视觉SLAM十四讲笔记-10-2
10.3 实践：位姿图优化
10.3.1 g2o原生位姿图
下面演示如何使用 g2o 进行位姿图优化。
sphere.g2o 是一个文本文件，文件前半部分由节点组成，后半部分则是边：
可以看到，节点类型是 VERTEX_SE3，表达一个相机位姿。g2o 默认使用四元数和平移向量表达位姿，所以后面的字段意义为: ID,
t
x
t_x
tx，
t
y
t_y
ty，
t
z
t_z
tz，
q
x
q_x
qx，
q
y
q_y
qy，
q
z
q_z
qz，
q
w
q_w
qw。前三个为平移向量元素，后四个为表示旋转的单位四元数。同样，边的信息为两个节点的ID，
t
x
t_x
tx，
t
y
t_y
ty，
t
z
t_z
tz，
q
x
q_x
qx，
q
y
q_y
qy，
q
z
q_z
qz，
q
w
q_w
qw，以及信息矩阵大小为 6 * 6，且被设成了对角阵。
新建 pose_graph_g2o_SE3:
mkdir pose_graph_g2o_SE3
cd pose_graph_g2o_SE3
code .
//launch.json
{
// Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
// Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
// For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [
{
"name": "g++ - 生成和调试活动文件",
"type": "cppdbg",
"request":"launch",
"program":"${workspaceFolder}/build/pose_graph_g2o_SE3",
"args": [],
"stopAtEntry": false,
"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
"environment": [],
"externalConsole": false,
"MIMode": "gdb",
"setupCommands": [
{
"description": "为 gdb 启动整齐打印",
"text": "-enable-pretty-printing",
"ignoreFailures": true
}
],
"preLaunchTask": "Build",
"miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb"
}
]
}
//tasks.json
{
"version": "2.0.0",
"options":{
"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/build" //指明在哪个文件夹下做下面这些指令
},
"tasks": [
{
"type": "shell",
"label": "cmake", //label就是这个task的名字,这个task的名字叫cmake
"command": "cmake", //command就是要执行什么命令,这个task要执行的任务是cmake
"args":[
".."
]
},
{
"label": "make", //这个task的名字叫make
"group": {
"kind": "build",
"isDefault": true
},
"command": "make", //这个task要执行的任务是make
"args": [
]
},
{
"label": "Build",
"dependsOrder": "sequence", //按列出的顺序执行任务依赖项
"dependsOn":[ //这个label依赖于上面两个label
"cmake",
"make"
]
}
]
}
#CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(BUNDLEADJUSTMENTG2O)
#在g++编译时，添加编译参数，比如-Wall可以输出一些警告信息
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -std=c++14")
LIST(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
#一定要加上这句话，加上这个生成的可执行文件才是可以Debug的，不然不加或者是Release的话生成的可执行文件是无法进行调试的
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
find_package(Sophus REQUIRED)
include_directories( ${Sophus_INCLUDE_DIRS} )
# Eigen
include_directories("/usr/include/eigen3")
#添加头文件
include_directories(include)
find_package(OpenCV REQUIRED)
include_directories(${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS})
find_package(CSparse REQUIRED)
include_directories(${CSPARSE_INCLUDE_DIR})
find_package (glog 0.6.0 REQUIRED)
#find g2o
find_package(G2O REQUIRED)
include_directories(${G2O_INCLUDE_DIRS})
SET(G2O_LIBS g2o_csparse_extension g2o_stuff g2o_core cxsparse g2o_types_slam3d)
add_executable(pose_graph_g2o_SE3 pose_graph_g2o_SE3.cpp)
#链接OpenCV库
target_link_libraries(pose_graph_g2o_SE3 Sophus::Sophus ${OpenCV_LIBS} ${G2O_LIBS} glog::glog)
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <g2o/types/slam3d/types_slam3d.h>
#include <g2o/core/block_solver.h>
#include <g2o/core/optimization_algorithm_levenberg.h>
#include <g2o/solvers/eigen/linear_solver_eigen.h>
using namespace std;
/************************************************
* 本程序演示如何用g2o solver进行位姿图优化
* sphere.g2o是人工生成的一个Pose graph，我们来优化它。
* 尽管可以直接通过load函数读取整个图，但我们还是自己来实现读取代码，以期获得更深刻的理解
* 这里使用g2o/types/slam3d/中的SE3表示位姿，它实质上是四元数而非李代数.
* **********************************************/
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
ifstream fin("./sphere.g2o");
if(!fin)
{
cout << "file dose not exist." << endl;
}
//设定g2o
typedef g2o::BlockSolver<g2o::BlockSolverTraits<6, 6>> BlockSolverType;
typedef g2o::LinearSolverEigen<BlockSolverType::PoseMatrixType> LinearSolverType;
auto solver = new g2o::OptimizationAlgorithmLevenberg(
g2o::make_unique<BlockSolverType>(g2o::make_unique<LinearSolverType>()));
g2o::SparseOptimizer optimizer; // 图模型
optimizer.setAlgorithm(solver); // 设置求解器
optimizer.setVerbose(true); // 打开调试输出
int vertexCnt = 0, edgeCnt = 0; // 顶点和边的数量
while (!fin.eof()) {
string name;
fin >> name;
if (name == "VERTEX_SE3:QUAT") {
// SE3 顶点
g2o::VertexSE3 *v = new g2o::VertexSE3();
int index = 0;
fin >> index;
v->setId(index);
v->read(fin);
optimizer.addVertex(v);
vertexCnt++;
if (index == 0)
v->setFixed(true);
} else if (name == "EDGE_SE3:QUAT") {
// SE3-SE3 边
g2o::EdgeSE3 *e = new g2o::EdgeSE3();
int idx1, idx2; // 关联的两个顶点
fin >> idx1 >> idx2;
e->setId(edgeCnt++);
e->setVertex(0, optimizer.vertices()[idx1]);
e->setVertex(1, optimizer.vertices()[idx2]);
e->read(fin);
optimizer.addEdge(e);
}
if (!fin.good()) break;
}
cout << "read total " << vertexCnt << " vertices, " << edgeCnt << " edges." << endl;
cout << "optimizing ..." << endl;
optimizer.optimize(30);
cout << "saving optimization results ..." << endl;
optimizer.save("result.g2o");
return 0;
}
运行结果：
10.3.2 李代数上的位姿图优化
mkdir pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra
cd pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra/
code .
//launch.json
{
// Use IntelliSense to learn about possible attributes.
// Hover to view descriptions of existing attributes.
// For more information, visit: https://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?linkid=830387
"version": "0.2.0",
"configurations": [
{
"name": "g++ - 生成和调试活动文件",
"type": "cppdbg",
"request":"launch",
"program":"${workspaceFolder}/build/pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra",
"args": [],
"stopAtEntry": false,
"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}",
"environment": [],
"externalConsole": false,
"MIMode": "gdb",
"setupCommands": [
{
"description": "为 gdb 启动整齐打印",
"text": "-enable-pretty-printing",
"ignoreFailures": true
}
],
"preLaunchTask": "Build",
"miDebuggerPath": "/usr/bin/gdb"
}
]
}
//tasks.json
{
"version": "2.0.0",
"options":{
"cwd": "${workspaceFolder}/build" //指明在哪个文件夹下做下面这些指令
},
"tasks": [
{
"type": "shell",
"label": "cmake", //label就是这个task的名字,这个task的名字叫cmake
"command": "cmake", //command就是要执行什么命令,这个task要执行的任务是cmake
"args":[
".."
]
},
{
"label": "make", //这个task的名字叫make
"group": {
"kind": "build",
"isDefault": true
},
"command": "make", //这个task要执行的任务是make
"args": [
]
},
{
"label": "Build",
"dependsOrder": "sequence", //按列出的顺序执行任务依赖项
"dependsOn":[ //这个label依赖于上面两个label
"cmake",
"make"
]
}
]
}
#CMakeLists.txt
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.0)
project(BUNDLEADJUSTMENTG2O)
#在g++编译时，添加编译参数，比如-Wall可以输出一些警告信息
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -Wall -std=c++14")
LIST(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake)
#一定要加上这句话，加上这个生成的可执行文件才是可以Debug的，不然不加或者是Release的话生成的可执行文件是无法进行调试的
set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug)
find_package(Sophus REQUIRED)
include_directories( ${Sophus_INCLUDE_DIRS} )
# Eigen
include_directories("/usr/include/eigen3")
#添加头文件
include_directories(include)
find_package(OpenCV REQUIRED)
include_directories(${OpenCV_INCLUDE_DIRS})
find_package(CSparse REQUIRED)
include_directories(${CSPARSE_INCLUDE_DIR})
find_package (glog 0.6.0 REQUIRED)
#find g2o
find_package(G2O REQUIRED)
include_directories(${G2O_INCLUDE_DIRS})
SET(G2O_LIBS g2o_csparse_extension g2o_stuff g2o_core cxsparse g2o_types_slam3d)
add_executable(pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra.cpp)
#链接OpenCV库
target_link_libraries(pose_graph_g2o_lie_algebra Sophus::Sophus ${OpenCV_LIBS} ${G2O_LIBS} glog::glog)
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <Eigen/Core>
#include <g2o/core/base_vertex.h>
#include <g2o/core/base_binary_edge.h>
#include <g2o/core/block_solver.h>
#include <g2o/core/optimization_algorithm_levenberg.h>
#include <g2o/solvers/eigen/linear_solver_eigen.h>
#include <sophus/se3.hpp>
using namespace std;
using namespace Eigen;
using Sophus::SE3d;
using Sophus::SO3d;
/************************************************
* 本程序演示如何用g2o solver进行位姿图优化
* sphere.g2o是人工生成的一个Pose graph，我们来优化它。
* 尽管可以直接通过load函数读取整个图，但我们还是自己来实现读取代码，以期获得更深刻的理解
* 本节使用李代数表达位姿图，节点和边的方式为自定义
* **********************************************/
typedef Matrix<double, 6, 6> Matrix6d;
// 给定误差求J_R^{-1}的近似
Matrix6d JRInv(const SE3d &e) {
Matrix6d J;
J.block(0, 0, 3, 3) = SO3d::hat(e.so3().log());
J.block(0, 3, 3, 3) = SO3d::hat(e.translation());
J.block(3, 0, 3, 3) = Matrix3d::Zero(3, 3);
J.block(3, 3, 3, 3) = SO3d::hat(e.so3().log());
// J = J * 0.5 + Matrix6d::Identity();
J = Matrix6d::Identity(); // try Identity if you want
return J;
}
// 李代数顶点
typedef Matrix<double, 6, 1> Vector6d;
class VertexSE3LieAlgebra : public g2o::BaseVertex<6, SE3d> {
public:
EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW
virtual bool read(istream &is) override {
double data[7];
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
is >> data[i];
setEstimate(SE3d(
Quaterniond(data[6], data[3], data[4], data[5]),
Vector3d(data[0], data[1], data[2])
));
}
virtual bool write(ostream &os) const override {
os << id() << " ";
Quaterniond q = _estimate.unit_quaternion();
os << _estimate.translation().transpose() << " ";
os << q.coeffs()[0] << " " << q.coeffs()[1] << " " << q.coeffs()[2] << " " << q.coeffs()[3] << endl;
return true;
}
virtual void setToOriginImpl() override {
_estimate = SE3d();
}
// 左乘更新
virtual void oplusImpl(const double *update) override {
Vector6d upd;
upd << update[0], update[1], update[2], update[3], update[4], update[5];
_estimate = SE3d::exp(upd) * _estimate;
}
};
// 两个李代数节点之边
class EdgeSE3LieAlgebra : public g2o::BaseBinaryEdge<6, SE3d, VertexSE3LieAlgebra, VertexSE3LieAlgebra> {
public:
EIGEN_MAKE_ALIGNED_OPERATOR_NEW
virtual bool read(istream &is) override {
double data[7];
for (int i = 0; i < 7; i++)
is >> data[i];
Quaterniond q(data[6], data[3], data[4], data[5]);
q.normalize();
setMeasurement(SE3d(q, Vector3d(data[0], data[1], data[2])));
for (int i = 0; i < information().rows() && is.good(); i++)
for (int j = i; j < information().cols() && is.good(); j++) {
is >> information()(i, j);
if (i != j)
information()(j, i) = information()(i, j);
}
return true;
}
virtual bool write(ostream &os) const override {
VertexSE3LieAlgebra *v1 = static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[0]);
VertexSE3LieAlgebra *v2 = static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[1]);
os << v1->id() << " " << v2->id() << " ";
SE3d m = _measurement;
Eigen::Quaterniond q = m.unit_quaternion();
os << m.translation().transpose() << " ";
os << q.coeffs()[0] << " " << q.coeffs()[1] << " " << q.coeffs()[2] << " " << q.coeffs()[3] << " ";
// information matrix
for (int i = 0; i < information().rows(); i++)
for (int j = i; j < information().cols(); j++) {
os << information()(i, j) << " ";
}
os << endl;
return true;
}
// 误差计算与书中推导一致
virtual void computeError() override {
SE3d v1 = (static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[0]))->estimate();
SE3d v2 = (static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[1]))->estimate();
_error = (_measurement.inverse() * v1.inverse() * v2).log();
}
// 雅可比计算
virtual void linearizeOplus() override {
SE3d v1 = (static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[0]))->estimate();
SE3d v2 = (static_cast<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> (_vertices[1]))->estimate();
Matrix6d J = JRInv(SE3d::exp(_error));
// 尝试把J近似为I？
_jacobianOplusXi = -J * v2.inverse().Adj();
_jacobianOplusXj = J * v2.inverse().Adj();
}
};
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
ifstream fin("./sphere.g2o");
if(!fin)
{
cout << "file dose not exist." << endl;
}
// 设定g2o
typedef g2o::BlockSolver<g2o::BlockSolverTraits<6, 6>> BlockSolverType;
typedef g2o::LinearSolverEigen<BlockSolverType::PoseMatrixType> LinearSolverType;
auto solver = new g2o::OptimizationAlgorithmLevenberg(
g2o::make_unique<BlockSolverType>(g2o::make_unique<LinearSolverType>()));
g2o::SparseOptimizer optimizer; // 图模型
optimizer.setAlgorithm(solver); // 设置求解器
optimizer.setVerbose(true); // 打开调试输出
int vertexCnt = 0, edgeCnt = 0; // 顶点和边的数量
vector<VertexSE3LieAlgebra *> vectices;
vector<EdgeSE3LieAlgebra *> edges;
while (!fin.eof()) {
string name;
fin >> name;
if (name == "VERTEX_SE3:QUAT") {
// 顶点
VertexSE3LieAlgebra *v = new VertexSE3LieAlgebra();
int index = 0;
fin >> index;
v->setId(index);
v->read(fin);
optimizer.addVertex(v);
vertexCnt++;
vectices.push_back(v);
if (index == 0)
v->setFixed(true);
} else if (name == "EDGE_SE3:QUAT") {
// SE3-SE3 边
EdgeSE3LieAlgebra *e = new EdgeSE3LieAlgebra();
int idx1, idx2; // 关联的两个顶点
fin >> idx1 >> idx2;
e->setId(edgeCnt++);
e->setVertex(0, optimizer.vertices()[idx1]);
e->setVertex(1, optimizer.vertices()[idx2]);
e->read(fin);
optimizer.addEdge(e);
edges.push_back(e);
}
if (!fin.good()) break;
}
cout << "read total " << vertexCnt << " vertices, " << edgeCnt << " edges." << endl;
cout << "optimizing ..." << endl;
optimizer.initializeOptimization();
optimizer.optimize(30);
cout << "saving optimization results ..." << endl;
// 因为用了自定义顶点且没有向g2o注册，这里保存自己来实现
// 伪装成 SE3 顶点和边，让 g2o_viewer 可以认出
ofstream fout("result_lie.g2o");
for (VertexSE3LieAlgebra *v:vectices) {
fout << "VERTEX_SE3:QUAT ";
v->write(fout);
}
for (EdgeSE3LieAlgebra *e:edges) {
fout << "EDGE_SE3:QUAT ";
e->write(fout);
}
fout.close();
return 0;
}
运行效果：
本章小结
位姿图
自PTAM提出以来，人们就意识到，后端的优化没有必要实时地响应前端的图像数据。人们倾向于把前端和后端分开，运行于两个独立线程之中，历史上称为跟踪(Tracking)和建图----虽然如此称呼，但是建图部分主要是指后端的优化部分。通俗地说，前端需要实时响应视频的速度，例如每秒30帧；而优化可以慢悠悠地进行，只要在优化完成时把结果返回给前端即可。所以，通常不会对后端优化提出很高的速度要求。
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