CUT&Tag技术简介

CUT&Tag(Cleavage Under Targets and Tagmentation)技术是一种用于细致地研究蛋白质与DNA相互作用的方法,特别适用于研究转录因子、组蛋白修饰等蛋白质在基因组上的精确结合位置。

一、CUT&Tag技术发展的大致历程:

早期背景:ChIP的发展

  • ChIP技术:CUT&Tag的前身是ChIP(染色质免疫沉淀)技术。ChIP在20世纪90年代早期发展起来,用于研究蛋白质(尤其是转录因子和组蛋白)与DNA的相互作用。
  • ChIP-seq的出现:随着高通量测序技术的发展,ChIP-seq(ChIP结合测序)在2007年左右成为主流,允许更大规模和更高分辨率的蛋白质-DNA相互作用研究。

CUT&Tag技术的起源

  • Tn5转座酶的引入:CUT&Tag技术的关键突破是引入了Tn5转座酶。这种酶可以在特定的蛋白质-DNA复合物附近“切割”DNA,并插入测序适配器。这一概念最初用于ATAC-seq(用于测量染色质开放性的技术)。
  • CUT&Tag的发展:基于Tn5转座酶的特性,研究人员开始探索用类似的方法来研究特定的蛋白质-DNA相互作用。这最终导致了CUT&Tag技术的诞生。

近期进展

  • 初次描述:CUT&Tag技术被详细描述和公布的时间是在2019年左右。这个技术很快因其高效率、低样本需求和高灵敏度而受到关注。
  • 应用拓展:随后,科学界开始广泛应用CUT&Tag技术,不仅用于研究基础的蛋白质-DNA相互作用,也用于疾病研究、表观遗传学和发育生物学等领域。

当前和未来趋势

  • 技术优化和标准化:当前,研究人员正致力于优化CUT&Tag的协议,使其更加高效和易于操作。
  • 结合单细胞技术:CUT&Tag与单细胞测序技术的结合是一个新兴的研究领域,有望为细胞异质性和复杂组织结构提供更深入的理解。
  • 多组学数据整合:CUT&Tag数据的整合与其他组学数据(如转录组学、蛋白质组学)的分析,将是未来生物医学研究的重要趋势。

二、CUT&Tag研究一般流程:

实验设计

  1. 目标蛋白的选择:实验首先确定目标蛋白,例如一个特定的转录因子或一个特定的组蛋白修饰。在这个例子中,我们假设目标是转录因子TFX。
  2. 细胞样本准备:从相关的生物体(如人类、小鼠等)中准备细胞样本。这些细胞应该表达目标蛋白TFX。
  3. 抗体的使用:实验使用针对TFX的特异性抗体。这些抗体能够精确地结合到TFX蛋白上。
  4. 转座酶的加入:随后,加入转座酶(如Tn5转座酶)。这种酶能结合到抗体-蛋白复合体上,并在其附近的DNA上插入小片段的DNA序列,从而在这些区域创建标记。
  5. DNA的提取和测序:实验提取这些标记的DNA片段,然后进行高通量测序。

数据类型和分析

  1. 数据类型:测序产生的是大量短DNA读段(reads),这些读段代表了TFX蛋白结合的DNA区域。
  2. 质量控制:首先对测序数据进行质量控制,确保数据的可靠性。
  3. 读段比对:利用生物信息学软件(如Bowtie2或BWA)将这些读段比对到参考基因组。
  4. 峰值检测:使用如MACS2等工具分析比对后的数据,识别出TFX结合的DNA区域(即读段富集的区域)。

结果应用

  • 基因调控研究:CUT&Tag数据可以揭示转录因子如TFX在细胞中的结合模式,帮助理解其调控基因表达的机制。
  • 表观遗传学:研究组蛋白修饰在特定基因上的分布情况,进而分析它们对基因表达的影响。
  • 疾病机制探究:通过分析特定蛋白质在疾病状态下的DNA结合模式,可以揭示疾病的分子机制。

技术优势

  • 高效性:与传统的ChIP-seq相比,CUT&Tag需要的样本量更少,且操作更为简便。
  • 高灵敏度:能够在单细胞水平上进行分析,适用于稀有样本或难以获得的样本。

结论

CUT&Tag技术是一种强大的工具,能够提供关于蛋白质-DNA相互作用的详尽信息,对于理解基因调控网络和疾病发生机制具有重要意义。同时,CUT&Tag技术作为ChIP技术的现代替代品,已经显示出在基因组学研究中的巨大潜力,预计在未来会有更多的创新和应用。

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Y N NG 3.Y NO NG 5. Y N NG 6.Y N NG 7.Y N NG<br><br>8.The greatest benefit brought about by the interstate system was___________<br>9.Trucks using the interstate highways deliver more than__________________<br>10.The interterstate systerm was renamed afterEisenhower in recognition_____________<br><br>参考答案:08. personal freedom of mobility <br>参考答案:09. 75 percent <br>参考答案:10. his vision and leadership<br><br>Part Ⅲ Listening Comprehension<br><br>section A <br><br>Directions: In this section,you will hear 8short conversationa and 2 long sentance.At the end of each conversations,one ore <br><br>more qusetions will be asked about what was both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once,After each <br><br>question there will be a pause.you must read the four choices with A) B) C)and D).and decide which is the best answer ,then letter on Answer sheet 2 with a single line though the centre.<br>注意:此部分答题在答题卡2上作答。<br><br>11.<br>A)The girls got on well with each other.<br>B)It's understandable that girls don't get along.<br>C)She was angry eith the other young stars.<br>D)The girls lacked the courage to fight.<br><br>12.<br>A)The woman does her own housework.<br>B)The woman needs a housekeeper.<br>C)The woman's house is in a mess.<br>D)The woman works as a housekeeper.<br><br>13.<br>A)The Edwards are quite well-off.<br>B)The Edwards should cut down on their living expenses.<br>C)It'll be unwise for the Edwards to buy another house.<br>D)It's too expensive for the Edwards to live in their present house.<br><br>14.<br>A)The woman didn't except it to be so warm at noon.<br>B)The woman is sensitive to weather changes.<br>C)The weather forrcast was unreliable<br>D)The weather turned cold all of a sudden.<br><br>15.<br>A)At a clinic.<br>B)At a restaurant.<br>C)In a supermarket.<br>D)In an ice cream shop.<br><br>16.<br>A)The woman did not feel any danger growing up in the Bronx.<br>B)The man thinks it was quite safe living in the Bronx district.<br>C)The woman started working at an early age to support her family .<br>D)The man doesn's think it safe to send an 8-year-old to buy things.<br><br>17.<br>A)The man has never seen the woman before.<br>B)The two speakers work for the same company.<br>C)The two speakers work in the same floor.<br>D)The woman is interested in market research.<br><br>18.<br>A)The woman can't tolerate any noise.<br>B)The man is looking foe an apartment.<br>C)The man has missed his appointment.<br>D)the woman is going to take a train trip.<br><br>Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.<br><br>19.<br>A)To make a business report to the woman .<br>B)To be interviewed for a job in the woman's company. <br>C)To resign from his position in the woman's company.<br>D)To exchange stock market infotmation with the woman.<br><br>20.<br>A)He is head of a small teading company.<br>B)He works in an international insurance company.<br>C)He leads s team of brokers in a big company.<br>D)He is a public relations officer in a small company.<br><br>21.<br>A)The woman thinks Mr.Saunders is asking for more than they can offer.<br>B)Mr.Saunders will share one third of the woman's responsibilities.<br>C)Mr.Saunders believes that he deserves more paid vacations.<br>D)The woman seems to be satisfied with Mr.Saunders' past experience.<br><br>22.<br>A)She's worried about the seminar.<br>B)The man keeps intertupting her.<br>C)She finds it too hard.<br>D)She lacks interest in it.<br><br>23.<br>A)The lecturers are boring.<br>B)The course is poorly designed.<br>C)She prefers Philosophy to English.<br>D)She enjoys literature more.<br><br>24.<br>A)Karen's friend.<br>B)Karen's parents.<br>C)Karen's lecturers.<br>D)Karen's herself.<br><br>25.<br>A)Changing her major.<br>B)Spending less of her parents' money.<br>C)Getting transferred to the Englidh Department.<br>D)Leaving the university.<br><br>Section B<br><br>Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. 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They say,"you only get so much time in this life; you'd better use it wisely." The (36)__________without be better than the past or present. As American are(37)__________to see things, unless people use their time for constructive activitica, Thus American(38)__________a "well-organized" preson is punctual and is(40)__________of other people's time. They do not(41)__________people's time with conversation or other activity that has no(42)__________beneficial outcome.<br><br>The American attitude toward time is not(43)__________shared by thers, especially non-Europeans. They are more likely to regard time as(44)__________.<br>One of the more difficult things many studenta must adjust to in the states is the notion that time must be saved whenever possible and used wisely every day.<br><br>In the contest(45)__________.MeDonald's, KFC, and eating meals. As MeDonald's restaurants(46)__________, bringing not just hamburgers but an emphasis on speed, efficiency, and shiny cieanliness.<br><br><br><br>Part IV reading comprehension(reading in depth)<br><br>Section A <br><br>Directions: you may not use any of the words in the bank more than true.<br><br>Question 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.<br>EI NIno is name given to the masterious and often unpredictable change in the climate of the world.This strange ___47_____happens every five to eight years.It starts in the PAacific Ocean and is thought to be caused by a failure in the trade winds(信风),which affects the ocean currents driven by these winds. As the trade winds lessen in ____48____,the ocean comperatures rise causing the Peru current flowing in form the east to warm up by as much as 5`C.<br>The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects.The hot,humid(潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe ___49___thunderstorms.The rainfall is increased acrossAounth American ____50____floods to Peru.In the West pacific,there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia.So while some parts of the world perpare for heavy rains and floods,other parts face drought,poor crops and____51____.<br>EI Nino usually lasts for about 18 months The 1982-83 EI Nino brough the most___52____weather in mordern history .Its effect was worldwide and it left more than 2,000 people dead and caused over eight billion pounds ____53___of damage.The 1990 EI Nino will ____55___,but they are still not __56___sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be.<br><br>注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。<br><br>A)estimate I)completely<br>B)strength J)destructive<br>C)deliberately K)starvation<br>D)notify L)bringing<br>E)tropical M)exhaustion<br>F)phenomenonN)worth<br>G)stable O)strike<br>H)attraction<br><br>参考答案:<br><br>47. P phenomenon <br>48. B strength <br>49. E tropical <br>50. L bringing <br>51. K starvation <br>52. J destructive <br>53. N worth <br>54. A estimate <br>55. O strike <br>56. I completely <br><br>Section B <br><br>Directions:There are 2 passage in this section .Eath passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choises maked A) B) C)and D) .You should decide on the best choise and mark the corresponding letter <br>on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.<br><br>Passage One<br><br>Questions 57 to 61 ared based on the following passage.<br>Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes tp conveying the truth.The first study to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails.The fact that emails are antomatically recorded-and can come back to haunt(困扰)you. 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Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges becaue we are most peactised at that form of communication.<br><br>But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether it occurs in real time. People apprar to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.<br><br>People are also more likey to lie in ral time in a instant message or phone call say-than if they have time to think of a rasponse, says Hancock. He fond many lies are spontaneous(脱口而出的)resonses to an unexpected demand, such as:"Do you like my dress?"<br><br>Hankcock hopes his research will help companies work our the besr ways for their employees to communicate.For instance,the phone might be the best medium foe sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth.But ,given his result,work assessment where honesty is a priority,might be best done using email.<br><br>注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。<br><br>57.Hancock's study focuses on ____________.<br>A)the consequences of lying in various communcations media.<br>B)the success of communications technologies in conveying ideas.<br>C)people are less likely to lie in instant messages.<br>D)people 's honesty levels across a range of communications media. <br>58.Hancock's research finding surprised those who belived that________________. <br>A)people are less likely to lie in instant messages.<br>B)people are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions.<br>C)people are most likely to lie in email communication<br>D)People are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations.<br>59. According to the passage,why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication? <br>A)They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies.<br>B)They believe that honesty is the best policy.<br>C)They tend to be relaxeg when using those media.<br>D)They are most practised at those forms of communication. <br>60. According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for premoting sales because____________.<br>A)Salemen can talk directly to their cunstomers.<br>B)Salemen may feel less restrained to exaggerate.<br>C)Salemen can impress customers as being trustworthy.<br>D)Salemen may pass on instant messages effectively. <br>61. It can be inferren from the passage that_____________. <br>A)Honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications<br>B)more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees<br>C)suitable media should be chosem for different communication perposes<br>D) email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company.<br><br>Passage Two<br><br>Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.<br>In a country that defines itself by ideals,not by shared blood,who should be allowed to come worl and live here?In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemet more pressing.<br>on December .11,2001,as part of the effort to increase homeland securty ,federal and local authorities in 14 states staged "Operation Safe Travel" -raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification(身份证明).In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests.But those captured were anything but terrorists,most of them illegal immigrants from Central or Sounth American .Authorities said the undocumented worker's illegal status made them open to blankmall(讹诈)by terrorists Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.<br>Mayor Anderson said those feelings were judtified to a certain extent."We're saying we want you to work in these places,we're going to look the other way in terms of what our laws are,and then when it's convenient for us,or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security,especially after Sept.11,then you'er disposable There are whole families being uprooted for all of the wrong reasons,"Anderson said.<br>If Sept.11 had never happened the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely .Ana Castro,a ,amanager at a Ben & Jerry'sice cream shop at the airport.had been working 10 years with the same false Social Aecurity card when she was arrested in the December airport raid.Now she and her family are living under the threat of deporation(驱逐出境)。Castro's case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the outcome ,the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben&Jerry's.<br>62.Accroding to the author ,the United States claims to be a nation____________.<br>A)composed of people having different vaules<br>B)encouraging individual pursuits<br>C)sharing common interests<br>D)founded on shared ideals<br>63.How did the immigrants in Salt Lake City feel about "Operation Safe Travel" ?<br>A)Guilty <br>B)Offended<br>C)Disappointed<br>D)Discouraged<br>64.Undocumented workers became the target of"Operation Safe Travel" because__________.<br>A)evidence was found that they were potential terrorists<br>B)most of them worked at airports under threat of terrorists<br>C)terrorists might take advantage of their illgal status<br>D) they were reportedly helping hide terrorists around the airport.<br>65.By saying"...we're going to look the other way in terms of what pur laws are"(Line 2 ,Para.4),Mayor Aiderson means"________________".<br>A)we will turn a blind eye to your illegal atatus<br>B)we will examine the laws in a different way <br>C)there are other ways of enforcing the law<br>D) the existing laws must not be ignored<br>66.What do we learn about Ana Castro from the last paragraph?<br>A)she will be deported sooner or later.<br>B)She is allowed to stady permanently .<br>C)Her case has been dropped<br>D)Her fate remains uncertain.<br><br><br><br>PartV Cloze (15 minutes)<br>Do you wakr up every day feeling too tired ,or even upset?if so .then a new alarm clock could be just for you .The clock ,called Sleep Smart,measures your sleep cycle,and waits ___67___you to be in your lightest phase of sleep ____68___rousing you.Its makers say that should ____69____you wake up feeling refreshed every morning. <br>As you sleep you pass ___70___a sequence of sleep states-light sleep,deep sleep and REM(raipd eye movement)sleep-that ____71___approximately every90 minutes .The point in that cycle at which you wake can ___72____how you feel later ,and may ____73____have a greater impact than hoew much or little you have slept,Being roused during a light phase____74____you are more likely to wake up energetic.<br><br><br>SleepSmart____75____the distinct pattern of brain waves____76____dring each phacs of sleep, via a headband equipped ____77____electrodes(电极)and a microprocessor. This measurese the lelctrical activity of the weather's brain, in much the ____78____way as some machines used for medical and reseach ____79____, and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You ____80____the clock with the latest time at ____81____you want to be wakende, and it ____82____duly(适时地)wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that.<br><br>The ____83____was invented by a group of students at Brown University in Rhode Island____84____a friend complained of waking up tired and performing poorly on a test." ____85____sleep deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of ____86____to do about it," says Eric Shashoua, a recent cillege graduate and now chief executive officer of Axon Sleep Research Laboratories, a company created by the stidents to develop their idea.<br><br><br><br>67.A)beside B)near C)for D) around<br>68.A)upon B)before C)towards D) till<br>69.A)ensure B)assure C)require D) request<br>70.A)through B)into C)about D) on<br>71.A)reveals B) reverses C)resumesD) repeats<br>72.A)effect B)affect C)reflect D) perfect<br>73.A)alteady B)every C)never D) even <br>74.A)means B)marks C)says D) dictates<br>75.A)removes B)relieves C)records D) recalls<br>76.A)proceeded B)produced C)proniunced D)progressed <br>77.A)by B)of C)with D)over <br>78.A)familiar B) similar C)tdentical D) same<br>79.A) findings B) prospects C)prpposals D)proposes <br>80.A) prompt B)program C)plug D) plan <br>81.A)where B)this C)which D) that<br>82.A)then B)also C)almost D) yet<br>83.A)claim B)conclusion C)concept D)explanation <br>84.A)once B)after C)since D) while <br>85.A)Besides B)Despite C)To D) As<br>86.A)what B)how C)whether D) when <br><br>part VI Translation<br><br>87. Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble ________________(找到去历史博物馆的路). <br>参考答案:finding the way to the history museum<br>88. ______________________(为了挣钱供我上学), Mother often takes on more work than is good for her.
### 回答1: ChIP-seq(Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing)是一种用于研究基因组上转录因子和其他蛋白质与DNA相互作用的方法。它通过先对特定蛋白质与DNA的结合位点进行免疫沉淀,再对沉淀下来的DNA片段进行测序来确定该蛋白质结合的基因位点。 CUT(Chromatin Uptake Test)是一种用于评估基因组上DNA片段与转录因子结合位点的灵敏度和特异性的方法。它通过将转录因子和指定的DNA片段混合,再检测该片段与转录因子的结合情况,来评估该片段是否是有效的转录因子结合位点。 ### 回答2: &RUN和CUT&RUN。 ChIP-seq (染色质免疫共沉淀测序)是一种广泛应用于研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用的技术。它通过特定抗体选择性地富集感兴趣的染色质区域,然后将富集的DNA进行测序,从而揭示DNA上与特定蛋白质的结合位点。这种技术常用于研究转录因子结合位点、组蛋白修饰和表观遗传学等领域。ChIP-seq技术的发展使得我们能够全面了解基因组中与蛋白质结合相关的生物学事件。 CUT&RUN (在位关联与次世代测序)是一种近年来涌现的新技术,用于研究蛋白质-DNA相互作用。CUT&RUN利用转录因子结合的DNA线索,将固定在细胞核中蛋白质DNA复合物释放,并以线粒体在胞浆液相中的镍作为固定荧光探针依赖式的。”CLEUR-inatableCLEUR发发挥增长实际形态用聚合物精确分子一次性直到整个复习常常经历。这种华丽奇妙的结果将DNA定点修复到某些酶反应的消息。 ChIP-seq和CUT&RUN都是现代生命科学中常用的技术,用于揭示蛋白质-DNA相互作用引发的生物学进程。虽然它们基本原理不同,但这两种技术的应用领域有许多重叠之处。使用这些技术,科学家可以研究基因组中特定区域的结构和功能,从而深入理解遗传和表观遗传学机制。 ### 回答3: &Tag=biotech.chapter.peak.finding and differential binding analysis ChIP-seq(染色质免疫沉淀测序)和CUT(染色质核苷酸可及性测序)是两种在研究染色质调控方面广泛使用的测序技术。 ChIP-seq是通过免疫沉淀染色质中特定蛋白质结合的DNA片段,并使用高通量测序技术对其进行测序。这种技术可以用来研究蛋白质与特定基因座的相互作用,从而帮助我们了解基因调控的分子机制。通过ChIP-seq,我们可以鉴定蛋白质结合位点的位置,进而确定哪些区域与基因表达相关。此外,ChIP-seq还可以用于研究转录因子的结合位点、组蛋白修饰和染色质重塑等过程。 CUT是一种用于研究染色质核苷酸可及性的测序技术。通过CUT技术,可以高通量测定染色质中DNA的特定区域是否处于开放的染色质结构。开放的染色质结构通常与基因的转录活性相关。CUT可以通过抑制DNA甲基化酶或降低染色质的凝结程度来确定染色质核苷酸的可及性。CUT技术还可以用于研究染色质可及性与某些疾病和发育过程之间的关联。 总而言之,ChIP-seq和CUT是两种重要的染色质测序技术,可以帮助我们揭示染色质调控的分子机制。ChIP-seq可以鉴定蛋白质结合位点,而CUT可以测定染色质核苷酸的可及性。这些技术的应用有助于我们进一步了解基因调控、转录因子结合、染色质修饰和疾病发生等过程。

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