ROS的安装方法与问题解决,附带运行实例

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注:运行平台是NVIDIA tx2

1.安装(这是官网推荐安装方法,建议使用,下面运行实例有tx2上安装方法)

1.1配置 Ubuntu 软件仓库

配置你的 Ubuntu 软件仓库(repositories) 以允许 "restricted"、"universe" 和 "multiverse"这三种安装模式。 你可以按照 Ubuntu 中的配置指南来完成配置。

1.2添加 sources.list

设置你的电脑以从 packages.ros.org 接收软件.

sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://packages.ros.org/ros/ubuntu $(lsb_release -sc) main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/ros-latest.list'

1.3添加公钥

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver 'hkp://keyserver.ubuntu.com:80' --recv-key C1CF6E31E6BADE8868B172B4F42ED6FBAB17C654

如果你无法连接到公钥服务器,尝试用 hkp://pgp.mit.edu:80 替换上述命令中的服务器地址。

你也可以使用 curl 替代 apt-key 命令,如果你在使用一个代理服务器的话这可能会有帮助:

curl -sSL 'http://keyserver.ubuntu.com/pks/lookup?op=get&search=0xC1CF6E31E6BADE8868B172B4F42ED6FBAB17C654' | sudo apt-key add -

1.4安装

首先,确保你的 Debian 包索引是最新的:

sudo apt update

在 ROS 中有很多不同的库和工具。我们提供了四种默认选项供你开始。你也可以单独安装 ROS 的软件包。

如果下面的步骤出现问题,你可以用这个源来替代上面提到的源:ros-shadow-fixed

桌面完整版(推荐): : 包含 ROSrqtrviz机器人通用库、2D/3D 模拟器、导航以及 2D/3D 感知包。

sudo apt install ros-melodic-desktop-full

桌面版: 包含 ROSrqtrviz 和机器人通用库

sudo apt install ros-melodic-desktop

ROS-基础包: 包含 ROS 包,构建和通信库。没有图形界面工具。

sudo apt install ros-melodic-ros-base

单独的包: 你也可以安装某个指定的ROS软件包(使用软件包名称替换掉下面的PACKAGE):

sudo apt install ros-melodic-PACKAGE

如:

sudo apt install ros-melodic-slam-gmapping

要查找可用软件包,请运行:

apt search ros-melodic

1.5初始化 rosdep

在你使用 ROS 之前,需要初始化 rosdeprosdep 让你能够轻松地安装被想要编译的源代码,或被某些 ROS 核心组件需要的系统依赖。

sudo rosdep initrosdep update

1.6设置环境

将 ROS 环境变量自动添加到新 bash 会话会很方便:

echo "source /opt/ros/melodic/setup.bash" >> ~/.bashrcsource ~/.bashrc

如果你不只安装了一个 ROS 发行版, ~/.bashrc 只能使用你需要的 ROS 版本的 setup.bash 。

如果你只想设置当前 bash 会话的 ROS 环境变量,只需要输入:

source /opt/ros/melodic/setup.bash

如果你使用 zsh,那么你需要将上述命令改为:

echo "source /opt/ros/melodic/setup.zsh" >> ~/.zshrcsource ~/.zshrc

1.7构建工厂依赖

到目前为止,你已经安装了运行核心 ROS 包所需的内容。为了创建和管理自己的 ROS 工作区,有各种各样的工具和需求分别分布。例如:rosinstall 是一个经常使用的命令行工具,它使你能够轻松地从一个命令下载许多 ROS 包的源树。

要安装这个工具和其他构建ROS包的依赖项,请运行:

sudo apt-get install python-rosinstall python-rosinstall-generator python-wstool build-essential

 

1,安装中的错误

2.1初始化rosdep时报错,20-default.list无法下载:

sudo rosdep init

ERROR: cannot download default sources list from:

https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list

Website may be down.

网上典型热门解决方法如下:

1)ca-certificates问题,证书不对,重新安装证书

sudo apt-get install ca-certificates

2)系统时间同步问题,需要同步系统时间

参照链接https://blog.csdn.net/A18373279153/article/details/81003937进行系统时间同步

sudo apt-get install ntpdate

sudo ntpdate cn.pool.ntp.org

sudo hwclock --systohc

3) 还是ssl certs问题,继续尝试解决

sudo c_rehash /etc/ssl/certs

sudo -E rosdep init

4)python-rosdep问题

sudo apt-get install python-rosdep

但以上方法全部无效,无奈之下直接在/etc目录下新建/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list文件(注意sudo rosdep init失败时,/etc下并没有/ros目录,需要依次逐级新建),然后将https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list内容粘贴进去,如下:

# os-specific listings first

yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/osx-homebrew.yaml osx

 

# generic

yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/base.yaml

yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/python.yaml

yaml https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/ruby.yaml

gbpdistro https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/releases/fuerte.yaml fuerte

 

# newer distributions (Groovy, Hydro, ...) must not be listed anymore, they are being fetched from the rosdistro index.yaml instead

至此,终于解决了20-default.list下载不下来的问题。

注:这里虽然手动新建了20-default.list,但执行sudo rosdep init依然会出现之前的错误,这里我们无视,继续执行下一步。

然而我进入/etc目录下发现有/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list这个文件,于是直接进行接下的操作;但是还是会报错,如下显示:

rosdep update

reading in sources list data from /etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d

ERROR: unable to process source [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/osx-homebrew.yaml]:

<urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)> (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/osx-homebrew.yaml)

ERROR: unable to process source [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/base.yaml]:

<urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)> (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/base.yaml)

ERROR: unable to process source [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/python.yaml]:

<urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)> (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/python.yaml)

ERROR: unable to process source [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/ruby.yaml]:

<urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)> (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/rosdep/ruby.yaml)

ERROR: unable to process source [https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/releases/fuerte.yaml]:

Failed to download target platform data for gbpdistro:

<urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)>

Query rosdistro index https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/index-v4.yaml

ERROR: error loading sources list:

<urlopen error <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:590)> (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ros/rosdistro/master/index-v4.yaml)>

 

通过网上大量的查找资源找到的解决方法:

sudo gedit /etc/resolv.conf

将原有的nameserver这一行注释,并添加以下两行:

nameserver 8.8.8.8 #google域名服务器

nameserver 8.8.4.4 #google域名服务器

保存退出,执行

sudo  apt-get update

再执行

rosdep update

 

然后在回到之前的问题上:

ming@ming:~$ sudo rosdep init 

ERROR: default sources list file already exists:

/etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list

Please delete if you wish to re-initialize

 

解决办法:

执行以下命令,删除已经存在的初始化文件:

sudo rm /etc/ros/rosdep/sources.list.d/20-default.list

然后再重新运行

sudo rosdep init

自此完全解决这个问题,Ros成功安装。

 

3,实例安装与运行

首先,我是在NVIDIA tx2上运行并安装gstcam的实例。

3.1 git上下载自动脚本

  git clone https://github.com/jetsonhacks/installROSTX2.git

ls

   cd installROSTX2/

  ls

  ./setupCatkinWorkspace.sh

3.2 运行程序

cd ~/catkin-ws

source devel/setup.bash

cd src

git clone https://github.com/ros-drivers/gscam.git

sudo apt-get install gstreamer1.0-tools libgstreamer1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-base1.0-dev libgstreamer-plugins-good1.0-dev

cd ..

catkin_make -DGSTREAMER_VERSION_1_x=On

添加文件〜/ catkin_ws / src / gscam / examples / tx2.launch

<launch>

  <!-- This launchfile should bring up a node that broadcasts a ros image

       transport on /webcam/image_raw -->

  <arg name="DEVICE" default="/dev/video0"/>

  <!-- The GStreamer framerate needs to be an integral fraction -->

  <arg name="FPS" default="30/1"/>

  <arg name="PUBLISH_FRAME" default="false"/>

  <arg name="GST10" default="false"/>

  <node ns="v4l" name="gscam_driver_v4l" pkg="gscam" type="gscam" output="screen">

    <param name="camera_name" value="default"/>

    <param name="camera_info_url" value="package://gscam/examples/uncalibrated_parameters.ini"/>

    <param name="gscam_config" value="nvcamerasrc sensor-id=0 ! video/x-raw(memory:NVMM),width=1280, height=720,format=I420, framerate=30/1 ! nvvidconv flip-method=0 ! video/x-raw, format=BGRx ! videoconvert ! ffmpegcolorspace "/>

    <!-- not working <param name="gscam_config" value="nvcamerasrc sensor-id=0 ! 'video/x-raw(memory:NVMM),width=1280, height=720,format=I420, framerate=30/1' ! nvvidconv flip-method=0 ! 'video/x-raw, format=BGRx' ! videoconvert ! 'video/x-raw, format=BGR' ! appsink "/>-->

    <!-- working, but maybe too much <param name="gscam_config" value="nvcamerasrc sensor-id=0 ! video/x-raw(memory:NVMM),width=1280, height=720,format=I420, framerate=30/1 ! nvvidconv flip-method=0 ! video/x-raw, format=BGRx ! videoconvert ! video/x-raw, format=BGR "/> -->

    <param name="frame_id" value="/v4l_frame"/>

    <param name="sync_sink" value="true"/>

  </node>

  <node if="$(arg PUBLISH_FRAME)" name="v4l_transform" pkg="tf" type="static_transform_publisher" args="1 2 3 0 -3.141 0 /world /v4l_frame 10"/>

</launch>

运行

roslaunch gscam tx2.launch

# on other console, run

rosrun image_view image_view image:=/v4l/camera/image_raw

roslaunch gscam tx2.launch运行过程中出现以下错误时:

[robot_launch.launch] is neither a launch file in package [kinova_gazebo] nor is [kinova_gazebo] a launch file name
The traceback for the exception was written to the log file
报错说明ros系统中,并没有安装相对应的package。在这种情况下,进入工程文件的最顶层,使用catkin_make命令对文件进行编译。如果此时再执行,还是会报错的,那么还要再加上一条语句:

source devel/setup.bash

将devel/setup.bash添加到系统,之后再运行就可以了。

附上参考网站地址:

ROS安装官网:http://wiki.ros.org/cn/melodic/Installation/Ubuntu#A.2BUh1Zy1MW_rosdep

ROS 初始化rosdep时报错:

(1)https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/77483614

(2)https://www.jianshu.com/p/bdbfbac69114

(3)https://blog.csdn.net/mrh1714348719/article/details/103803110#commentBox

ROS运行实例报错:https://blog.csdn.net/lqzdreamer/article/details/82812738

TX2上运行实例:

(1)https://github.com/jetsonhacks/installROSTX2

(2)https://github.com/ros-drivers/gscam/issues/38

 

 

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