注意与特征值、特征向量的联系
一、概念、定理
概念
二次型及其矩阵表示
f ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = x 1 2 + 5 x 2 2 + 5 x 3 2 + 2 x 1 x 2 − 6 x 2 x 3 = x 1 2 + x 1 x 2 + x 1 x 2 + 5 x 2 2 − 3 x 2 x 3 − 3 x 2 x 3 + 5 x 3 2 = x 1 ( x 1 + x 2 ) + x 2 ( x 1 + 5 x 2 − 3 x 3 ) + x 3 ( − 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 ) = ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ( x 1 + x 2 x 1 + 5 x 2 − 3 x 3 − 3 x 2 + 5 x 3 ) = ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ( 1 1 0 1 5 − 3 0 − 3 5 ) ( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) 平方项放到对角线 , 混合项对半分 = x T A x \begin{aligned} f(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})&=x_{1}^{2}+5x_{2}^{2}+5x_{3}^{2}+2x_{1}x_{2}-6x_{2}x_{3}\\ &=x_{1}^{2}+x_{1}x_{2}+x_{1}x_{2}+5x_{2}^{2}-3x_{2}x_{3}-3x_{2}x_{3}+5x_{3}^{2}\\ &=x_{1}(x_{1}+x_{2})+x_{2}(x_{1}+5x_{2}-3x_{3})+x_{3}(-3x_{2}+5x_{3})\\ &=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})\begin{pmatrix} x_{1}+x_{2} \\ x_{1}+5x_{2}-3x_{3} \\ -3x_{2}+5x_{3} \end{pmatrix}\\ &=(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 5 & -3 \\ 0 & -3 & 5 \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \end{pmatrix}\\ &平方项放到对角线,混合项对半分\\ &=x^{T}Ax \end{aligned} f(x1,x2,x3)=x12+5x22+5x32+2x1x2−6x2x3=x12+x1x2+x1x2+5x22−3x2x3−3x2x3+5x32=x1(x1+x2)+x2(x1+5x2−3x3)+x3(−3x2+5x3)=(x1,x2,x3)⎝
⎛x1+x2x1+5x2−3x3−3x2+5x3⎠
⎞=(x1,x2,x3)⎝
⎛11015−30−35⎠
⎞⎝
⎛x1x2x3⎠
⎞平方项放到对角线,混合项对半分=xTAx
有 A T = A A ^{T}=A AT=A是二次型的矩阵
标准形
2 x 1 2 + 5 x 2 2 − 6 x 3 2 Λ = ( 2 5 − 6 ) \begin{gathered} 2x_{1}^{2}+5x_{2}^{2}-6x_{3}^{2}\\ \Lambda=\begin{pmatrix} 2 & & \\ & 5 & \\ & & -6 \end{pmatrix} \end{gathered} 2x12+5x22−6x32Λ=⎝ ⎛25−6⎠ ⎞
规范形
x 1 2 + x 2 2 + x 3 2 x 1 2 + x 2 2 − x 3 2 x 1 2 − x 2 2 − x 1 2 \begin{gathered} x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}\\ x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}-x_{3}^{2}\\ x_{1}^{2}-x_{2}^{2}\\ -x_{1}^{2} \end{gathered} x12+x22+x32x12+x22−x32x12−x22−x12
正惯性指数、负惯性指数
对于标准形
2 x 1 2 + 5 x 2 2 − 6 x 3 2 正惯性指数为 p = 2 , 负惯性指数为 q = 1 x 1 2 + x 2 2 + x 3 2 p = 3 , q = 0 \begin{aligned} 2x_{1}^{2}+5x_{2}^{2}-6x_{3}^{2}\quad &正惯性指数为p=2,负惯性指数为q=1\\ x_{1}^{2}+x_{2}^{2}+x_{3}^{2}\quad&p=3,q=0 \end{aligned} 2x12+5x22−6x32x12+x22+x32正惯性指数为p=2,负惯性指数为q=1p=3,q=0
非标准形的化成标准形再看
二次型的秩
r ( f ) = r ( A ) r(f)=r(A) r(f)=r(A)
因为
r ( 1 − 2 0 − 2 3 4 0 4 5 ) = 3 r \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -2 & 0 \\ -2 & 3 & 4 \\ 0 & 4 & 5 \end{pmatrix}=3 r⎝
⎛1−20−234045⎠
⎞=3
故二次型 f = x 1 2 + 3 x 2 2 + 5 x 3 2 − 4 x 1 x 2 + 8 x 2 x 3 f=x_{1}^{2}+3x_{2}^{2}+5x_{3}^{2}-4x_{1}x_{2}+8x_{2}x_{3} f=x12+3x22+5x32−4x1x2+8x2x3的秩 r ( f ) = 3 r(f)=3 r(f)=3
坐标变换
{ x 1 = c 11 y 1 + c 12 y 2 + c 13 y 3 x 2 = c 21 y 1 + c 22 y 2 + c 23 y 3 x 3 = c 31 y 1 + c 32 y 2 + c 33 y 3 ∣ C ∣ ≠ 0 \left\{\begin{aligned}&x_{1}=c_{11}y_{1}+c_{12}y_{2}+c_{13}y_{3}\\ &x_{2}=c_{21}y_{1}+c_{22}y_{2}+c_{23}y_{3}\\ &x_{3}=c_{31}y_{1}+c_{32}y_{2}+c_{33}y_{3}\end{aligned}\right.\quad |C|\ne0 ⎩
⎨
⎧x1=c11y1+c12y2+c13y3x2=c21y1+c22y2+c23y3x3=c31y1+c32y2+c33y3∣C∣=0
则有
( x 1 x 2 x 3 ) = ( c 11 c 12 c 13 c 21 c 22 c 23 c 31 c 32 c 33 ) ( y 1 y 2 y 3 ) \begin{pmatrix} x_{1} \\ x_{2} \\ x_{3} \end{pmatrix}=\begin{pmatrix} c_{11} & c_{12} & c_{13} \\ c_{21} & c_{22} & c_{23} \\ c_{31} & c_{32} & c_{33} \end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix} y_{1} \\ y_{2} \\ y_{3} \end{pmatrix} ⎝
⎛x1x2x3⎠
⎞=⎝
⎛c11c21c31c12c22c32c13c23c33⎠
⎞⎝
⎛y1y2y3⎠
⎞
即可表示为 x = c y x=cy x=cy
注意系数行列式 ∣ C ∣ |C| ∣C∣一定要不为 0 0 0
合同
如果 C T A C = B , 其中 C 可逆 C^{T}AC=B,其中C可逆 CTAC=B,其中C可逆，则称矩阵 A A A和 B B B合同，记 A ≃ B A \simeq B A≃B
x T A x = 任取 x = C y ( C y ) T A ( C y ) = y T C T A C y = y T B y \begin{aligned} x^{T}Ax &\overset{任取x=Cy}{=}(Cy)^{T}A(Cy)\\ &=y^{T}C^{T}ACy\\ &=y^{T}By \end{aligned} xTAx=任取x=Cy(Cy)TA(Cy)=yTCTACy=yTBy
其中 B = C T A C B=C^{T}AC B=CTAC，有
B T = ( C T A C ) T = C T A T ( C T ) T = C T A C = B B^{T}=(C^{T}AC)^{T}=C^{T}A^{T}(C^{T})^{T}=C^{T}AC=B BT=(CTAC)
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