(y=f(x),x是自变量 independent variable,y是因变量 dependent variable)
1 基本概念
- 假设hypothesis:A testable prediction of the outcome of the experiment or research
- 空假设 null hypothesis:the statement that the independent variable will have no effect on the dependent variable (在有确凿的证据拒绝之之前,我们假定空假设都是正确的)
- Experimental Treatments :Alternative manipulations of the independent variable being investigated(进行的实验操作)
Experimental Group:Group of subjects exposed to the experimental treatment (又被称为effect group,需要被施以实验的组别) Control Group:Group of subjects exposed to the control condition, Not exposed to the experimental treatment (对照组)
Extraneous variable – variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. (外来变量,可能也会对因变量y有影响的变量)Confounding variable– an extraneous variable that does indeed influence the dependent variable.– systematically varies or influences the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable.(混杂变量,对因变量有影响的变量【影响自变量x,故而也会影响因变量y】)
2 如何减少外来变量的影响?
2.1 减少bias
- 设置对照组(control group)
- 随机采样
- blinding——eg,论文审稿的单盲和双盲