 ; (C)2020; (C)2020;
( D ) 2100. (D)2100. (D)2100.
- 130.
I
=
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
x
e
x
)
−
e
−
x
2
2
e
2
x
x
4
=
I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(xe^x)-e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}e^{2x}}}{x^4}=
I=x→0limx4cos(xex)−e−2x2e2x=
- 写在最后
130.
I
=
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
x
e
x
)
−
e
−
x
2
2
e
2
x
x
4
=
I=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(xe^x)-e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}e^{2x}}}{x^4}=
I=x→0limx4cos(xex)−e−2x2e2x=
(
A
)
0
,
(A)0,
(A)0,
(
B
)
−
1
6
,
(B)-\cfrac{1}{6},
(B)−61,
(
C
)
−
1
8
,
(C)-\cfrac{1}{8},
(C)−81,
(
D
)
−
1
12
.
(D)-\cfrac{1}{12}.
(D)−121.
解
I
=
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
x
e
x
)
−
e
−
x
2
2
e
2
x
(
x
e
x
)
4
⋅
e
4
x
=
t
=
x
e
x
lim
t
→
0
cos
(
t
)
−
e
−
1
2
t
2
t
4
⋅
lim
x
→
0
e
4
x
=
lim
t
→
0
cos
t
−
e
−
1
2
t
2
t
4
=
lim
t
→
0
−
sin
t
+
t
e
−
1
2
t
2
4
t
3
=
lim
t
→
0
−
cos
t
+
e
−
1
2
t
2
−
t
2
e
−
1
2
t
2
12
t
2
=
lim
t
→
0
1
−
cos
t
12
t
2
+
lim
t
→
0
e
−
1
2
t
2
−
1
12
t
2
=
−
1
12
.
\begin{aligned} I&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(xe^x)-e^{-\frac{x^2}{2}e^{2x}}}{(xe^x)^4}\cdot e^{4x}\\ &\xlongequal{t=xe^x}\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{\cos(t)-e^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}}{t^4}\cdot\lim\limits_{x\to0}e^{4x}\\ &=\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{\cos t-e^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}}{t^4}\\ &=\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{-\sin t+te^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}}{4t^3}\\ &=\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{-\cos t+e^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}-t^2e^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}}{12t^2}\\ &=\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{1-\cos t}{12t^2}+\lim\limits_{t\to0}\cfrac{e^{-\frac{1}{2}t^2}-1}{12t^2}\\ &=-\cfrac{1}{12}. \end{aligned}
I=x→0lim(xex)4cos(xex)−e−2x2e2x⋅e4xt=xext→0limt4cos(t)−e−21t2⋅x→0lime4x=t→0limt4cost−e−21t2=t→0lim4t3−sint+te−21t2=t→0lim12t2−cost+e−21t2−t2e−21t2=t→0lim12t21−cost+t→0lim12t2e−21t2−1=−121.
(这道题主要利用了换元法求解)
132.
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
(
1
−
cos
x
)
sin
2
x
=
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(\sin x)-\cos x}{(1-\cos x)\sin^2x}=
x→0lim(1−cosx)sin2xcos(sinx)−cosx=
(
A
)
1
,
(A)1,
(A)1,
(
B
)
1
2
,
(B)\cfrac{1}{2},
(B)21,
(
C
)
1
3
,
(C)\cfrac{1}{3},
(C)31,
(
D
)
0.
(D)0.
(D)0.
解
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
(
1
−
cos
x
)
sin
2
x
=
2
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
x
4
.
\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(\sin x)-\cos x}{(1-\cos x)\sin^2x}=2\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(\sin x)-\cos x}{x^4}.
x→0lim(1−cosx)sin2xcos(sinx)−cosx=2x→0limx4cos(sinx)−cosx.
由三角公式可知,
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
=
2
sin
x
+
sin
x
2
sin
x
−
sin
x
2
\cos(\sin x)-\cos x=2\sin\cfrac{x+\sin x}{2}\sin\cfrac{x-\sin x}{2}
cos(sinx)−cosx=2sin2x+sinxsin2x−sinx,所以当
x
→
0
x\to0
x→0时,
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
∼
1
2
(
x
+
sin
x
)
(
x
−
sin
x
)
\cos(\sin x)-\cos x\sim\cfrac{1}{2}(x+\sin x)(x-\sin x)
cos(sinx)−cosx∼21(x+sinx)(x−sinx)。
lim
x
→
0
cos
(
sin
x
)
−
cos
x
(
1
−
cos
x
)
sin
2
x
=
lim
x
→
0
(
x
+
sin
x
)
(
x
−
sin
x
)
2
x
4
=
2
lim
x
→
0
x
−
sin
x
x
3
=
2
3
lim
x
→
0
1
−
cos
x
x
2
=
1
3
.
\begin{aligned} \lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{\cos(\sin x)-\cos x}{(1-\cos x)\sin^2x}&=\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{(x+\sin x)(x-\sin x)}{2x^4}=2\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{x-\sin x}{x^3}\\ &=\cfrac{2}{3}\lim\limits_{x\to0}\cfrac{1-\cos x}{x^2}=\cfrac{1}{3}. \end{aligned}
x→0lim(1−cosx)sin2xcos(sinx)−cosx=x→0lim2x4(x+sinx)(x−sinx)=2x→0limx3x−sinx=32x→0limx21−cosx=31.
(这道题主要利用了等价无穷小代换求解)
180.下列函数在指定区间上不存在定积分的是
(
A
)
f
(
x
)
=
{
sin
1
x
,
x
≠
0
,
1
,
x
=
0
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
(A)f(x)=\begin{cases}\sin\cfrac{1}{x},&x\ne0,\\1,&x=0,\end{cases}x\in[-1,1].
(A)f(x)=⎩⎨⎧sinx1,1,x=0,x=0,x∈[−1,1].
(
B
)
f
(
x
)
=
s
g
n
x
=
{
1
,
x
>
0
,
0
,
x
=
0
,
−
1
,
x
<
0
,
x
∈
[
a
,
b
]
.
(B)f(x)=\mathrm{sgn}x=\begin{cases}1,&x>0,\\0,&x=0,\\-1,&x<0,\end{cases}x\in[a,b].
(B)f(x)=sgnx=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧1,0,−1,x>0,x=0,x<0,x∈[a,b].
(
C
)
f
(
x
)
=
{
tan
x
,
x
∈
(
−
π
2
,
π
2
)
,
0
,
x
=
±
π
2
,
x
∈
[
−
π
2
,
π
2
]
.
(C)f(x)=\begin{cases}\tan x,&x\in(-\cfrac{\pi}{2},\cfrac{\pi}{2}),\\0,&x=\pm\cfrac{\pi}{2},\end{cases}x\in[-\cfrac{\pi}{2},\cfrac{\pi}{2}].
(C)f(x)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧tanx,0,x∈(−2π,2π),x=±2π,x∈[−2π,2π].
(
D
)
f
(
x
)
=
{
sin
x
x
,
x
≠
0
1
,
x
=
0
,
x
∈
[
−
1
,
1
]
.
(D)f(x)=\begin{cases}\cfrac{\sin x}{x},&x\ne0\\1,&x=0,\end{cases}x\in[-1,1].
(D)f(x)=⎩⎨⎧xsinx,1,x=0x=0,x∈[−1,1].
解 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]可积的充分条件是: f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]内有界,至多有有限个间断点。故选 ( C ) (C) (C)。(这道题主要利用了可积的充分条件求解)
219.设
f
1
(
x
)
,
f
2
(
x
)
f_1(x),f_2(x)
f1(x),f2(x)为二阶常系数线性微分方程
y
′
′
+
p
y
′
+
q
y
=
0
y''+py'+qy=0
y′′+py′+qy=0的两个特解,
C
1
,
C
2
C_1,C_2
C1,C2是两个任意常数,则
C
1
f
1
(
x
)
+
C
2
f
2
(
x
)
C_1f_1(x)+C_2f_2(x)
C1f1(x)+C2f2(x)是该方程通解的充分条件是
(
A
)
f
1
(
x
)
f
2
′
(
x
)
−
f
2
(
x
)
f
1
′
(
x
)
=
0
,
(A)f_1(x)f'_2(x)-f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0,
(A)f1(x)f2′(x)−f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
(
B
)
f
1
(
x
)
f
2
′
(
x
)
+
f
2
(
x
)
f
1
′
(
x
)
=
0
,
(B)f_1(x)f'_2(x)+f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0,
(B)f1(x)f2′(x)+f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
(
C
)
f
1
(
x
)
f
2
′
(
x
)
+
f
2
(
x
)
f
1
′
(
x
)
=
0
,
(C)f_1(x)f'_2(x)+f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0,
(C)f1(x)f2′(x)+f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
(
D
)
f
1
(
x
)
f
2
′
(
x
)
−
f
2
(
x
)
f
1
′
(
x
)
=
0
,
(D)f_1(x)f'_2(x)-f_2(x)f'_1(x)=0,
(D)f1(x)f2′(x)−f2(x)f1′(x)=0,
解 由线性微分方程解的结构知 f 1 ( x ) f_1(x) f1(x)与 f 2 ( x ) f_2(x) f2(x)线性无关是 C 1 f 1 ( x ) + C 2 f 2 ( x ) C_1f_1(x)+C_2f_2(x) C1f1(x)+C2f2(x)为方程通解的充分必要条件,即 f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) ≠ C \cfrac{f_1(x)}{f_2(x)}\ne C f2(x)f1(x)=C,从而 ( f 1 ( x ) f 2 ( x ) ) ′ = f 2 ( x ) f 1 ′ ( x ) − f 1 ( x ) f 2 ′ ( x ) f 2 2 ( x ) \left(\cfrac{f_1(x)}{f_2(x)}\right)'=\cfrac{f_2(x)f'_1(x)-f_1(x)f'_2(x)}{f^2_2(x)} (f2(x)f1(x))′=f22(x)f2(x)f1′(x)−f1(x)f2′(x),故应选 ( D ) (D) (D)。(这道题主要利用了构造函数求解)
227.设
k
k
k为常数,则极限
lim
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
x
y
2
sin
k
y
x
2
+
y
4
\lim\limits_{(x,y)\to(0,0)}\cfrac{xy^2\sin ky}{x^2+y^4}
(x,y)→(0,0)limx2+y4xy2sinky
(
A
)
(A)
(A)等于
0
0
0;
(
B
)
(B)
(B)等于
1
2
\cfrac{1}{2}
21;
(
C
)
(C)
(C)不存在;
(
D
)
(D)
(D)存在与否与取值有关。
解
0
⩽
∣
x
y
2
sin
k
y
x
2
+
y
4
∣
⩽
1
2
(
x
2
+
y
4
)
x
2
+
y
4
∣
sin
k
y
∣
=
1
2
∣
sin
k
y
∣
→
0
(
当
(
x
,
y
)
→
(
0
,
0
)
时
)
\begin{aligned} 0&\leqslant\left|\cfrac{xy^2\sin ky}{x^2+y^4}\right|\leqslant\cfrac{\cfrac{1}{2}(x^2+y^4)}{x^2+y^4}|\sin ky|\\ &=\cfrac{1}{2}|\sin ky|\to0(\text{当}(x,y)\to(0,0)\text{时}) \end{aligned}
0⩽∣∣∣∣∣x2+y4xy2sinky∣∣∣∣∣⩽x2+y421(x2+y4)∣sinky∣=21∣sinky∣→0(当(x,y)→(0,0)时)
(这道题主要利用了放缩法求解)
233.设
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
{
x
y
sin
1
x
2
+
y
2
,
x
2
+
y
2
≠
0
0
x
2
+
y
2
=
0
f(x,y)=\begin{cases}xy\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}},&x^2+y^2\ne0\\0&x^2+y^2=0\end{cases}
f(x,y)=⎩⎪⎨⎪⎧xysinx2+y21,0x2+y2=0x2+y2=0,则
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)在点
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)处
(
A
)
(A)
(A)不连续;
(
B
)
(B)
(B)连续,但偏导数
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
f'_x(0,0)
fx′(0,0)和
f
y
′
(
0
,
0
)
f'_y(0,0)
fy′(0,0)不存在;
(
C
)
(C)
(C)连续且偏导数
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
f'_x(0,0)
fx′(0,0)和
f
y
′
(
0
,
0
)
f'_y(0,0)
fy′(0,0)都存在,但不可微;
(
D
)
(D)
(D)全微分存在但一阶偏导数
f
x
′
f'_x
fx′和
f
y
′
f'_y
fy′不连续
解
f
(
0
+
Δ
x
,
0
+
Δ
y
)
−
f
(
0
,
0
)
=
Δ
x
Δ
y
sin
1
Δ
x
2
+
Δ
y
2
=
ρ
⋅
ρ
Δ
x
ρ
Δ
y
ρ
sin
1
ρ
=
ο
(
ρ
)
(
ρ
=
Δ
x
2
+
Δ
y
2
→
0
)
.
f(0+\Delta x,0+\Delta y)-f(0,0)=\Delta x\Delta y\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{\Delta x^2+\Delta y^2}}\\ =\rho\cdot\rho\cfrac{\Delta x}{\rho}\cfrac{\Delta y}{\rho}\sin\cfrac{1}{\rho}=\omicron(\rho)(\rho=\sqrt{\Delta x^2+\Delta y^2}\to0).
f(0+Δx,0+Δy)−f(0,0)=ΔxΔysinΔx2+Δy21=ρ⋅ρρΔxρΔysinρ1=ο(ρ)(ρ=Δx2+Δy2→0).
其中
∣
Δ
x
ρ
Δ
y
ρ
sin
1
ρ
∣
⩽
1
\left|\cfrac{\Delta x}{\rho}\cfrac{\Delta y}{\rho}\sin\cfrac{1}{\rho}\right|\leqslant1
∣∣∣∣∣ρΔxρΔysinρ1∣∣∣∣∣⩽1,所以
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)在
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)可微。
当
x
2
+
y
2
≠
0
x^2+y^2\ne0
x2+y2=0时,
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
=
y
sin
1
x
2
+
y
2
−
y
x
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
cos
1
x
2
+
y
2
,
f
y
′
(
x
,
y
)
=
x
sin
1
x
2
+
y
2
−
x
y
2
(
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
cos
1
x
2
+
y
2
.
f'_x(x,y)=y\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-\cfrac{yx^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\cos\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}},\\ f'_y(x,y)=x\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}-\cfrac{xy^2}{(x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\cos\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}.
fx′(x,y)=ysinx2+y21−(x2+y2)23yx2cosx2+y21,fy′(x,y)=xsinx2+y21−(x2+y2)23xy2cosx2+y21.
当
x
2
+
y
2
=
0
x^2+y^2=0
x2+y2=0时,
f
x
′
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
,
f
y
′
(
0
,
0
)
=
0
f'_x(0,0)=0,f'_y(0,0)=0
fx′(0,0)=0,fy′(0,0)=0。
当取路径
y
=
x
y=x
y=x时,
lim
x
→
0
+
y
=
x
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
=
lim
x
→
0
+
(
x
sin
1
2
x
−
1
2
2
cos
1
2
x
)
\underset{y=x}{\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}}f'_x(x,y)=\lim\limits_{x\to0^+}\left(x\sin\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}x}-\cfrac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\cos\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}x}\right)
y=xx→0+limfx′(x,y)=x→0+lim(xsin2x1−221cos2x1)不存在,所以不存在,故
f
x
′
(
x
,
y
)
f'_x(x,y)
fx′(x,y)在
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)点不连续。同理
f
y
′
(
x
,
y
)
f'_y(x,y)
fy′(x,y)在
(
0
,
0
)
(0,0)
(0,0)点不连续,应选
(
D
)
(D)
(D)。(这道题主要利用了代换法求解)
245.已知
(
x
+
a
y
)
d
x
+
y
d
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
\cfrac{(x+ay)\mathrm{d}x+y\mathrm{d}y}{(x+y)^2}
(x+y)2(x+ay)dx+ydy为某函数的全微分,则
a
a
a等于
(
A
)
2
;
(A)2;
(A)2;
(
B
)
1
;
(B)1;
(B)1;
(
C
)
0
;
(C)0;
(C)0;
(
D
)
−
1.
(D)-1.
(D)−1.
解 设
u
(
x
,
y
)
u(x,y)
u(x,y)满足
d
u
=
x
+
a
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
d
x
+
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
d
y
\mathrm{d}u=\cfrac{x+ay}{(x+y)^2}\mathrm{d}x+\cfrac{y}{(x+y)^2}\mathrm{d}y
du=(x+y)2x+aydx+(x+y)2ydy,由可微与可偏导的关系有:
∂
u
∂
x
=
x
+
a
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
,
∂
u
∂
y
=
y
(
x
+
y
)
2
\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial x}=\cfrac{x+ay}{(x+y)^2},\cfrac{\partial u}{\partial y}=\cfrac{y}{(x+y)^2}
∂x∂u=(x+y)2x+ay,∂y∂u=(x+y)2y。
分别对
y
,
x
y,x
y,x求偏导数有:
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
=
(
a
−
2
)
x
−
a
y
(
x
+
y
)
3
,
∂
2
u
∂
y
∂
x
=
−
2
y
(
x
+
y
)
3
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}=\cfrac{(a-2)x-ay}{(x+y)^3},\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial y\partial x}=\cfrac{-2y}{(x+y)^3}
∂x∂y∂2u=(x+y)3(a−2)x−ay,∂y∂x∂2u=(x+y)3−2y。由于
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}
∂x∂y∂2u与
∂
2
u
∂
y
∂
x
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial y\partial x}
∂y∂x∂2u连续,从而
∂
2
u
∂
x
∂
y
≡
∂
2
u
∂
y
∂
x
\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial x\partial y}\equiv\cfrac{\partial^2u}{\partial y\partial x}
∂x∂y∂2u≡∂y∂x∂2u,即
(
a
−
2
)
x
≡
(
a
−
2
)
y
(a-2)x\equiv(a-2)y
(a−2)x≡(a−2)y,所以当
a
=
2
a=2
a=2时上式成立,应选
(
A
)
(A)
(A)。(这道题主要利用了可微条件求解)
263.设积分区域
D
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
0
⩽
x
⩽
1
,
0
⩽
y
⩽
1
}
D=\{(x,y)|0\leqslant x\leqslant1,0\leqslant y\leqslant1\}
D={(x,y)∣0⩽x⩽1,0⩽y⩽1},则二重积分
I
=
∬
D
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
=
I=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=
I=D∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ=
(
A
)
π
2
;
(A)\cfrac{\pi}{2};
(A)2π;
(
B
)
π
3
;
(B)\cfrac{\pi}{3};
(B)3π;
(
C
)
π
4
;
(C)\cfrac{\pi}{4};
(C)4π;
(
D
)
π
6
.
(D)\cfrac{\pi}{6}.
(D)6π.
解 在二重积分
I
I
I中积分区域
D
D
D被直线
y
=
x
y=x
y=x分割成关于
y
=
x
y=x
y=x对称的两个部分区域
D
1
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
0
⩽
x
⩽
1
,
0
⩽
y
⩽
x
}
,
D
2
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
0
⩽
x
⩽
1
,
x
⩽
y
⩽
1
}
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
0
⩽
y
⩽
1
,
0
⩽
x
⩽
y
}
D_1=\{(x,y)|0\leqslant x\leqslant1,0\leqslant y\leqslant x\},D_2=\{(x,y)|0\leqslant x\leqslant1,x\leqslant y\leqslant1\}=\{(x,y)|0\leqslant y\leqslant1,0\leqslant x\leqslant y\}
D1={(x,y)∣0⩽x⩽1,0⩽y⩽x},D2={(x,y)∣0⩽x⩽1,x⩽y⩽1}={(x,y)∣0⩽y⩽1,0⩽x⩽y},被积函数
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)关于变量
x
,
y
x,y
x,y对称,即
f
(
x
,
y
)
=
f
(
y
,
x
)
f(x,y)=f(y,x)
f(x,y)=f(y,x),从而
∬
D
1
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
=
∬
D
2
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D_1}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D_2}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
D1∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ=D2∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ,故
I
=
∬
D
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
=
2
∬
D
1
d
σ
(
1
+
x
2
+
y
2
)
3
2
.
I=\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=2\displaystyle\iint\limits_{D_1}\cfrac{\mathrm{d}\sigma}{(1+x^2+y^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}.
I=D∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ=2D1∬(1+x2+y2)23dσ.
设
x
=
r
cos
θ
,
y
=
r
sin
θ
x=r\cos\theta,y=r\sin\theta
x=rcosθ,y=rsinθ,在极坐标系
(
r
,
θ
)
(r,\theta)
(r,θ)中可表示成
{
(
r
,
θ
)
∣
0
⩽
θ
⩽
π
4
,
0
⩽
r
⩽
1
cos
θ
}
\{(r,\theta)|0\leqslant\theta\leqslant\cfrac{\pi}{4},0\leqslant r\leqslant\cfrac{1}{\cos\theta}\}
{(r,θ)∣0⩽θ⩽4π,0⩽r⩽cosθ1},所以
I
=
2
∫
0
π
4
d
θ
∫
0
1
cos
θ
r
d
r
(
1
+
r
2
)
3
2
=
∫
0
π
4
d
θ
∫
0
1
cos
θ
d
(
1
+
r
2
)
(
1
+
r
2
)
3
2
=
−
2
∫
0
π
4
1
1
+
r
2
∣
0
1
cos
θ
d
θ
=
=
2
∫
0
π
4
(
1
−
cos
θ
1
+
cos
2
θ
)
d
θ
=
π
2
−
2
∫
0
π
4
d
(
sin
θ
)
2
−
sin
2
θ
=
π
2
−
2
arcsin
sin
θ
2
∣
0
π
4
=
π
2
−
2
arcsin
1
2
=
π
6
\begin{aligned} I&=2\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\mathrm{d}\theta\displaystyle\int^{\frac{1}{\cos\theta}}_0\cfrac{r\mathrm{d}r}{(1+r^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}=\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\mathrm{d}\theta\displaystyle\int^{\frac{1}{\cos\theta}}_0\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(1+r^2)}{(1+r^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}\\ &=-2\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\cfrac{1}{\sqrt{1+r^2}}\biggm\vert^{\frac{1}{\cos\theta}}_0\mathrm{d}\theta==2\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\left(1-\cfrac{\cos\theta}{\sqrt{1+\cos^2\theta}}\right)\mathrm{d}\theta\\ &=\cfrac{\pi}{2}-2\displaystyle\int^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\cfrac{\mathrm{d}(\sin\theta)}{\sqrt{2-\sin^2\theta}}=\cfrac{\pi}{2}-2\arcsin\cfrac{\sin\theta}{\sqrt{2}}\biggm\vert^{\frac{\pi}{4}}_0\\ &=\cfrac{\pi}{2}-2\arcsin\cfrac{1}{2}=\cfrac{\pi}{6} \end{aligned}
I=2∫04πdθ∫0cosθ1(1+r2)23rdr=∫04πdθ∫0cosθ1(1+r2)23d(1+r2)=−2∫04π1+r21∣∣∣∣0cosθ1dθ==2∫04π(1−1+cos2θcosθ)dθ=2π−2∫04π2−sin2θd(sinθ)=2π−2arcsin2sinθ∣∣∣∣04π=2π−2arcsin21=6π
(这道题主要利用了极坐标积分求解)
275.设
g
(
x
)
g(x)
g(x)是可微函数
y
=
f
(
x
)
y=f(x)
y=f(x)的反函数,且
f
(
1
)
=
0
,
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
1010
f(1)=0,\displaystyle\int^1_0xf(x)\mathrm{d}x=1010
f(1)=0,∫01xf(x)dx=1010,则
∫
0
1
d
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t
\displaystyle\int^1_0\mathrm{d}x\displaystyle\int^{f(x)}_0g(t)\mathrm{d}t
∫01dx∫0f(x)g(t)dt的值为
(
A
)
0
;
(A)0;
(A)0;
(
B
)
2021
;
(B)2021;
(B)2021;
(
C
)
2020
;
(C)2020;
(C)2020;
(
D
)
2100.
(D)2100.
(D)2100.
解
∫
0
1
d
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t
=
∫
0
1
[
∫
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t
]
d
x
=
x
∫
0
f
(
x
)
g
(
t
)
d
t
∣
0
1
−
∫
0
1
x
g
[
f
(
x
)
]
f
′
(
x
)
d
x
=
−
∫
0
1
x
2
f
′
(
x
)
d
x
=
−
∫
0
1
x
2
d
f
(
x
)
=
−
x
2
f
(
x
)
∣
0
1
+
2
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
2
∫
0
1
x
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
2020.
\begin{aligned} \displaystyle\int^1_0\mathrm{d}x\displaystyle\int^{f(x)}_0g(t)\mathrm{d}t&=\displaystyle\int^1_0\left[\displaystyle\int^{f(x)}_0g(t)\mathrm{d}t\right]\mathrm{d}x\\ &=x\displaystyle\int^{f(x)}_0g(t)\mathrm{d}t\biggm\vert^1_0-\displaystyle\int^1_0xg[f(x)]f'(x)\mathrm{d}x\\ &=-\displaystyle\int^1_0x^2f'(x)\mathrm{d}x=-\displaystyle\int^1_0x^2\mathrm{d}f(x)\\ &=-x^2f(x)\biggm\vert^1_0+2\displaystyle\int^1_0xf(x)\mathrm{d}x\\ &=2\displaystyle\int^1_0xf(x)\mathrm{d}x=2020. \end{aligned}
∫01dx∫0f(x)g(t)dt=∫01[∫0f(x)g(t)dt]dx=x∫0f(x)g(t)dt∣∣∣∣01−∫01xg[f(x)]f′(x)dx=−∫01x2f′(x)dx=−∫01x2df(x)=−x2f(x)∣∣∣∣01+2∫01xf(x)dx=2∫01xf(x)dx=2020.
(这道题主要利用了分部积分法求解)
写在最后
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