低轨导航学习资料二-关键技术

文献阅读“Demand and key technology for a LEO constellation as augmentation of satellite navigation systems” ，2024，Satellite Navigation，Yuanxi Yang，Xi’an Research Institute of Surveying and Mapping

1. 中国现状

Up to now, China has more than 10 LEO augmentation navigation satellites in orbit, providing precious data and experience for experiment and verifcation.

截止目前（2024年），中国有10+颗在轨LEO增强导航卫星。

The signal design and ephemeris broadcasting are the foundation for realizing the LEO augmented navigation. 

低轨导航增强的基础是信号设计和星历的播发。传统16参数星历无法精确描述LEO轨道，有学者提出增加6个三阶谐波项，通过22个参数进行轨道描述。

It was pointed out that the conventional broadcast ephemeris with 16 parameters cannot fulfll the accuracy requirement of LEO satellites, and the singular point problem may occur especially for those with small eccentricity and small/large inclination angle. It was proposed that six third order harmonic terms could be added to the 16-parameter ephemeris (22 ephemeris parameters in total) to improve the accuracy and stability of ephemeris ftting and solve the singular point problem.

仿真结果表明，通过优化星间链路的拓扑结构，可以获得厘米级的高精度定轨。

The simulation experiment results show that the Orbit Determination (OD) precision at centimeter level can be achieved with the optimized topology of inter satellite links.

2. 低轨导航卫星的需求分析

（1）增强GNSS精密定位

Te application of LEO augmentation constellations will not only enable precise positioning at centimeter-level, navigation at decimeter-level, and timing at nanosecond level, but also improve the reliability of PNT services. 还能缩短收敛时间。

（2）增强极地导航可用性

（3）其他低轨卫星的自主定轨

主要是改善可见卫星和卫星的几何分布。

（4）复杂电磁环境中的应用需求

For a lower orbit altitude, the landing power of LEO satellites will be signifcantly increased even if the signals are transmitted with the same power as BDS.

低轨导航星落地电平强，但是，在强电磁干扰环境下，低于20dB的信号增强并不足以抵消接收机的热噪声，更不用说抗干扰能力。

However, with a highintensity electromagnetic confrontation, signal power enhancement of lower than 20 dB can barely compensate the thermal noise of receivers, not to mention resisting the interference. Besides, the satellites having both communication and navigation functions may be interfered as well, as the navigation signal with stronger power may interfere the communication signal.

（5）泛在完好性监测

The integrity provided by a single GNSS system is not enough to satisfy all kinds of users’ integrity requirements.例如：航空、高速公路、电力系统、无人驾驶和无人机等。

3. 低轨导航增强卫星可能得贡献

（1）低SWaP，发射和生产成本低；

（2）落地功率强；

（3）可以和GNSS的MEO和GEO协同，增加了可用卫星总的数目；

（4）改善GNSS卫星的几何分布，改善极地导航；

（5）LEO多普勒变化更快，测速精度更高；类似地，观测历元之间的相关性降低，PNT解算时随机模型的匹配性更高；

LEO satellites have a more signifcant Doppler efect for ground users as they move relatively faster than MEO satellites, which can improve the velocity determination accuracy. Similarly, the functional correlation of the observations between epochs can be reduced, since the observation confguration of LEO constellation varies faster; as a result, the difficulty of stochastic model is reduced in PNT data processing.

（6）提高LEO和GNSS卫星的定轨精度

（7）播发PPP增强信息

（8）播发GNSS增强改正参数

The LEO augmentation navigation constellation could broadcast GNSS satellite-based augmentation corrections and integrity information like the three BDS GEO satellites, improving the reliability and security of the satellite-based augmentation service.也可以辅助完好性监测和降低虚警概率。

4.关键技术

（1）星座设计

要平衡覆盖范围和卫星数目等，降低系统运维的压力。

（2）与MEO和HEO导航卫星的兼容互操作

The design of LEO, MEO and HEO signals should meet the requirement of compatibility and interoperability to make sure that the signals will not interfere with each other and be easily for users to receive and process.

要求LEO、MEO和HEO的信号不能互相干扰，且易于用户接收和处理。

To adapt to the requirement in special periods, the problem of adaptive transformation of signal modulation mode and the diffculty of software defined frequency must be solved for navigation satellites. Besides, the navigation signal should also consider the electromagnetic compatibility with other on-board radio devices especially for multi-function LEO constellations.

因此，需要解决信号调制模式的自适应切换，以及软定义频点的问题。同时，还需要考虑和其他板载无线电设备之间的电磁兼容问题。

（3）LEO导航卫星的功率增强

增强的能力要求在30dB以上，同时，要能够solve the resilient and rapid signal enhancement in a special period, special area, and special electromagnetic environment.

（4）LEO导航卫星的自主运行

It’s impossible to operate such a large constellation with limited ground-based resources, especially with only regional ground tracking systems. Then, it is necessary to solve the problems of autonomous orbit determination, autonomous timekeeping and timing for a large LEO constellation, and the challenges of autonomous Telemetry, Tracking and Commanding (TT&C) of the large constellation.

由于LEO星座卫星数目庞大，地面运维压力大，因此，必须解决自主定轨，自主时间保持和授时的问题，以及大型星座面临的自主测控问题。

（5）关键载荷小型化和多载荷复用的技术

The LEO navigation constellation must break through the technology of multiple PNT functions with a small satellite platform to control the construction cost of the whole constellation, which is also the premise to realize the rapid networking capability through ride-sharing missions.