本文还有第二部分,包含反常积分、反常积分审敛法
文章目录
定积分的概念与性质
一、定积分的定义
设函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上有界,在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]中任意插入若干个分点,把区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]分成
n
n
n个小区间
a
=
x
0
<
x
1
<
x
2
<
⋯
<
x
n
−
1
<
x
n
=
b
a=x_0<x_1<x_2<\cdots<x_{n-1}<x_n=b
a=x0<x1<x2<⋯<xn−1<xn=b,各个小区间的长度依次为
Δ
x
1
=
x
1
−
x
0
,
Δ
x
2
=
x
2
−
x
1
,
⋅
,
Δ
x
n
=
x
n
−
x
n
−
1
\Delta x_1=x_1-x_0,\Delta x_2=x_2-x_1,\cdot,\Delta x_n=x_n-x_{n-1}
Δx1=x1−x0,Δx2=x2−x1,⋅,Δxn=xn−xn−1;(区间分段)
在每个小区间
[
x
i
−
1
,
x
i
]
[x_{i-1},x_i]
[xi−1,xi]上任取一点
ξ
i
(
x
i
−
1
<
ξ
i
<
x
i
)
\xi_i(x_{i-1}<\xi_i<x_i)
ξi(xi−1<ξi<xi),作函数值
f
(
ξ
i
)
f(\xi_i)
f(ξi)与小区间长度
Δ
x
i
\Delta x_i
Δxi乘积
f
(
ξ
i
)
Δ
x
i
(
i
=
1
,
2
,
⋅
,
n
)
f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i(i=1,2,\cdot,n)
f(ξi)Δxi(i=1,2,⋅,n)并作出和
S
=
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
ξ
i
)
Δ
x
i
S=\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i
S=∑i=1nf(ξi)Δxi,记
λ
=
max
{
Δ
x
1
,
Δ
x
2
,
⋯
,
Δ
x
n
}
\lambda=\max\{\Delta x_1,\Delta x_2,\cdots,\Delta x_n\}
λ=max{Δx1,Δx2,⋯,Δxn}(每一段再求和)
如果当
λ
→
0
\lambda\to0
λ→0,若极限
lim
λ
→
0
∑
i
=
1
n
f
(
ξ
i
)
Δ
x
i
\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i
limλ→0∑i=1nf(ξi)Δxi存在,且此极限值既不依赖于区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]的分法,也不依赖于点
ξ
i
\xi_i
ξi的取法,则称
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上可积,并称此极限为
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上的定积分,记作
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^b_af(x)dx
∫abf(x)dx,即
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
lim
λ
→
0
∑
t
=
1
n
f
(
ξ
i
)
Δ
x
i
\int^b_af(x)dx=\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum^n_{t=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i
∫abf(x)dx=λ→0limt=1∑nf(ξi)Δxi其中
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)叫做被积函数,
f
(
x
)
d
x
f(x)dx
f(x)dx叫做被积表达式,
x
x
x叫做积分变量,
a
a
a叫做积分下限,
b
b
b叫做积分上限,
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]叫做积分区间(取极限)
二、定积分的几何意义
- 设 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx存在,若在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上 f ( x ) ≥ 0 f(x)\geq0 f(x)≥0,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx的值等于以曲线 y = f ( x ) , x = a , x = b y=f(x),x=a,x=b y=f(x),x=a,x=b及 x x x轴所围成的曲边梯形的面积
- 设 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx存在,若在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上 f ( x ) ≤ 0 f(x)\leq0 f(x)≤0,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx的值等于以曲线 y = f ( x ) , x = a , x = b y=f(x),x=a,x=b y=f(x),x=a,x=b及 x x x轴所围成的曲边梯形的面积的负值
- 设 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx存在,若在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的值有正有负,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx的值等于 x x x轴上方的面积减去 x x x轴下方的面积之差
三、定积分的定义求极限
如果积分 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x \int^b_af(x)dx ∫abf(x)dx存在,则 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = lim λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i \int^b_af(x)dx=\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i ∫abf(x)dx=limλ→0∑i=1nf(ξi)Δxi,且极限 lim λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i \lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i limλ→0∑i=1nf(ξi)Δxi与 ξ i \xi_i ξi的取法和区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]分法无关,因为如果积分 ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) d x \int^1_0f(x)dx ∫01f(x)dx存在,就可以将其在 [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] [0,1]上 n n n等分,此时 Δ x i = 1 n \Delta x_i=\frac1n Δxi=n1,取 ξ i = i n \xi_i=\frac in ξi=ni,有定积分的定义得 ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) d x = lim λ → 0 ∑ i = 1 n f ( ξ i ) Δ x i = lim λ → 0 1 n ∑ i = 1 n f ( i n ) \int^1_0f(x)dx=\lim_{\lambda\to0}\sum^n_{i=1}f(\xi_i)\Delta x_i=\lim_{\lambda\to0}\frac1n\sum^n_{i=1}f(\frac in) ∫01f(x)dx=λ→0limi=1∑nf(ξi)Δxi=λ→0limn1i=1∑nf(ni)
一些个人理解
lim λ → 0 1 n ∑ i = 1 n f ( i n ) \lim_{\lambda\to0}\frac1n\sum^n_{i=1}f(\frac in) limλ→0n1∑i=1nf(ni)中 1 n \frac 1n n1即对应 ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) d x \int^1_0f(x)dx ∫01f(x)dx中的 d x dx dx,同时将 1 1 1整除 n n n意味着将 1 1 1分成 n n n份,即积分区间为 [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] [0,1], ∑ i = 1 n f ( i n ) \sum^n_{i=1}f(\frac in) ∑i=1nf(ni)对应 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)
例1:求
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
2
+
2
n
2
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
)
\lim_{n\to\infty}(\frac1{n^2}+\frac2{n^2}+\cdots+\frac n{n^2})
limn→∞(n21+n22+⋯+n2n)
lim
n
→
∞
(
1
n
2
+
2
n
2
+
⋯
+
n
n
2
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
n
(
1
n
+
2
n
+
⋯
+
n
n
)
=
lim
n
→
∞
1
n
∑
i
=
1
n
i
n
=
∫
0
1
x
d
x
=
1
2
x
2
∣
0
1
=
1
2
\begin{aligned}\lim_{n\to\infty}(\frac1{n^2}+\frac2{n^2}+\cdots+\frac n{n^2})&=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac1n(\frac1n+\frac2n+\cdots+\frac nn)\\&=\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac1n\sum^n_{i=1}\frac in\\&=\int^1_0xdx=\frac12x^2\Big|^1_0\\&=\frac12\end{aligned}
n→∞lim(n21+n22+⋯+n2n)=n→∞limn1(n1+n2+⋯+nn)=n→∞limn1i=1∑nni=∫01xdx=21x2∣
∣01=21
见到可能使用定积分的定义求极限的,先提一个
1
n
\frac1n
n1出来,后面留的只能有常数项以及
i
n
\frac in
ni(由于
i
n
\frac in
ni等价于自变量
x
x
x,因此可以有系数、指数,可以在三角函数内等)
四、可积的充分条件
- 设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上可积
- 设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上有界,且只有有限个间断点,则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上可积(存在有界震荡间断点的函数可积)
五、定积分的性质
定理1:设
α
\alpha
α与
β
\beta
β均为常数,则
∫
a
b
[
α
f
(
x
)
+
β
g
(
x
)
]
d
x
=
α
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
β
∫
a
b
g
(
x
)
d
x
\int^b_a[\alpha f(x)+\beta g(x)]dx=\alpha\int^b_af(x)dx+\beta\int^b_ag(x)dx
∫ab[αf(x)+βg(x)]dx=α∫abf(x)dx+β∫abg(x)dx
定理2:设
a
<
c
<
b
a<c<b
a<c<b,则
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
c
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
c
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^b_af(x)dx=\int^c_af(x)dx+\int^b_cf(x)dx
∫abf(x)dx=∫acf(x)dx+∫cbf(x)dx
定理3:如果在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上
f
(
x
)
≡
1
f(x)\equiv1
f(x)≡1,那么
∫
a
b
1
d
x
=
∫
a
b
d
x
=
b
−
a
\int^b_a1dx=\int^b_adx=b-a
∫ab1dx=∫abdx=b−a
定理4:如果在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上
f
(
x
)
≥
0
f(x)\geq0
f(x)≥0,那么
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≥
0
(
a
<
b
)
\int^b_af(x)dx\geq0\quad(a<b)
∫abf(x)dx≥0(a<b)
推论1:如果在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上
f
(
x
)
≤
g
(
x
)
f(x)\leq g(x)
f(x)≤g(x),那么
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
g
(
x
)
d
x
(
a
<
b
)
\int^b_af(x)dx\leq\int^b_ag(x)dx\quad(a<b)
∫abf(x)dx≤∫abg(x)dx(a<b)
即证
∫
a
b
g
(
x
)
d
x
−
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≥
0
\int^b_ag(x)dx-\int^b_af(x)dx\geq0
∫abg(x)dx−∫abf(x)dx≥0
由性质1得
∫
a
b
g
(
x
)
d
x
−
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
b
[
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
]
d
x
\int^b_ag(x)dx-\int^b_af(x)dx=\int^b_a[g(x)-f(x)]dx
∫abg(x)dx−∫abf(x)dx=∫ab[g(x)−f(x)]dx
∵
\because
∵在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上,
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
≥
0
g(x)-f(x)\geq0
g(x)−f(x)≥0
由性质4得
∫
a
b
[
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
x
)
]
d
x
≥
0
\int^b_a[g(x)-f(x)]dx\geq0
∫ab[g(x)−f(x)]dx≥0
故
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
g
(
x
)
d
x
(
a
<
b
)
\int^b_af(x)dx\leq\int^b_ag(x)dx\quad(a<b)
∫abf(x)dx≤∫abg(x)dx(a<b)
推论2:
∣
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
∣
≤
∫
a
b
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
d
x
(
a
<
b
)
|\int^b_af(x)dx|\leq\int^b_a|f(x)|dx\quad(a<b)
∣∫abf(x)dx∣≤∫ab∣f(x)∣dx(a<b)
∵
−
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
≤
∣
f
(
x
)
≤
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
\because-|f(x)|\leq|f(x)\leq|f(x)|
∵−∣f(x)∣≤∣f(x)≤∣f(x)∣
由推论1知
−
∫
a
b
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
d
x
∣
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
∣
≤
∣
∫
a
b
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
d
x
∣
(两头的式子加绝对值后相等构成该不等式后项)
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
∣
f
(
x
)
∣
d
x
\begin{aligned}-&\int^b_a|f(x)|dx\leq\int^b_af(x)dx\leq\int^b_a|f(x)|dx\\&\Big|\int^b_af(x)dx\Big|\leq\Big|\int^b_a|f(x)|dx\Big|\text{(两头的式子加绝对值后相等构成该不等式后项)}\\&\int^b_af(x)dx\leq\int^b_a|f(x)|dx\end{aligned}
−∫ab∣f(x)∣dx≤∫abf(x)dx≤∫ab∣f(x)∣dx∣
∣∫abf(x)dx∣
∣≤∣
∣∫ab∣f(x)∣dx∣
∣(两头的式子加绝对值后相等构成该不等式后项)∫abf(x)dx≤∫ab∣f(x)∣dx
估值定理:设
M
M
M和
m
m
m分别是函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上的最大值及最小值,则
m
(
b
−
a
)
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
M
(
b
−
a
)
(
a
<
b
)
m(b-a)\leq\int^b_af(x)dx\leq M(b-a)\quad(a<b)
m(b−a)≤∫abf(x)dx≤M(b−a)(a<b)
∵
f
(
x
)
\because f(x)
∵f(x)在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上,有最大值
M
M
M,最小值
m
m
m
故,
m
≤
f
(
x
)
≤
M
m\leq f(x)\leq M
m≤f(x)≤M
由推论1知,
∫
a
b
m
d
x
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
a
b
M
d
x
\int^b_amdx\leq\int^b_af(x)dx\leq^b_aMdx
∫abmdx≤∫abf(x)dx≤abMdx
由性质1和3得,
m
(
b
−
a
)
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
M
(
b
−
a
)
m(b-a)\leq\int^b_af(x)dx\leq M(b-a)
m(b−a)≤∫abf(x)dx≤M(b−a)
定积分中值定理:如果函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在积分区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上连续,那么在
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上至少存在一个点
ξ
\xi
ξ,使下式成立:
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
f
(
ξ
)
(
b
−
a
)
(
a
≤
ξ
≤
b
)
\int^b_af(x)dx=f(\xi)(b-a)\quad(a\leq\xi\leq b)
∫abf(x)dx=f(ξ)(b−a)(a≤ξ≤b)
由估值定理得
m
(
b
−
a
)
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
≤
M
(
b
−
a
)
m
≤
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
b
−
a
≤
M
\begin{gathered}m(b-a)\leq\int^b_af(x)dx\leq M(b-a)\\m\leq\frac{\int^b_af(x)dx}{b-a}\leq M\end{gathered}
m(b−a)≤∫abf(x)dx≤M(b−a)m≤b−a∫abf(x)dx≤M
由介值定理得,存在一点
ξ
∈
[
a
,
b
]
\xi\in[a,b]
ξ∈[a,b],使得
f
(
ξ
)
=
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
b
−
a
f(\xi)=\frac{\int^b_af(x)dx}{b-a}
f(ξ)=b−a∫abf(x)dx
即
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
f
(
ξ
)
(
b
−
a
)
(
a
≤
ξ
≤
b
)
\int^b_af(x)dx=f(\xi)(b-a)\quad(a\leq\xi\leq b)
∫abf(x)dx=f(ξ)(b−a)(a≤ξ≤b)
微积分的基本公式
一、积分上限函数及其导数
1. 定义
设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,且 x x x为 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上可以任意移动的一点,我们称 Φ ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \Phi(x)=\int^x_af(t)dt Φ(x)=∫axf(t)dt为变上限积分
2. 性质
- 如果函数f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,那么积分上限的函数 Φ ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \Phi(x)=\int^x_af(t)dt Φ(x)=∫axf(t)dt在 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上可导,并且它的导数 Φ ′ ( x ) = d d x ∫ a x f ( t ) d t = f ( x ) ( a ≤ x ≤ b ) \Phi'(x)=\frac d{dx}\int^x_af(t)dt=f(x)\quad(a\leq x\leq b) Φ′(x)=dxd∫axf(t)dt=f(x)(a≤x≤b)
- 如果函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,那么函数 Φ ( x ) = ∫ a x f ( t ) d t \Phi(x)=\int^x_af(t)dt Φ(x)=∫axf(t)dt就是 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上的一个原函数
二、牛顿-莱布尼茨公式
微积分基本定理:如果函数
F
(
x
)
F(x)
F(x)是连续函数
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在区间
[
a
,
b
]
[a,b]
[a,b]上的一个原函数,那么
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
F
(
b
)
−
F
(
a
)
\int^b_af(x)dx=F(b)-F(a)
∫abf(x)dx=F(b)−F(a),该公式叫做牛顿-莱布尼茨公式,也叫作微积分基本公式
例1:设
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)在
[
0
,
+
∞
)
[0,+\infty)
[0,+∞)内连续且
f
(
x
)
>
0
f(x)>0
f(x)>0,证明函数
F
(
x
)
=
∫
a
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
∫
a
b
f
(
t
)
d
t
F(x)=\frac{\int^x_atf(t)dt}{\int^b_af(t)dt}
F(x)=∫abf(t)dt∫axtf(t)dt在
(
0
,
+
∞
)
(0,+\infty)
(0,+∞)内为单调增加函数
d
∫
0
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
d
x
=
x
f
(
x
)
\frac{d\int^x_0tf(t)dt}{dx}=xf(x)
dxd∫0xtf(t)dt=xf(x)
d
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
d
x
=
f
(
x
)
\frac{d\int^x_0f(t)dt}{dx}=f(x)
dxd∫0xf(t)dt=f(x)
F
′
(
x
)
=
x
f
(
x
)
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
−
f
(
x
)
∫
0
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
[
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
2
=
f
(
x
)
∫
0
x
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
−
f
(
x
)
∫
0
x
t
f
(
t
)
d
t
[
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
2
(对于
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
是对
t
积分,
x
是常数,可以直接移到里面
∫
0
x
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
)
=
f
(
x
)
[
∫
0
x
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
[
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
2
\begin{aligned}F'(x)&=\frac{xf(x)\int^x_0f(t)dt-f(x)\int^x_0tf(t)dt}{[\int^x_0f(t)dt]^2}\\&=\frac{f(x)\int^x_0xf(t)dt-f(x)\int^x_0tf(t)dt}{[\int^x_0f(t)dt]^2}\\&\text{(对于}\int^x_0f(t)dt\text{是对}t\text{积分,}x\text{是常数,可以直接移到里面}\int^x_0xf(t)dt\text{)}\\&=\frac{f(x)[\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)dt]}{[\int^x_0f(t)dt]^2}\end{aligned}
F′(x)=[∫0xf(t)dt]2xf(x)∫0xf(t)dt−f(x)∫0xtf(t)dt=[∫0xf(t)dt]2f(x)∫0xxf(t)dt−f(x)∫0xtf(t)dt(对于∫0xf(t)dt是对t积分,x是常数,可以直接移到里面∫0xxf(t)dt)=[∫0xf(t)dt]2f(x)[∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt]
其中
[
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
2
>
0
[\int^x_0f(t)dt]^2>0
[∫0xf(t)dt]2>0
f
(
x
)
>
0
f(x)>0
f(x)>0
∫
0
x
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)dt
∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt的积分区间
∫
0
x
\int^x_0
∫0x上限大于下限,因此
>
0
>0
>0;被积函数
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
>
0
(
0
≤
t
≤
x
)
(x-t)f(t)>0\quad(0\leq t\leq x)
(x−t)f(t)>0(0≤t≤x)。因此
∫
0
x
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
>
0
\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)dt>0
∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt>0
故
f
(
x
)
[
∫
0
x
(
x
−
t
)
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
[
∫
0
x
f
(
t
)
d
t
]
2
>
0
\frac{f(x)[\int^x_0(x-t)f(t)dt]}{[\int^x_0f(t)dt]^2}>0
[∫0xf(t)dt]2f(x)[∫0x(x−t)f(t)dt]>0,即
F
′
(
x
)
>
0
F'(x)>0
F′(x)>0
证毕
上下限含有关于x的函数的积分的导数
[
∫
a
f
(
x
)
F
(
t
)
d
t
]
′
=
F
(
f
(
x
)
)
⋅
f
′
(
x
)
[
∫
g
(
x
)
b
F
(
t
)
d
t
]
′
=
[
−
∫
b
g
(
x
)
F
(
t
)
d
t
]
′
=
−
F
(
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
[
∫
g
(
x
)
f
(
x
)
F
(
t
)
d
t
]
′
=
[
∫
g
(
x
)
a
F
(
t
)
d
t
+
∫
a
f
(
x
)
F
(
t
)
d
t
]
′
=
F
(
f
(
x
)
)
⋅
f
′
(
x
)
−
F
(
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
\begin{aligned}&[\int^{f(x)}_aF(t)dt]'=F(f(x))\cdot f'(x)\\&[\int_{g(x)}^bF(t)dt]'=[-\int^{g(x)}_bF(t)dt]'=-F(g(x))\cdot g'(x)\\&[\int^{f(x)}_{g(x)}F(t)dt]'=[\int^a_{g(x)}F(t)dt+\int^{f(x)}_aF(t)dt]'=F(f(x))\cdot f'(x)-F(g(x))\cdot g'(x)\end{aligned}
[∫af(x)F(t)dt]′=F(f(x))⋅f′(x)[∫g(x)bF(t)dt]′=[−∫bg(x)F(t)dt]′=−F(g(x))⋅g′(x)[∫g(x)f(x)F(t)dt]′=[∫g(x)aF(t)dt+∫af(x)F(t)dt]′=F(f(x))⋅f′(x)−F(g(x))⋅g′(x)
例2:计算
lim
x
→
0
∫
cos
x
1
e
−
t
2
d
t
x
2
\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\int^1_{\cos x}e^{-t^2}dt}{x^2}
limx→0x2∫cosx1e−t2dt
lim
x
→
0
∫
cos
x
1
e
−
t
2
d
t
x
2
=
lim
x
→
0
−
e
−
cos
2
x
⋅
(
cos
x
)
′
2
x
=
lim
x
→
0
sin
x
⋅
e
−
cos
2
x
2
x
=
1
2
lim
x
→
0
e
−
cos
2
x
=
1
2
e
−
1
\begin{aligned}\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\int^1_{\cos x}e^{-t^2}dt}{x^2}&=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{-e^{-\cos^2x}\cdot(\cos x)'}{2x}\\&=\lim_{x\to0}\frac{\sin x\cdot e^{-\cos^2x}}{2x}\\&=\frac12\lim_{x\to0}e^{-\cos^2x}\\&=\frac12e^{-1}\end{aligned}
x→0limx2∫cosx1e−t2dt=x→0lim2x−e−cos2x⋅(cosx)′=x→0lim2xsinx⋅e−cos2x=21x→0lime−cos2x=21e−1
定积分的换元法和分部积分法
一、定积分的换元法
假设函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在区间 [ a , b ] [a,b] [a,b]上连续,函数 x = ϕ ( t ) x=\phi(t) x=ϕ(t)满足条件
- ϕ ( α ) = a , ϕ ( β ) = b \phi(\alpha)=a,\phi(\beta)=b ϕ(α)=a,ϕ(β)=b
-
ϕ
(
t
)
\phi(t)
ϕ(t)在
[
α
,
β
]
[\alpha,\beta]
[α,β],且其值域
R
ϕ
=
[
a
,
b
]
R_{\phi}=[a,b]
Rϕ=[a,b]
则有 ∫ a b f ( x ) d x = ∫ α β f [ ϕ ( t ) ] ϕ ′ ( t ) d t \int^b_af(x)dx=\int^{\beta}_{\alpha}f[\phi(t)]\phi'(t)dt ∫abf(x)dx=∫αβf[ϕ(t)]ϕ′(t)dt,即为定积分的换元公式
例1:计算
∫
0
a
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
(
a
>
0
)
\int^a_0\sqrt{a^2-x^2}dx\quad(a>0)
∫0aa2−x2dx(a>0)
令
x
=
a
sin
t
,
d
x
=
a
cos
t
d
t
x=a\sin t,dx=a\cos tdt
x=asint,dx=acostdt(注意
d
x
dx
dx也要换成
d
t
dt
dt)
当
x
=
0
x=0
x=0时,
t
=
0
t=0
t=0,当
x
=
a
x=a
x=a时,
t
=
π
2
t=\frac\pi2
t=2π
∫
0
a
a
2
−
x
2
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
a
2
cos
2
t
d
t
=
a
2
∫
0
π
2
1
+
cos
2
t
2
d
t
=
a
2
2
(
t
+
1
2
sin
2
t
)
∣
0
π
2
=
π
4
a
2
\begin{aligned}\int^a_0\sqrt{a^2-x^2}dx&=\int^{\frac\pi2}_0a^2\cos^2tdt\\&=a^2\int^{\frac\pi2}_0\frac{1+\cos 2t}{2}dt\\&=\frac {a^2}2(t+\frac12\sin 2t)\Big|^{\frac\pi2}_0\\&=\frac\pi4a^2\end{aligned}
∫0aa2−x2dx=∫02πa2cos2tdt=a2∫02π21+cos2tdt=2a2(t+21sin2t)∣
∣02π=4πa2
例2:计算
∫
0
π
sin
3
x
−
sin
5
x
d
x
\int^\pi_0\sqrt{\sin^3x-\sin^5x}dx
∫0πsin3x−sin5xdx
∫
0
π
sin
3
x
−
sin
5
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
sin
3
x
cos
2
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
sin
3
2
x
⋅
∣
cos
x
∣
d
x
(由于积分区间在
0
到
π
,对于
∣
cos
x
∣
函数不同,因此要拆成两个区间,要求每个区间内
∣
cos
x
∣
对应函数相同)
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
3
2
x
cos
x
d
x
+
∫
π
2
π
sin
3
2
x
(
−
cos
x
)
d
x
=
2
5
sin
5
2
x
∣
0
π
2
−
2
5
sin
5
2
x
∣
π
2
π
=
4
5
\begin{aligned}\int^\pi_0\sqrt{\sin^3x-\sin^5x}dx&=\int^\pi_0\sqrt{\sin^3x\cos^2x}dx\\&=\int^\pi_0\sin^{\frac32}x\cdot|\cos x|dx\\&\text{(由于积分区间在}0\text{到}\pi\text{,对于}|\cos x|\text{函数不同,因此要拆成两个区间,要求每个区间内}|\cos x|\text{对应函数相同)}\\&=\int^{\frac\pi2}_0\sin^{\frac32}x\cos xdx+\int^\pi_{\frac\pi2}\sin^{\frac32}x(-\cos x)dx\\&=\frac25\sin^{\frac52}x\Big|^{\frac\pi2}_0-\frac25\sin^{\frac52}x\Big|^\pi_{\frac\pi2}\\&=\frac45\end{aligned}
∫0πsin3x−sin5xdx=∫0πsin3xcos2xdx=∫0πsin23x⋅∣cosx∣dx(由于积分区间在0到π,对于∣cosx∣函数不同,因此要拆成两个区间,要求每个区间内∣cosx∣对应函数相同)=∫02πsin23xcosxdx+∫2ππsin23x(−cosx)dx=52sin25x∣
∣02π−52sin25x∣
∣2ππ=54
1. 奇偶函数对称区间的定积分结论
- 若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ − a , a ] [-a,a] [−a,a]上连续且为偶函数,则 ∫ − a a f ( x ) d x = 2 ∫ 0 a f ( x ) d x \int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=2\int^a_0f(x)dx ∫−aaf(x)dx=2∫0af(x)dx
- 若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ − a , a ] [-a,a] [−a,a]上连续且为奇函数,则 ∫ − a a f ( x ) d x = 0 \int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=0 ∫−aaf(x)dx=0
偶函数的证明:
∫
−
a
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
−
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=\int^0_{-a}f(x)dx+\int^a_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫−aaf(x)dx=∫−a0f(x)dx+∫0af(x)dx
其中
∫
−
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
d
x
=
−
d
t
t
=
−
x
∫
a
0
f
(
−
t
)
d
(
−
t
)
=
∫
0
a
f
(
t
)
d
t
=
x
=
t
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^0_{-a}f(x)dx\overset{t=-x}{\underset{dx=-dt}{=}}&\int^0_af(-t)d(-t)=\int^a_0f(t)dt\overset{x=t}{=}\int^a_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫−a0f(x)dxdx=−dt=t=−x∫a0f(−t)d(−t)=∫0af(t)dt=x=t∫0af(x)dx
因此
∫
−
a
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
2
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=2\int^a_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫−aaf(x)dx=2∫0af(x)dx
证毕
奇函数的证明:
∫
−
a
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
−
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=\int^0_{-a}f(x)dx+\int^a_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫−aaf(x)dx=∫−a0f(x)dx+∫0af(x)dx
其中
∫
−
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
d
x
=
−
d
t
t
=
−
x
∫
a
0
f
(
−
t
)
d
(
−
t
)
=
−
∫
0
a
f
(
t
)
d
t
=
x
=
t
−
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^0_{-a}f(x)dx\overset{t=-x}{\underset{dx=-dt}{=}}&\int^0_af(-t)d(-t)=-\int^a_0f(t)dt\overset{x=t}{=}-\int^a_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫−a0f(x)dxdx=−dt=t=−x∫a0f(−t)d(−t)=−∫0af(t)dt=x=t−∫0af(x)dx
因此
∫
−
a
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
0
\begin{aligned}\int^a_{-a}f(x)dx=0\end{aligned}
∫−aaf(x)dx=0
证毕
2. 三角函数的定积分结论
设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 [ 0 , 1 ] [0,1] [0,1]上连续
- ∫ 0 π 2 f ( sin x ) d x = ∫ 0 π 2 f ( cos x ) d x \int^{\frac\pi2}_0f(\sin x)dx=\int^{\frac\pi2}_0f(\cos x)dx ∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫02πf(cosx)dx
-
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
π
2
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
\int^\pi_0xf(\sin x)dx=\frac\pi2\int^\pi_0f(\sin x)dx
∫0πxf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx
一般只用于只有 sin \sin sin和 cos \cos cos的函数中
区间再现公式
即当令
t
=
t=
t=积分上限
+
+
+积分下限
−
-
−对谁的微分,换元后的积分区间与原积分区间相同
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
d
x
=
−
d
t
令
t
=
a
+
b
−
x
∫
b
a
f
(
a
+
b
−
t
)
(
−
d
t
)
=
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
t
)
d
t
=
t
=
x
∫
a
b
f
(
a
+
b
−
x
)
d
t
\begin{aligned}\int^b_af(x)dx\overset{\text{令}t=a+b-x}{\underset{dx=-dt}{=}}&\int^a_bf(a+b-t)(-dt)\\=&\int^b_af(a+b-t)dt\\\overset{t=x}{=}&\int^b_af(a+b-x)dt\end{aligned}
∫abf(x)dxdx=−dt=令t=a+b−x==t=x∫baf(a+b−t)(−dt)∫abf(a+b−t)dt∫abf(a+b−x)dt
证明1:
令
x
=
π
2
−
t
,
d
x
=
−
d
t
x=\frac\pi2-t,dx=-dt
x=2π−t,dx=−dt
∫
0
π
2
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
∫
π
2
0
f
[
sin
(
π
2
−
t
)
]
(
−
d
t
)
=
∫
0
π
2
f
(
cos
t
)
d
t
=
t
=
x
∫
0
π
2
f
(
cos
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^\frac\pi2_0f(\sin x)dx=\int^0_\frac\pi2f[\sin(\frac\pi2-t)](-dt)=\int^\frac\pi2_0f(\cos t)dt\overset{t=x}{=}\int^\frac\pi2_0f(\cos x)dx\end{aligned}
∫02πf(sinx)dx=∫2π0f[sin(2π−t)](−dt)=∫02πf(cost)dt=t=x∫02πf(cosx)dx
证毕
证明2:
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
d
t
=
−
d
x
令
t
=
π
−
x
−
∫
π
0
(
π
−
t
)
f
(
sin
(
π
−
t
)
)
d
t
=
∫
0
π
(
π
−
t
)
f
(
sin
t
)
d
t
=
π
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
t
)
d
t
−
∫
0
π
t
f
(
sin
t
)
d
t
=
t
=
x
π
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
−
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^\pi_0xf(\sin x)dx\overset{\text{令}t=\pi-x}{\underset{dt=-dx}{=}}&-\int^0_\pi(\pi-t)f(\sin(\pi-t))dt\\=&\int^\pi_0(\pi-t)f(\sin t)dt\\=&\pi\int^\pi_0f(\sin t)dt-\int^\pi_0tf(\sin t)dt\\\overset{t=x}{=}&\pi\int^\pi_0f(\sin x)dx-\int^\pi_0xf(\sin x)dx\end{aligned}
∫0πxf(sinx)dxdt=−dx=令t=π−x===t=x−∫π0(π−t)f(sin(π−t))dt∫0π(π−t)f(sint)dtπ∫0πf(sint)dt−∫0πtf(sint)dtπ∫0πf(sinx)dx−∫0πxf(sinx)dx
故
∫
0
π
x
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
=
π
2
∫
0
π
f
(
sin
x
)
d
x
\int^\pi_0xf(\sin x)dx=\frac\pi2\int^\pi_0f(\sin x)dx
∫0πxf(sinx)dx=2π∫0πf(sinx)dx
证毕
例3:求
∫
0
π
x
sin
x
1
+
cos
2
x
d
x
\int^\pi_0\frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx
∫0π1+cos2xxsinxdx
∫
0
π
x
sin
x
1
+
cos
2
x
d
x
=
π
2
∫
0
π
sin
x
1
+
cos
2
x
d
x
=
−
π
2
∫
0
π
d
(
cos
x
)
1
+
cos
2
x
=
−
π
2
arctan
(
cos
x
)
∣
0
π
=
π
2
4
\begin{aligned}\int^\pi_0\frac{x\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx&=\frac\pi2\int^\pi_0\frac{\sin x}{1+\cos^2x}dx\\&=-\frac\pi2\int^\pi_0\frac{d(\cos x)}{1+\cos^2x}\\&=-\frac\pi2\arctan(\cos x)\Big|^\pi_0\\&=\frac{\pi^2}4\end{aligned}
∫0π1+cos2xxsinxdx=2π∫0π1+cos2xsinxdx=−2π∫0π1+cos2xd(cosx)=−2πarctan(cosx)∣
∣0π=4π2
3. 周期函数的定积分结论
设 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)为连续的周期函数,周期为 T T T
- ∫ a a + T f ( x ) d x = ∫ 0 T f ( x ) d x \int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^T_0f(x)dx ∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫0Tf(x)dx
- ∫ a a + n T f ( x ) d x = n ∫ 0 T f ( x ) d x ( n ∈ N ) \int^{a+nT}_af(x)dx=n\int^T_0f(x)dx\quad(n\in N) ∫aa+nTf(x)dx=n∫0Tf(x)dx(n∈N)
证明1:
法1
将
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
,
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx,\int^T_0f(x)dx
∫aa+Tf(x)dx,∫0Tf(x)dx看做是关于
a
a
a的函数,二者相等,即函数为常数,导数为
0
0
0
设
F
(
a
)
=
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
F(a)=\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^0_af(x)dx+\int^{a+T}_0f(x)dx
F(a)=∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫a0f(x)dx+∫0a+Tf(x)dx
F
′
(
a
)
=
−
f
(
a
)
+
f
(
a
+
T
)
=
0
F'(a)=-f(a)+f(a+T)=0
F′(a)=−f(a)+f(a+T)=0
故
F
(
a
)
≡
C
F(a)\equiv C
F(a)≡C
故
F
(
a
)
=
F
(
0
)
F(a)=F(0)
F(a)=F(0)
即
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^T_0f(x)dx
∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫0Tf(x)dx
证毕
法2
从原积分区间拆出结果的积分区间,剩余部分和为
0
0
0
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
0
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
T
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^0_af(x)dx+\int^T_0f(x)dx+\int^{a+T}_Tf(x)dx
∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫a0f(x)dx+∫0Tf(x)dx+∫Ta+Tf(x)dx
∫
T
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
d
x
=
d
t
令
x
−
T
=
t
∫
0
a
f
(
t
+
T
)
d
t
=
∫
a
a
f
(
t
)
d
t
=
t
=
x
∫
0
a
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int_T^{a+T}f(x)dx\overset{\text{令}x-T=t}{\underset{dx=dt}{=}}\int_0^af(t+T)dt=\int_a^af(t)dt\overset{t=x}{=}\int_0^af(x)dx
∫Ta+Tf(x)dxdx=dt=令x−T=t∫0af(t+T)dt=∫aaf(t)dt=t=x∫0af(x)dx
故
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^T_0f(x)dx
∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫0Tf(x)dx
证毕
证明2:
∫
a
a
+
n
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
∫
a
+
T
a
+
2
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
+
⋯
+
∫
a
+
(
n
−
1
)
T
a
+
n
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∑
i
=
0
n
−
1
∫
a
+
k
T
a
+
(
k
+
1
)
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^{a+nT}_af(x)dx=\int_a^{a+T}f(x)dx+\int_{a+T}^{a+2T}f(x)dx+\cdots+\int_{a+(n-1)T}^{a+nT}f(x)dx=\sum_{i=0}^{n-1}\int_{a+kT}^{a+(k+1)T}f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫aa+nTf(x)dx=∫aa+Tf(x)dx+∫a+Ta+2Tf(x)dx+⋯+∫a+(n−1)Ta+nTf(x)dx=i=0∑n−1∫a+kTa+(k+1)Tf(x)dx
故由
∫
a
a
+
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^{a+T}_af(x)dx=\int^T_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫aa+Tf(x)dx=∫0Tf(x)dx可知,
∫
a
+
k
T
a
+
(
k
+
1
)
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\begin{aligned}\int^{a+(k+1)T}_{a+kT}f(x)dx=\int^T_0f(x)dx\end{aligned}
∫a+kTa+(k+1)Tf(x)dx=∫0Tf(x)dx
故
∫
a
a
+
n
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
=
n
∫
0
T
f
(
x
)
d
x
\int^{a+nT}_af(x)dx=n\int^T_0f(x)dx
∫aa+nTf(x)dx=n∫0Tf(x)dx
证毕
例4:求
∫
0
n
π
1
+
2
sin
2
x
d
x
\int_0^{n\pi}\sqrt{1+2\sin2x}dx
∫0nπ1+2sin2xdx
∫
0
n
π
1
+
2
sin
2
x
d
x
=
n
∫
0
π
1
+
sin
2
x
d
x
=
n
∫
0
π
(
sin
x
+
cos
x
)
2
d
x
=
2
n
∫
0
π
[
sin
(
x
+
π
4
)
]
2
d
x
=
2
n
∫
0
π
∣
sin
(
x
+
π
4
)
2
∣
d
x
=
x
+
π
4
=
t
2
n
∫
π
4
5
4
π
∣
sin
t
∣
d
t
=
2
n
∫
0
π
sin
x
d
x
=
2
2
n
\begin{aligned}\int_0^{n\pi}\sqrt{1+2\sin2x}dx&=n\int_0^\pi\sqrt{1+\sin2x}dx\\&=n\int_0^\pi\sqrt{(\sin x+\cos x)^2}dx\\&=\sqrt{2}n\int_0^\pi\sqrt{[\sin(x+\frac\pi4)]^2}dx\\&=\sqrt{2}n\int_0^\pi|\sin(x+\frac\pi4)^2|dx\\&\overset{x+\frac\pi4=t}{=}\sqrt2n\int_{\frac\pi4}^{\frac54\pi}|\sin t|dt\\&=\sqrt2n\int^\pi_0\sin xdx\\&=2\sqrt2n\end{aligned}
∫0nπ1+2sin2xdx=n∫0π1+sin2xdx=n∫0π(sinx+cosx)2dx=2n∫0π[sin(x+4π)]2dx=2n∫0π∣sin(x+4π)2∣dx=x+4π=t2n∫4π45π∣sint∣dt=2n∫0πsinxdx=22n
例5:求
∫
0
3
x
2
(
x
2
−
3
x
+
3
)
2
d
x
\int_0^3\frac{x^2}{(x^2-3x+3)^2}dx
∫03(x2−3x+3)2x2dx
一般见到分式,分子或分母都有未知数,且至少其中一个有
(
a
x
+
b
)
c
(
c
为正整数或
1
2
)
(ax+b)^c\quad(c\text{为正整数或}\frac12)
(ax+b)c(c为正整数或21)一般需要三角换元;对于根式还可能整体换元
∫
0
3
x
2
(
x
2
−
3
x
+
3
)
2
d
x
=
∫
0
3
x
2
[
(
x
−
3
2
)
2
+
(
3
2
)
2
]
2
d
x
令
x
−
3
2
=
3
2
tan
u
,
d
x
=
3
2
sec
2
u
d
u
=
∫
−
π
3
π
3
(
3
2
+
3
2
tan
u
)
2
[
(
3
4
)
2
sec
2
u
]
2
3
2
sec
2
u
d
u
=
8
9
3
∫
−
π
3
π
3
(
3
4
tan
2
u
cos
2
u
⏟
偶函数
+
3
2
tan
u
cos
2
u
⏟
奇函数
+
9
4
cos
2
u
⏟
偶函数
)
d
u
=
4
3
3
∫
0
π
3
(
sin
2
u
+
3
cos
2
u
)
d
u
=
4
3
3
∫
0
π
3
(
2
+
cos
2
u
)
d
u
=
4
3
3
(
2
u
+
1
2
sin
2
u
)
∣
0
π
3
=
8
π
3
3
+
1
\begin{aligned}\int_0^3\frac{x^2}{(x^2-3x+3)^2}dx&=\int_0^3\frac{x^2}{[(x-\frac32)^2+(\frac{\sqrt3}2)^2]^2}dx\\&\text{令}x-\frac32=\frac{\sqrt3}2\tan u,dx=\frac{\sqrt3}2\sec^2udu\\&=\int^{\frac\pi3}_{-\frac\pi3}\frac{(\frac32+\frac{\sqrt3}2\tan u)^2}{[(\frac34)^2\sec^2u]^2}\frac{\sqrt3}2\sec^2udu\\&=\frac89\sqrt3\int^{\frac\pi3}_{-\frac\pi3}(\underbrace{\frac34\tan^2u\cos^2u}_\text{偶函数}+\underbrace{\frac{\sqrt3}2\tan u\cos^2u}_\text{奇函数}+\underbrace{\frac94\cos^2u}_\text{偶函数})du\\&=\frac43\sqrt3\int^{\frac\pi3}_0(\sin^2u+3\cos^2u)du\\&=\frac43\sqrt3\int^{\frac\pi3}_0(2+\cos2u)du\\&=\frac43\sqrt3(2u+\frac12\sin2u)\Big|^{\frac\pi3}_0\\&=\frac{8\pi}{3\sqrt3}+1\end{aligned}
∫03(x2−3x+3)2x2dx=∫03[(x−23)2+(23)2]2x2dx令x−23=23tanu,dx=23sec2udu=∫−3π3π[(43)2sec2u]2(23+23tanu)223sec2udu=983∫−3π3π(偶函数
43tan2ucos2u+奇函数
23tanucos2u+偶函数
49cos2u)du=343∫03π(sin2u+3cos2u)du=343∫03π(2+cos2u)du=343(2u+21sin2u)∣
∣03π=338π+1
二、定积分的分部积分法
依据不定积分的分部积分法,可得 ∫ a b u ( x ) v ′ ( x ) d x = [ u ( x ) v ( x ) ] a b − ∫ a b v ( x ) u ′ ( x ) d x \int^b_au(x)v'(x)dx=[u(x)v(x)]^b_a-\int^b_av(x)u'(x)dx ∫abu(x)v′(x)dx=[u(x)v(x)]ab−∫abv(x)u′(x)dx简记作 ∫ a b u v ′ d x = [ u v ] a b − ∫ a b v u ′ d x 或 ∫ a b u d v = [ u v ] a b − ∫ a b v d u \int^b_auv'dx=[uv]^b_a-\int^b_avu'dx或\int^b_audv=[uv]^b_a-\int^b_avdu ∫abuv′dx=[uv]ab−∫abvu′dx或∫abudv=[uv]ab−∫abvdu
华里式公式(点火公式)
I
n
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
∫
0
π
2
cos
n
x
d
x
=
{
n
−
1
n
⋅
n
−
3
n
−
2
⋯
3
4
⋅
1
2
⋅
π
2
,
n
为偶数
n
−
1
n
⋅
n
−
3
n
−
2
⋯
4
5
⋅
2
3
,
n
为大于
1
奇数
\begin{aligned}I_n=\int^{\frac\pi2}_0\sin^nxdx=\int^{\frac\pi2}_0\cos^nxdx=\begin{cases}\frac{n-1}n\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdots\frac34\cdot\frac12\cdot\frac\pi2,n\text{为偶数}\\\frac{n-1}{n}\cdot\frac{n-3}{n-2}\cdots\frac45\cdot\frac23,n\text{为大于}1\text{奇数}\end{cases}\end{aligned}
In=∫02πsinnxdx=∫02πcosnxdx={nn−1⋅n−2n−3⋯43⋅21⋅2π,n为偶数nn−1⋅n−2n−3⋯54⋅32,n为大于1奇数
证明:
I
n
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
−
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
1
x
d
x
d
cos
x
=
−
sin
n
−
1
x
⋅
cos
x
∣
0
π
2
+
∫
0
π
2
cos
x
d
sin
n
−
1
x
=
0
+
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
cos
2
x
sin
n
−
2
x
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
−
2
x
d
x
−
(
n
−
1
)
∫
0
π
2
sin
n
x
d
x
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
−
2
−
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
\begin{aligned}I_n&=\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nxdx\\&=-\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^{n-1}xdxd\cos x\\&=-\sin^{n-1}x\cdot\cos x\Big|^\frac\pi2_0+\int^\frac\pi2_0\cos xd\sin^{n-1}x\\&=0+(n-1)\int^\frac\pi2_0\cos^2x\sin^{n-2}xdx\\&=(n-1)\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^{n-2}xdx-(n-1)\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^nxdx\\&=(n-1)I_{n-2}-(n-1)I_n\end{aligned}
In=∫02πsinnxdx=−∫02πsinn−1xdxdcosx=−sinn−1x⋅cosx∣
∣02π+∫02πcosxdsinn−1x=0+(n−1)∫02πcos2xsinn−2xdx=(n−1)∫02πsinn−2xdx−(n−1)∫02πsinnxdx=(n−1)In−2−(n−1)In
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
−
2
−
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
n
I
n
=
(
n
−
1
)
I
n
−
2
⇒
I
n
=
n
−
1
n
I
n
−
2
I
n
−
2
=
n
−
3
n
−
2
I
n
−
4
推广
I
2
m
=
2
m
−
1
2
m
⋅
2
m
−
3
2
m
−
2
⋯
5
6
3
4
1
2
⋅
I
0
I
2
m
+
1
=
2
m
2
m
+
1
⋅
2
m
−
2
2
m
−
1
⋯
4
5
2
3
⋅
I
1
I
0
=
∫
0
π
2
sin
0
x
=
π
2
,
I
1
=
π
2
0
sin
x
d
x
=
1
\begin{aligned}\\I_n&=(n-1)I_{n-2}-(n-1)I_n\\nI_n&=(n-1)I_{n-2}\Rightarrow I_n=\frac{n-1}nI_{n-2}\\I_{n-2}&=\frac{n-3}{n-2}I_{n-4}\\&\text{推广}\\I_{2m}&=\frac{2m-1}{2m}\cdot\frac{2m-3}{2m-2}\cdots\frac56\frac34\frac12\cdot I_0\\I_{2m+1}&=\frac{2m}{2m+1}\cdot\frac{2m-2}{2m-1}\cdots\frac45\frac23\cdot I_1\\I_0&=\int^\frac\pi2_0\sin^0x=\frac\pi2,I_1=\frac\pi2_0\sin xdx=1\end{aligned}
InnInIn−2I2mI2m+1I0=(n−1)In−2−(n−1)In=(n−1)In−2⇒In=nn−1In−2=n−2n−3In−4推广=2m2m−1⋅2m−22m−3⋯654321⋅I0=2m+12m⋅2m−12m−2⋯5432⋅I1=∫02πsin0x=2π,I1=2π0sinxdx=1
代入
I
2
m
,
I
2
m
−
1
I_{2m},I_{2m-1}
I2m,I2m−1即可得到原式
证毕
和差化积公式
{
sin
α
+
sin
β
=
2
sin
α
+
β
2
cos
α
−
β
2
sin
α
−
sin
β
=
2
cos
α
+
β
2
sin
α
−
β
2
cos
α
+
cos
β
=
2
cos
α
+
β
2
cos
α
−
β
2
cos
α
−
cos
β
=
−
2
sin
α
+
β
2
sin
α
−
β
2
\left\{\begin{aligned}\sin\alpha+\sin\beta&=2\sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}2\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}2\\\sin\alpha-\sin\beta&=2\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}2\sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}2\\\cos\alpha+\cos\beta&=2\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}2\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}2\\\cos\alpha-\cos\beta&=-2\sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}2\sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}2\end{aligned}\right.
⎩
⎨
⎧sinα+sinβsinα−sinβcosα+cosβcosα−cosβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β=2cos2α+βsin2α−β=2cos2α+βcos2α−β=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β
例6:求
∫
−
π
2
π
2
cos
x
cos
2
x
d
x
\int^\frac\pi2_{-\frac\pi2}\cos x\cos2xdx
∫−2π2πcosxcos2xdx
∫
−
π
2
π
2
cos
x
cos
2
x
d
x
=
1
2
∫
−
π
2
π
2
(
cos
3
x
+
cos
x
)
d
x
=
1
2
(
1
3
sin
3
x
+
sin
x
)
∣
−
π
2
π
2
=
2
3
\begin{aligned}\int^\frac\pi2_{-\frac\pi2}\cos x\cos2xdx&=\frac12\int^\frac\pi2_{-\frac\pi2}(\cos3x+\cos x)dx\\&=\frac12(\frac13\sin3x+\sin x)\Big|^\frac\pi2_{-\frac\pi2}\\&=\frac23\end{aligned}
∫−2π2πcosxcos2xdx=21∫−2π2π(cos3x+cosx)dx=21(31sin3x+sinx)∣
∣−2π2π=32