2021 年 6 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）——解析版

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2021 年 6 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）

Part I Writing (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay titled "Is technology making people lazy? " The statement given below is for your reference. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
Many studies claim that computers distract people,make them lazy thinkers and even lower their work efficiency.
在这部分，你有30分钟的时间写一篇文章，题目是“是科技让人们变得懒惰吗？”下面的陈述仅供参考。你应该写至少120字，但不超过180字。
许多研究表明，电脑会分散人们的注意力，使他们变得懒惰，甚至降低他们的工作效率。

审题

范文

Is technology making people lazy?

  【1】Is technology making people lazy? This is quite an interesting question many people might never think of. After careful consideration,【2】my answer is “Yes, Technology is making people lazy. ”
  【3】A famous saying goes that laziness promotes the advances of technology. In turn, advanced technology makes people become lazier after replacing human -beings-to do-what they should have done.【4】For example, with the help of robots,people can clean their houses without even moving their butts.
With the advent of computers, the situation is going from bad to worse.【5】Many studies claim that computers distract people,make them lazy thinkers and even lower their work efficiency.Maybe that’s why many people are hopping from one website to another, having no idea of what they are doing.
  【6】To conclude, technology makes people lazy. Mankind need to be aware of not becoming the slave of technology.

点评

【1】利用问句开篇引出话题，同时让读者产生兴趣。
【2】提出论点：科技正在让人们变懒。
【3】用相关谚语增强文章的辨识度，脱颖而出。
【4】用For example举例证明自己的观点。
【5】利用题目给出的科学证据增强说服力。
【6】得出结论并提出建议。

词汇

driverless car 无人驾驶汽车
double-edged sword 双刃剑
take advantage of… 利用…
prevalent 流行的，普遍的
reveal 揭露；显露
leisure 空闲，闲暇
ridiculous 荒唐的，可笑的
laborious 费劲的，耗时费力的
innovation 创新
initiate 开始实施，发起
laboratory 实验室
be willing to… 愿意…
hand over to machines 移交给机器
ethical 关于伦理的
security 安全工作；保障
lifestyle 生活方式

Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section,you will hear three news reports. At the end of each news report,you will hear two or three questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (2) An 81-year-old man ended up in Germany by accident after trying to get from Newcastle,Great Britain,to Rome,Italy.
  (1)The old age pensioner was on a mission to see the Pope,who is head of the Catholic Church,and decided to make his way there by car.
  He was surprised when his GPS system told him he had arrived,although there were no signs of any of the famous buildings or architecture.
  The man parked but didn’t put on the handbrake of his car properly.
  His car rolled backwards,and in a striking display of irony,hit a sign saying“Rom”—the small town in North Germany he had mistakenly plugged into the GPS system.
  Police said that the car had come to a halt after hitting the sign,but did not appear to be seriously damaged,although an ambulance was called to check on the pensioner.
  The man,who lives in the UK and is originally Italian,might have been confused by the fact that Rome is written"Roma”in Italian and“Rom"in German.

2021-06-02-01.—开头第二句—原词复现三个“see the Pope”

1. A. See the Pope.
   B. Go to Newcastle.
   C. Travel to Germany.
   D. Tour an Italian city.

1. A.见教皇。
B.去纽卡斯尔。
C.去德国旅行。
D.游览意大利城市。

1.What did the old age pensioner plan to do?
A【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头指出，一名81岁的老人试图从英国纽卡斯尔去意大利罗马，他是为了去见天主教会的教皇。因此，答案为A。

2021-06-02-02.—开头第一句—原词复现三个“end up in”

2. A. He was talcen to hospital in an ambulance.
   B. His car hit a sign and was badly damaged.
   C. His GPS system went out of order.
   D. He ended up in the wrong place.

2. A.他被救护车送到了医院。
B.他的车撞上了一个标志，严重受损。
C.他的GPS系统坏了。
D.他走错了地方。

2.What finally happened to the old man?
D【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，老人试图从英国纽卡斯尔去意大利罗马，却最终意外地到了德国。由此可知，他最终到错了地方，故答案为D。

Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (3) Glasgow has pledged to become the first carbon neutral city in the UK.The city’s council and ScottishPower have announced a range of strategies in an attempt to reduce carbonemissions ahead of the new national target of 2045.
  First Minister Nicola Sturgeon welcomed the pledge and said:“Today’s announcement between ScottishPower and Glasgow City Council—to make Glasgow the UK’s first net-zero city—is a very welcome step.Reaching our goals will need exactly this kind of partnershipapproach—with government,business,local authorities and citizens all playing their part.”
  (4) Speaking ahead of the All Energy Conference being held in Glasgow,ScottishPower chief executive Keith Anderson said:“We have a large supply of renewable energy on our doorstep and one of the only two low emission zones in action across the UK.Now,we need to invest in the technologies and programmes that transform the rest of Glasgow’s economy and make us net zero before anyone else."

2021-06-02-03.—开头第一句—原词复现七个“Glasgow has pledged to … in the UK”

3. A. Scotland will reach the national target in carbon emissions reduction ahead of schedule.
   B. Glasgow City Council has made a deal with ScottishPower on carbon emissions.
   C. Glasgow has pledged to take the lead in reducing carbon emissions in the UK.
   D. First Minister Nicola Sturgeon urged ScottishPower to reduce carbon emissions.

3. A.苏格兰将提前达到国家碳减排目标。
B.格拉斯哥市议会与苏格兰电力公司就碳排放问题达成协议。
C.格拉斯哥承诺在英国率先减少碳排放。
D.首席部长尼古拉·斯特金敦促苏格兰电力公司减少碳排放。

3.What do we learn from the news report?
C【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，格拉斯哥承诺要成为英国第一个碳中和城市，并通过一系列的措施减少碳排放。因此，答案为C。

2021-06-02-04.—定位第一二句—原词复现一个“technologies”

4. A. Glasgow needs to invest in new technologies to reach its goal.
   B. Glasgow is going to explore new sources of renewable energy.
   C. Stricter regulation is needed in transforming Glasgow’s economy.
   D. It’s necessary to create more low-emission zones as soon as possible.

4. A.格拉斯哥需要投资新技术来实现其目标。
B.格拉斯哥将探索新的可再生能源。
C.格拉斯哥的经济转型需要更严格的监管。
D.有必要尽快建立更多的低排放区。

4.What did ScottishPower’s chief executive say ahead of the All Energy Conference?
A【精析】细节辨认题。新闻中提到，苏格兰电力公司的首席执行官在能源大会之前提出他们需要投资技术和项目来实现格拉斯哥其他地区的经济转型。因此，答案为A。

Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.

  (5-1)A Japanese IT firm has officially introduced an“office cat”policy to combat the stressful environment of the workplace.
  A total of nine furry friends freely wander around in the office and do whatever their little hearts desire.
  (5-2) Hidenobu Fukuda,who heads the firm,introduced the pet policy,upon request from one of his employees,allowing staff to bring their own cats to work.
  Employee Eri Ito is grateful for their animals’comforting ways.“Cats are sleeping just beside us.It’s healing."she said.(6)Not only does Fukuda encourage bringing cats to the job,but he also encourages his employees to rescue cats from overpopulated shelters or streets. He gives 5,000 yen,about 45 US dollars a month to thosewho rescue a cat.
  While the positives are many,there are still some obstacles.“Sometimes a cat will walk on a phone and cut off the call,or they shut down the computers by walking onto the off switch."Ito says.
  (7)Still,cats in the workplace have been a tremendous success for the company.The policy has led to various other companies doing the same.

  日本一家IT公司正式推出了一项“办公室猫”政策，以应对压力巨大的工作环境。
  总共有9个毛茸茸的朋友在办公室里自由地走来走去，做着他们心中想做的事情。
  该公司的老板hideobu Fukuda应一名员工的要求推出了这项宠物政策，允许员工带自己的猫上班。
  员工伊藤（Eri Ito）很感激他们的动物给人安慰的方式。“猫就睡在我们旁边。它的治疗。(6)福田不仅鼓励员工带猫上班，还鼓励员工从拥挤的收容所或街上救出猫。他每月给那些救猫的人5000日元，约合45美元。
  虽然有很多积极因素，但仍存在一些障碍。“有时一只猫会走到电话上切断电话，或者它们会走到关闭开关上关闭电脑。”伊藤说。
  (7)尽管如此，在工作场所养猫还是给公司带来了巨大的成功。这一政策导致其他公司也纷纷效仿。

2021-06-02-05.—开头第一句—原词复现两个“bring … cat”

5. A. It donates money to overpopulated animal shelters.
   B. It permits employees to bring cats into their office.
   C. It gives 5,000 yen to employees who keep pet cats.
   D. It allows workers to do whatever their hearts desire.

5. A.它向人口过多的动物收容所捐款。
B.公司允许员工把猫带进办公室。
C.养宠物猫的员工可以得到5000日元的奖励。
D.它允许员工做任何他们内心想做的事。

5.What do we learn from the news report about the Japanese IT firm?
B【精析】细节辨认题。新闻开头提到，日本一家IT公司正式推出了一项“办公室猫”政策，以改善紧张的工作环境。根据这一政策，这家公司允许员工把 自己的猫带进办公室，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-06.—中间不一定听得到—原词复现两个“rescue … cat”

6. A. Keep cats off the street.
   B. Rescue homeless cats.
   C. Volunteer to help in ammal shelters.
   D. Contnbute to a fund for cat protection.

6. A.不要让猫出现在街上。
B.救助流浪猫。
C.自愿去动物收容所帮忙。
D.为猫保护基金捐款。

6.What does Fukuda encourage his employees to do?
B【精析】细节推断题。新闻中提到福田不仅鼓励员工带着猫工作，还鼓励员工从动物数量过多的动物收容所或大街上救助猫。此处在收容所和大街上的猫都可以理解为无家可归的猫，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-07.—结尾第一二句—原词复现三个“led … other companies”

7. A. It has contributed tremendously to the firm’s fame.
   B. It has helped a lot to improve animals’ well-being.
   C. It has led some other companies to follow suit.
   D. It has resulted in damage to office equipment.

7. A.这极大地提高了公司的声誉。
B.这对改善动物的健康有很大帮助。
C.它已经导致其他一些公司效仿。
D.导致了办公设备的损坏。

7.What does the news report say about the firm’s policy?
C【精析】细节辨认题。新闻最后肯定了“办公室猫” 政策的积极影响，认为带猫上班对于公司来说是一项巨大的成功，其他公司也纷纷效仿这一政策，因此答案为C。

Section B

Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once . After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.
在这个部分，你将听到两个长对话。在每段对话的最后，你会听到四个问题。对话和问题都只讲一次。当你听到一个问题后，你必须从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出一个最佳答案，然后在答题卡1上对应的字母中间划一条横线。

Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

M： (8-1)Has Jimmy been coming in lately?
W：No,I haven’t seen him around.Why?Has he been causing any trouble?
M：Not that I know of.(8-2)But I need to see him,because my friends and I lent him some money last month. We haven’t heard from him since. I heard he comes here a lot,so I thought I’d come in and check with you.
W：Well,that’s funny.Some other fellow came in asking for Jimmy just yesterday,(9)a real nervous,pushy type of fellow,saying he needed Jimmy for some study project they were working on. But I can’t quite remember what it was all about.Is this a lot of money we’re talking about here?
M：No,just 60 pounds between the three of us,but still a bit too much to just let go.(10)He told us he’d got into an accident. Nothing serious,mind you,but he damaged someone’s car andwanted to get some money together to make up for the damage he’d caused
W：Hmm,isn’t that sort of thing usually covered by insurance?And then,if you still wanted to give money as some sort of apology or something,he probably shouldn’t have to go around borrowing it from people.
M：You think Jimmy’s just making it all up?See,I did think it was a bit weird for him to be asking for money for that sort of thing.And his story was a bit vague to beginwith.(11)But I thought maybe he doesn’t want his parents to know about what happened. So he’d rather come to us and keep things quiet.Anyway, Jimmy is a good guy.So we didn’t make a fuss about it.

男：吉米最近来过吗？
女：没有，我没见过他，怎么了？他惹什么麻烦了吗？
男：但是我需要见他，因为我和我的朋友上个月借给了他一些钱。从那以后我们就没有他的消息了。我听说他经常来这里，所以我想我应该进来看看你。
女：嗯，那很有趣。就在昨天，另一个家伙来找吉米，一个非常紧张、有进取心的家伙，说他需要吉米做他们正在做的一个研究项目。但我不太记得是怎么回事了。这是一大笔钱吗？
男：不，我们三个人只有60磅，但还是有点重，不能放手。他告诉我们他出了车祸。注意，没什么大不了的，但他弄坏了别人的车，想要弄点钱来弥补他造成的损失。
女：嗯，这类事情不都包括在保险范围内吗？然后，如果你还想把钱作为某种道歉之类的东西，他可能不应该到处向别人借钱。
男：你认为这一切都是吉米编造的吗？我确实觉得他为这种事向我要钱有点奇怪。他的故事一开始就有点模糊，但我想也许他不想让他的父母知道发生了什么。所以他宁愿来找我们，把事情保密。不管怎样，吉米是个好人。所以我们没有大惊小怪。

2021-06-02-08.—开头第一句—原词复现一个“Jimmy”

8. A. Find out where Jimmy is.
   B. Borrow money from Jimmy.
   C Make friends with Jimmy.
   D. Ask Jimmy what is to be done.

8. A.找出吉米在哪里。
B.向吉米借钱。
C和吉米交朋友。
D.问吉米要做什么。

8.What does the man want to do?
A【精析】细节推断题。对话开头，男士向女士询问吉米的下落，并向女士解释自己和朋友借给吉米一些钱，但是已经一个月没有他的消息了。由此可知，男士是在找吉米，因此答案为A。

2021-06-02-09.—中间—原词复现三个“study project … Jimmy”

9. A. He was unsure what kind of fellow Jimmy was.
   B. He was working on a study project with Jimmy.
   C. He wanted to make a sincere apology to Jimmy.
   D. He wanted to invite her to join in a study project.

9. A.他不确定吉米是个什么样的人。
B.他在和吉米一起做一个研究项目。
C.他想向吉米真诚地道歉。
D.他想邀请她参加一个研究项目。

9.What do we learn about the man who came to see the woman yesterday?
B【精析】细节辨认题。对话中，女士了解男士的来意后，向他提起昨天也有人来找吉米，那个人和吉米正在做一个研究项目，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-10.—中间—原词复现一个—难

10. A. He got a ticket for speeding.
    B. He got his car badly damaged.
    C. He was involved m a traffic accident.
    D. He had an operation for his injury.

10. A.他超速被开了一张罚单。
B.他的车严重损坏了。
C.他卷入了一场交通事故。
D.他接受了手术治疗。

10.What did Jimmy say happen to him one day?
C【精析】细节辨认题。对话中，男士提及吉米曾告诉他自己出了车祸，C选项中的was involved in 有“卷人，涉及”之意，和原文表达相符，因此答案 为 C。

2021-06-02-11.—结尾第二句—原词复现两个“want … parents”

11. A. He needed to make some donation to charity.
    B. He found the 60 pounds in his pocket missing.
    C. He wanted to buy a gift for his mother’s birthday.
    D. He wanted to conceal something from his parents.

11. A.他需要向慈善机构捐款。
B.他发现口袋里的60英镑不见了。
C.他想给他妈妈买一份生日礼物。
D.他想对父母隐瞒一些事情。

11.Why did Jimmy borrow money according to theman?
D【精析】目的原因题。对话末尾男士分析了吉米借钱的原因，虽然有点奇怪，但是他认为吉米是不想让自己的父母知道发生了什么事，D选项中的 conceal 表示“隐瞒”，和原文表达相符，因此答案为D。

Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

W：Hi,Max.How are you?Listen.(12)I wanted to ask you about ordering shopping online.I’ve never done it before and I know that you’ve been doing it for ages.
M：Sure.I love getting my shopping delivered.It makes life so much simpler—(13)no carrying heavy shopping bags in the rain,or trying to park the car on those huge supermarket car parks then not being able to find it again after you come out of the shops.
W： (14)But there must be some problems.I mean,how do you know that you won’t get bad fruit,or that the eggs won’t be broken?
M：Oh,come on.The food is exactly the same as the stuff you buy in a conventional shop.They aren’t going to deliver you food that is out of date.And if you get a broken egg,well,that could happen in a conventional shop,too.If anything is really wrong,you can just take photographs of the damage,and they will give you the money back or replace the item.
W：How about delivery fees?Is it not more expensive to get everything delivered?
M： (15)I actually found that it was cheaper for me,as I live quite far away from my local supermarket.So with the deliveries,I’m actually saving on petrol.
W：I’ve never thought of that.If you aren’t driving your own car,then you are saving on fuel.Right,you’ve convinced me.I’m going to go on the computer now and give it a try.So,which supermarket doyou think is the best to order from?
M：Oh,no.That’s definitely up to you.Otherwise,we’ll be here all day.

女：嗨，马克斯。听着，我想问你关于网上购物的事。我以前从来没有做过，我知道你已经做了很多年了。
男：当然。我喜欢买东西的时候让人送货上门。它使生活变得简单多了——不用在雨中提着沉重的购物袋，也不用把车停在超市的大停车场上，然后从商店出来后又找不到了。
女：但是肯定有一些问题。我的意思是，你怎么知道你不会得到坏水果，或者鸡蛋不会被打破？
男：哦，来吧。这里的食物和你在传统商店买到的完全一样。他们不会给你送过期的食物。如果你的鸡蛋碎了，这在传统的商店里也会发生。如果真的有什么问题，你可以把损坏的地方拍下来，他们会把钱退给你或者换东西。
女：运费是多少？送货不是更贵吗？
男：实际上我发现它对我来说更便宜，因为我住的地方离当地的超市很远。所以有了快递，我就省下了汽油。
女：我从来没想过这个。如果你不开自己的车，那么你就节省了燃料。好吧，你说服我了。我现在要打开电脑试一试。那么，你认为哪家超市最适合订餐呢？
男：哦，不。这完全取决于你。否则，我们要在这儿待一整天了。

2021-06-02-12.—女一第二句—原词复现两个“shopping online”

12. A. Shopping delivery.
    B. Shopping online.
    C. Where he goes shopping.
    D. How often he does shopping.

12. A.购物送货。
B.网上购物。
C.他去哪里购物。
D.他多久购物一次。

12.What did the woman want to ask Max about?
B【精析】细节辨认题。对话开头女士开门见山，直接表明自己想咨询网上购物的相关问题，因此答案为B。

2021-06-02-13.—男一第二句—原词复现两个“car parked”

13. A. Searching in the aisles.
    B. Dealing with the traffic.
    C. Driving too long a distance.
    D. Getting one’s car parked.

13. A.在过道里搜寻。
B.处理交通问题。
C.开车距离太长。
D.把车停好。

13.What does the man think is a problem with shopping in supermarkets?
D【精析】细节辨认题。对话中男士向女士介绍网上购物使自己的生活变得简单，不需要在雨中提沉重的购物袋，也不用面对费力把车停到大超市停车场后，购物出来找不到车的窘境，对比四个选项，D 选项符合原文的表达，因此答案为D。

2021-06-02-14.—女二第二句—无原词复现—难

14. A. The after-sales service.
    B. The replacement policy.
    C. The quality of food products.
    D. The damage to the packaging.

A.售后服务。
B.更换政策。
C.食品的质量。
D.包装的损坏。

14.What is the woman’s concern about shopping online?
C【精析】细节推断题。对话中，女士认为网上购物会有一些问题，询问男士怎么知道自己不会收到坏水果或者收到碎鸡蛋。由此可知，女士担心网上购物会出现食品质量问题，因此答案为C。

2021-06-02-15.—男三第二句—原词复现一个“save”

15. A. It saves money.
    B. It offers more choice.
    C. It increases the joy of shopping.
    D. It is less time-consuming.

A.省钱。
B.它提供了更多的选择。
C.增加购物的乐趣。
D.省时。

15.What does the man find about shopping online?
A【精析】细节辨认题。对话末尾，女士询问男士快递费用，担心网上购物花费高。男士表示网上购物对他来说更便宜，因为他住得离超市比较远，用快递的方式可以省下油费，因此答案为A。

Section C

Directions: In this section , you will hear threepassages. At the end of each passage , you will hear three or four questions. Both thepassage and the questions will bespoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.

Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.

  (16)A recent study found that 10 percent of British children suffer from math anxiety, This means they have overwhelming negative emotions towards the subject, ranging from rage to despair. Other emotions triggered by math include feelings of tension and frustration, Physical symptoms include a racing heart or struggling to catch breath.
  The phenomenon of math anxiety is characterized as a general sense of feeling that the subject is hard compared with other subjects leading to a subsequent lack-or loss of-confidence.
  Researchers said they investigated individuals’ attitudes towards mathematics because of what could be referred to as a mathematics crisis in the UK. (17) There’s a widespread misunderstanding that only low performing children suffer from math anxiety. People automatically assume children are anxious about math bccause they are poor achievers.
  In fact, more than three quarters of children with high levels of math anxiety are normal to high achievers.
  Probably their math anxiety will go unnoticed because their performance is good. But in the long term their performance is negatively affected.
  So the real danger here is that children who will completely able to do math at a normal level may keep away from it because they feel anxious.
  Math anxiety can severely disrupt students’ performance in the subject in both primary and secondary school. (18) But importantly and surprisinglythis new study suggests that the majority of students experiencing math anxiety have normal to high math ability.

2021-06-02-16.—开头第一句—原词复现三个“negative emotions towards”

16. A. They have little talent for learning math.
    B. They need medical help for math anxiety.
    C. They need extra help to catch up in the math class.
    D. They have strong negative emotions towards math.

16. A.他们没有学习数学的天赋。
B.他们的数学焦虑需要医疗帮助。
C.他们需要额外的帮助来赶上数学课。
D.他们对数学有强烈的负面情绪。

16.What did a recent study find about some British children?
D【精析】细节辨认题。短文开头指出，最近的一项研究发现，10%的英国儿童患有数学焦虑。这意味着他们对这门学科有着从愤怒到绝望的强烈的消极情绪，由数学触发的情绪还包括紧张和沮丧，体征表现为心跳加速或呼吸困难。因此，答案为 D。

2021-06-02-17.—中间—原词复现两个“performing children”

17. A. It will gradually pass away without teachers’help.
    B. It affects low performing children only.
    C. It is related to a child’s low intelligence.
    D. It exists mostly among children from poor families.

17. A.没有老师的帮助，它会逐渐消失。
B.它只影响表现不佳的儿童。
C.这与孩子的智力低下有关。
D.它主要存在于贫困家庭的孩子中。

17.What is the widespread misunderstanding about math anxiety?
B【精析】细节辨认题。短文中提到，有一种普遍的误解认为只有表现不佳的儿童才会患上数学焦虑，因此答案为 B。

2021-06-02-18.—结尾第一句—原词复现两个“math ability”

18. A. Most of them have average to strong math ability.
    B. Most of them get timely help from their teachers.
    C. They will regain confidence with counselling.
    D. They are mostly secondary school students.

17.A.没有老师的帮助，它会逐渐消失。
B.它只影响表现不佳的儿童。
C.这与孩子的智力低下有关。
D.它主要存在于贫困家庭的孩子中。

18.What does the passage say about British students with math anxiety?
【精析】细节辨认题。短文最后提到，一项新研究表明，大多数经历数学焦虑的学生，其数学能力正常或高于正常水平，即大多数有数学焦虑的学生有较强的数学能力，因此答案为 A。

Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.

  People spend a lot of time using phones and computers, Much of that time is devoted to text messages and social media, But many people choose to spend their time playing computer games.
  For years, parents and teachers have worried that these games might be addictive. (19) And now, the World Health Organization has recognized addiction to computer games as a disease. The organization explains that this decision reflects general agreement among experts around the world that some people have a problem with these games. They show a pattern of behavior characterized by a lack of control. (20)Such people make computer games a priority over their responsibilities. They may play games instead of attending school, or work,or socializing.
  According to the World Health Organization experts, people’s use of computer games is different from their use of the Internet, social media and online shopping. These experts claim there is not sufficient data to indicate that people’s reliance on those other activities is an addiction. But they argue that playing computer games to access is different, This behavior can become a disorder, To meet the new definition for addiction,the behavior must damage a person’s relationships or performance at school or work, and this must last for at least a year. (21) Still not all bchavior experts agree. Some argue that there’s not enough research on the subject, Thus, they claim it is too early to call computer game addiction a disorder.

2021-06-02-19.—开头第三句—原词复现全部

19. A. Social media addiction is a threat to our health.
    B. Too many people are addicted to smartphones.
    C. Addiction to computer games is a disease.
    D. Computer games can be rather addictive.

19.A.社交媒体成瘾对我们的健康构成威胁。
B.太多的人沉迷于智能手机。
C.沉迷于电脑游戏是一种疾病。
D.电脑游戏很容易上瘾。

19.What conclusion has the World Health Organization come to recently?
【精析】细节辨认题。短文开头指出，人们花大量时间玩手机和电脑游戏，家长和老师担心这些游戏会使人上瘾；接着指出，世界卫生组织已经认定电脑游戏成瘾是一种疾病。因此答案为C。

2021-06-02-20.—中间—无原词复现—难

20. A. They prioritize their favored activity over what they should do.
    B. They do their favored activity whenever and wherever possible.
    C. They are unaware of the damage their behavior is doing to them.
    D. They are unable to get rid of their addiction without professional help.

20.A.他们优先考虑自己喜欢的活动，而不是应该做的事情。
B.他们无论何时何地只要有可能就做他们喜欢的活动。
C.他们没有意识到他们的行为对他们造成的伤害。
D.没有专业人士的帮助，他们无法戒除毒瘾。

20.What is said of people with addictive behavior?
A【精析】细节辨认题。短文提到，世界卫生组织指出，世界各地专家普遍认为有些人对于玩游戏会表现出一种缺乏控制的行为模式，他们把电脑游戏置于自己的责任之上，他们可能只玩游戏，而不去上学、工作或社交。
A选项中的favored activity对应文中的computer games，选项中what they should do 则对应 their responsibilities，因此答案为 A。

2021-06-02-21.—结尾第一句—原词复现两个“not enough”

21. A. It maybe less damaging than previously believed.
    B. There will never be agreement on its harm to people.
    C. It may prove to be beneficial to developing creativity.
    D. There is not enough evidence to classify it as a disease.

21. A.它的破坏性可能没有之前认为的那么大。
B.关于它对人的危害，永远不会有一致的看法。
C.它可能被证明对培养创造力有益。
D.没有足够的证据将其归类为一种疾病。

21.What do some behavior experts think of addiction to computer games?
D【精析】细节辨认题。短文最后指出，并非所有行为专家都同意电脑游戏成瘾是种疾病的说法，有些人认为这方面的研究还不够，他们认为将电脑游戏成瘾称为一种疾病还为时过早。因此答案为 D。

Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

  Maybe you carry the most powerful passport in the world, or perhaps the rarest passport. Whatever the case, your passport will likely be one of four colors: red, blue, green or black, although there are slight variations, Switzerland’s passport is dark red, for example, (22)while most European countries prefer a shade of red. That’s almost brown.
  (23)There are no official rules regarding passport colors, but countries follow a certain set of norms when designing them. The International Civil Aviation Organization, which works to define the principles of air travel, suggests that countries use a suitable type, size and style for official documents like passports.
  There are also a few compulsory aspects of passports. They must be made from a material that bends. They should be able to be read by a machine at temperatures ranging from 10 degrees Celsius to 50 degrees Celsius,under the conditions where the air can be extremely dry or moist.
  Despite these existing recommendations, there is nothing regarding the cover color. Why? (24)Simply put, countries stick to darker and more conservative colors because they appear more official. And they can also hide dirt and wear.While there’s little innovation when it comes to passport cover color, the same cannot be said for the pages. (25)The passports of many countries can take images of their well-known geographical features and wildlife.which also function as security features as some are only visible under a special light.

2021-06-02-22.—开头第三句—原词复现三个“shade of red”

22. A. They are relatively uniform in color and design.
    B. They appear more formal than other passports.
    C. They area shade of red bordering on brown.
    D. They vary in color from country to country.

22. A.它们在颜色和图案上都比较统一。
B.它们看起来比其他护照更正式。
C.它们是靠近棕色的红色阴影。
D.它们的颜色因国家而异。

22.What do we learn about most European passports?
【精析】细节辨认题。短文开头提到，各国护照以红色、蓝色、绿色或黑色为主，接着举例指出多数欧洲国家的护照更喜欢使用近似棕色的红色，因此答案为 C。

2021-06-02-23.—中间—无原词复现—难

23. A. They must endure wear and tear.
    B. They must be of the same size.
    C. They must be made from a rare material.
    D. They must follow some common standards.

23. A.它们必须经得起磨损。
B.它们的尺寸一定是一样的。
C.它们必须由稀有材料制成。
D.他们必须遵循一些共同的标准。

23.What does the passage say about the design of passports?
D【精析】细节辨认题。短文提到，对于护照的颜色没有官方规定，但是各国在设计护照时会遵循定的标准，因此答案为 D。

2021-06-02-24.—中间—无原词复现—难

24. A. They look more traditional.
    B. They look more official.
    C. They are favored by airlines.
    D. They are easily identifiable.

24. A.它们看起来更传统。
B.它们看起来更正式。
C.它们受到航空公司的青睐。
D.它们很容易辨认。

24. Why are dark colors chosen for passport covers?
    B【精析】目的原因题。短文提到，各个国家坚持护照封面使用深色和更保守的颜色，因为它们看起来更正式，因此答案为 B。

2021-06-02-25.—结尾第一句—原词复现一个/一半“security”

25. A. For beauty.
    B. For variety.
    C. For visibility.
    D. For security.

25.A.为了美丽。
B.为了多样化。
C.能见度。
D.为了安全。

25.What is one special function of the images inside many passports?
【精析】细节辨认题。短文最后提到，许多国家的护照上可以使用本国著名的地理特征和野生动物的图像，这些图像可以作为安全特征，因为有些图像只有在特殊的光线下才能看到，因此答案为 D。

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identifie by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
  Social isolation poses more health risks than obesity or smoking 15 cigarettes a day, according to research published by Brigham Young University. The 26 is that loneliness is a huge, if silent, risk factor.
  Loneliness affects physical health in two ways. First, it produces stress hormones that can lead to many health problems. Second, people who live alone are less likely to go to the doctor 27 , to exercise or to eat a healthy diet.
  Public health experts in many countries are 28 how to address widespread loneliness in our society. Last year Britain even appointed a minister for loneliness. “Loneliness 29 almost every one of us at some point,” its minister for loneliness Baroness Barran said. “It can lead to very serious health 30 for individuals who become isolated and disconnected. "
  Barran started a"Let’s Talk Loneliness” campaign that 31 difficult conversations across Britain. He is now supporting " 32 benches," which are public seating areas where people are encouraged to go and chat with one another. The minister is also 33 to stop public transportation from being cut in ways that leave people isolated.
  More than one-fifth of adults in both the United States and Britain said in a 2018 34 that they often or always feel lonely. More than half of American adults are unmarried, and researchers have found that even among those who are married, 30% of relationships are 35 strained. A quarter of Americans now live alone, and as the song says, one is the loneliest number.

A. abruptly
B. appointments
C. consequences
D. debating
E. dimensions
F. friendly
G. hindered
H. idiom
I. intplication
J. pushing
K. severely
L. sparked
M. splitting
N. survey
O. touches

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

What happens when a language has no words for numbers?

A. Numbers do not exist in all cultures. There are numberless hunter-gatherers in Amazonia, living along branches of the world’s largest river tree. Instead of using words for precise quantities, these people rely exclusively on terms similar to “a few” or “some.” In contrast, our own lives are governed by numbers. As you read this, you are likely aware of what time it is, how old you are, your checking account balance, your weight and so on. The exact numbers we think with impact everything in our lives.

B. But, in a historical sense, number-conscious people like us are the unusual ones. For the bulk of our species’approximately 200,000-year lifespan, we had no means of precisely representing quantities. What’s more, the 7,000 or so languages that exist today vary dramatically in how they utilize numbers.

C. Speakers of anumeric, or numberless, languages offer a window into how the invention of numbers reshaped the human experience. Olltures without nwnbers, or with only one or two precise numbers, include the Munduruku and Piraha in Amazonia. Researchers have also studied some adults in Nicaragua who were never taught nmnber words. Without numbers, healthy human adults struggle to precisely distinguish and recall quantities as low as four. In an experiment, a researcher will place nuts into a can one at a time and then remove them one by one. The person watching is asked to signal when all the nuts have been removed. Responses suggest that anumeric people have some trouble keeping track of how many nuts remain in the can, even if there are only four or five in total.

D. This and many other experiments have led to a simple conclusion: When people do not have number words, they struggle to make quantitative distinctions that probably seem natural to someone like you or me. While only a small portion of the world’s languages are anumeric or nearly anumeric, they demonstrate that number words are not a human universal.

E. It is worth stressing that these anumeric people are cognitively (在认知方面）normal, well-adapted to the surroundings they have dominated for centuries. As a child, I spent some time living with anumeric people, the Piraha who live along the banks of the black Maici River. Like other outsiders, I was continually impressed by their superior understanding of the ecology we shared. Yet numberless people struggle with tasks that require precise discrimination between quantities. Perhaps this should be unsurprising. After all, without counting, how can someone tell whether there are, say, seven or eight coconuts （椰子）in a tree? Such seemingly straightforward distinctions become blurry through numberless eyes.

F. This conclusion is echoed by work with anumeric children in industrialized societies. Prior to being spoon-fed number words, children can only approximately discriminate quantities beyond three. We must be handed the cognitive tools of numbers before we can consistently and easily recognize higher quantities. In fact, acquiring the exact meaning of number words is a painstaking process that takes children years. Initially, kids learn numbers much like they learn letters. They recognize that numbers are organized sequentially, but have little awareness of what each individual number means. With time, they start to understand that a given number represents a quantity greater by one than the number coming before it. This “successor principle” is part of the foundation of our numerical (数字的）cognition, but requires extensive practice to understand.

G. None of us, then, is really a “numbers person.” We are not born to handle quantitative distinctions skillfully. In the absence of the cultural traditions that fill our lives with numbers from infancy, we would all struggle with even basic quantitative distinctions. Number words and their written forms transform our quantitative reasoning as they are introduced into our cognitive experience by our parents, peers and school teachers. The process seems so normal that we sometimes think of it as a natural part of growing up, but it is not. Human brains come equipped with certain quantitative instincts that are refined with age, but these instincts are very limited.

H. Compared with other mammals, our numerical instincts are not as remarkable as many assume. We even share some basic instinctual quantitative reasoning with distant non-mammalian relatives like birds. Indeed, work with some other species suggests they too can refine their quantitative thought if they are introduced to the cognitive power tools we call numbers.

I. So, how did we ever invent “unnatural” numbers in the first place? The answer is, literally, at your fingertips. The bulk of the world’s languages use base-10, base-20 or base-5 number systems. That is, these smaller numbers are the basis of larger numbers. English is a base-10 or decimal (十进制的） language, as evidenced by words like 14 (“four”+“10”) and 31 ("three"× “10”+“one”). We speak a decimal language because an ancestral tongue, proto-Indo-Buropean, was decimally based. Proto-Inda- European was decimally oriented because, as in so many cultures, our ancestors’ hands served as the gateway to the realization that “five fingers on one hand is the same as five fingers on the other.” Such momentary thoughts were represented in words and passed down across generations. This is why the word “five” in many languages is derived from the word for “hand.” Most number systems, then, are the by-product of two key factors: the human capacity for language and our inclination for focusing on our hands and fingers. This manual fixation—an indirect by-product of walking upright on twolegs — has helped yield numbers in most cultures, but not all.

J. Cultures without numbers also offer insight into the cognitive influence of particular numeric traditions. Consider what time it is. Your day is ruled by minutes and seconds, but these concepts are not real in any physical sense and are nonexistent to numberless people.Minutes and seconds are the verbal and written representations of an uncommon base-60 number system used in ancient Mesopotamia. They reside in our minds, numerical artifacts (人工制品）that not all humans inherit conceptually.

K. Research on the language of numbers shows, more and more, that one of our species’ key characteristics is tremendous linguistic (语言的）and cognitive diversity. If we are to truly understand how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally, we must continually explore the depths of our species’linguistic diversity.

【文章来源】
本文选自2017年4月26日发表在 phys.org(物理学家组织网站)上的一篇标题为“'Anumeric people: What happens when a language has no words for numbers?”(《无数字的人:当语言中没有与数字相关的词汇时会发生什么?》)的文章。

【结构构图】

2021-06-02-36.

36. It is difficult for anumeric people to keep track of the change in numbers even when the total is very small.

36.【定位】由题干中的anumeric people 和 keep track of定位到文章 C段最后一句。
【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，他们的反应表明，没有数字概念的人很难记住罐子中还有多少坚果，尽管总数只有四个或五个。题干中的anumeric people和 keep track of 和原文表达方式完全一致，且题干中的 change in numbers 对应原文中的 how many nuts remain in the can，故答案为 C。

2021-06-02-37.

37. Human numerical instincts are not so superior to those of other mammals as is generally believed.
    37.H【定位】由题干中的 Human numerical instincts 和other mammals 定位到文章 H段第一句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句指出，和其他哺乳动物相比，我们的数字本能并不像很多人想象的那样非凡。题干中的 Human numerical instincts 和other mammals和文中所述一致，且题干中的superior to对应原文中的 remarkable，题干中的as is generally believed 对应原文中的 as many assume，故答案为 H。

2021-06-02-36.

38. The author emphasizes being anumeric does not affect one’s cognitive ability.
    38.E【定位】由题干中的 anumeric 和 cognitive ability定位到文章 E 段第一句。
    【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，值得强调的是，这些不懂数字的人在认知方面是正常的，很好地适应了他们统治了几个世纪的环境。题干中的not affect one’s cognitive ability对应原文中的cognitively normal，故答案为E。

2021-06-02-39.

39. In the long history of mankind, humans who use numbers are a very small minority.
    39【定位】由题干中的Inthe long history of mankind 定位到文章 B段第一句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，从历史意义来看，像我们这样对数字有意识的人类是不寻常的。
    题干中的 In the long history of mankind 对应原文中的in a historical sense,题干中的 a very small minority对应原文中的the unusual ones。故答案为 B。

2021-06-02-40.

40. An in-depth study of differences between human languages contributes to a true understanding of cognitive differences between cultures.
    40.【定位】由题干中的 differences between human languages 和cognitive differences between cultures 定位到文章 K段最后一句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，如果我们想真正理解我们的认知生活在不同文化中有多么不同，我们就必须持续地探索人类语言多样性的深度。题干中的differences between human languages对应原文中的our species’linguistic diversity，题干中的 cognitive differences between cultures对应原文中的how much our cognitive lives differ cross-culturally，故答案为K。

2021-06-02-41.

41. A conclusion has been drawn from many experiments that anumeric people have a hard time distinguishing quantities.
    41.D【定位】由题干中的 many experiments 和 a hard timme distinguishing quantities 定位到文章D)段第一句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，这个实验和许多其他的实验得出了一个简单的结论：当人们没有数字词汇时，他们很难进行数量上的区分，尽管这些对于你我这样的人而言是非常自然的事情。
    题干中的 experiments 和 conclusion 均和原文致。题干中的anumeric people 对应原文中的people do not have number words，题干中的 have a hard time distinguishing quantities 对应原文中的struggle to make quantitative distinctions，故答案为 D。

2021-06-02-42.

42. Making quantitative distinctions is not an inborn skill.
    42.【定位】由题干中的Making quantitative distinctions和not an inborn skill定位到文章G段第二句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，我们不是天生就能够熟练地进行定量区分。题干中的Making quantitative distinctions 对应原文中的 handle quantitative distinctions，题干中的 not an inborn skill对应原文中的 are not born to，故答案为 G。

2021-06-02-43.

43. Every aspect of our lives is affected by numbers.
    43.【定位】由题干中的 Every aspect of our lives 和 numbers 定位到文章 A段最后三句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，我们的生活是被数字支配的。就在你读这篇文章的时候，你很可能知道现在是几点了，你多大了，你的支票账户余额，你的体重等等。我们思考所用的确切的数字影响着我们生活中的一切。题干中的everyaspect of our lives对应原文中的 everything in our lives，故答案为 A。

2021-06-02-44.

44. Larger numbers are said to be built upon smaller numbers.
    44.【定位】由题干中的 Larger numbers 和 smaller nummbers 定位到文章I段第四句。
    【精析】同义转述题。定位句提到，这些小一些的数字是大一些的数字的基础。题干中的Larger numbers和smaller numbers均和原文一致，题干中的 to be built upon 对应原文中的 are the basis of，故答案为 I。

2021-06-02-45.

45. It takes great efforts for children to grasp the concept of number words.
    45.【定位】由题干中的 takes great efforts for children 和 grasp the concept of number words 定位到文章 F)段最后一句。
    【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，这种“顺序原理”是我们数字认知的基础之一，但是需要大量的练习去理解。题干中的takes greatefforts对应原文中的 requires extensive practice，题干中的 the concept of number words对应原文中的the foundation of our numerical cognition，故答案为 F。

当一种语言没有数字词汇时会发生什么?

A.数字并不是存在于所有文化中。在亚马孙流域,无数以采集狩猎为生的人沿着世界上流域面积最大的河流的支流生活。这些人不使用精确的数量词语,而只使用类似“少量”或“一些”这样的词汇(43)相比之下,我们自己的生活是被数字支配的。就在你读这篇文章的时候,你很可能知道现在是几点了,你多大了,你的支票账户余额,你的体重等等。我们思考所用的确切的数字影响着我们生活中的一切。
B.(39)但是,从历史意义来看,像我们这样有数字意识的人类是不寻常的。在人类大约 20 万年的生命中,我们大部分时间没有办法精确地表示数量。而且,在目前现存的大约7,000种语言中,如何使用数字也存在巨大差异。
不懂数字的人或使用无数字语言的人提供了一个窗口,让我们了解数字的发明是如何重塑人类体验的。那些没有数字的文化,或是仅有一两个精确数字的文化,包括亚马孙流域的蒙杜鲁库和皮拉哈。
研究人员还研究了尼加拉瓜一些从未学过数字单词的成年人。在没有数字的情况下,健康的成年人很难精确区分和回忆低至4的数量。在一项实验中,研究人员一次一个地把坚果放进罐子里,然后一个一个地把它们取出来。当所有的坚果都被取出后,观看的人被要求发出信号。(36)他们的反应表明,没有数字概念的人很难记住罐子里还有多少坚果,尽管总数只有四个或五个。
D.(41)这个实验和许多其他的实验得出了一个简单的结论:当人们没有数字词汇时,他们很难进行数量上的区分,尽管这些对于你我这样的人而言是非常自然的事情。虽然世界上只有一小部分语言是没有数字或接近没有数字的,但它们证明了数字词汇不是人类的通用词汇。
E.(38)值得强调的是,这些不懂数字的人在认知方面是正常的,很好地适应了他们统治了几个世纪的环境。当我还是孩子的时候,我和不懂数字的人共同生活过一段时间,他们是居住在黑色迈西河两岸的皮拉哈人。像其他外来者一样,我不断被他们对于我们共同的生态环境的强大理解力所折服。然而不懂数字的人在需要精确区分数量的任务前苦苦挣扎。或许这并不令人惊讶。毕竟,如果不数数,有谁能说出树上到底有七个还是八个椰子呢?这些看似非常简单的区别在不懂数字的人眼里是很难辨别的。
F.这一结论得到了对工业化社会中的无数字概念的儿童的研究的响应。在被填鸭式教授数字之前,孩子们只能大致区分超过3的数量。我们必须掌握数字的认知工具,才能持续目容易地辨认出更大的数量。事实上,习得数字单词的确切含义是一个艰苦的过程,需要花费孩子们很多年的时间。最初的时候,孩子们学习数字就像他们学习字母一样。他们意识到数字是按照顺序排列的,但是却对每个单独数字的含义毫无意识。随着时间的推移,他们开始理解一个给定的数字代表的数量比前面那个数字大 1。(45)这种“顺序原理”是我们数字认知的基础的一部分,但是需要大量的练习去理解。
G.我们中没有人是真正的“数字人”。(42)我们不是天生就能够熟练地进行数量区分。如果没有从婴儿期就灌输数字概念的文化传统,我们都要为甚至基本的数量区分而挣扎。当数字词汇和它们的书面形式被我们的父母、同龄人和学校老师引人我们的认知经验时,它们改变了我们对数量的推理。这个过程是如此寻常,以至于我们有时候认为这就是成长中一个很自然的部分,但事实并非如此。人类的大脑天生具备某种定量本能,随着年龄的增长会不断完善,但是这种本能是有限的。
H.(37)和其他哺乳动物相比,我们的数字本能并不像很多人想象的那样非凡。我们甚至与鸟类等非哺乳动物远亲共享一些基本的定量推理本能。事实上,对一些其他物种的研究表明,如果引人我们称之为数字的认知能力工具,它们也能够完善它们的量化思维。
I.所以,我们最开始是如何创造了这些“非自然”的数字的呢?确切地说,答案就在你的指尖。世界上的大部分语言使用以 10、20或5为基数的数字系统。(44)也就是说,这些小一些的数字是大一些的数字的基础。英语就是以 10为基数或者说是十进制的一种语言,如14(4+10)和 31(3x10+1)就是很好的证明。我们说十进制的语言,因为我们祖先的语言–原始印欧语系,是以十进制为基础的。原始印欧语系是十进制的原因是,在很多文化中,我们祖先的手作为一种途径,让人们理解了“一只手上的五根手指和另一只手上的五根手指是等量的”。这种瞬间的想法被用语言表达出来并代代相传。这就是为什么在很多种语言中,数字“5”都来源于“手”这个词。因此,很多的数字系统都是两个重要因素的副产品:人类的语言能力和我们关注于自己的手和手指的倾向。这种对手工的依赖–作为人类用两条腿直立行走的间接副产物–在大多数的文化中帮助产生了数字,但并非所有的文化都是如此。
J.没有数字的文化也提供了对特定数字传统的认知影响的洞察。思考一下现在几点了。你的每一天都是被分分秒支配的,但是这些概念在任何物理意义上并不存在,同时对于不懂数字的人来说也并不存在。分和秒是古代美索不达米亚使用的一种罕见的以60为基数的数字系统的口头和书面的表达方式。它们存在于我们的头脑中,并不是所有人都能从概念上继承的数字人工制品。
K.越来越多的数字语言方面的研究表明,我们人类的一个最重要的特点是在语言和认知方面的多样性(40)如果我们想真正理解我们的认知生活在不同文化中有多么不同,我们就必须持续地探索人类语言多样性的深度。

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.
  What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
  For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods–the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice-found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Qualcer Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that “hot oatmeal (燕麦粥）brealdast keeps you full for longer.”
  Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
  “It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
  Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. “Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence,” Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines,which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
  “And that expert advice remains pretty simple,” says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are-一lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "

  糖震惊。(46)这描述了本周许多美国人对于下面这个被揭露的真相的反应：50年前，制糖业资助哈 佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，完全转移到了膳食脂肪。
  (47)令消费者惊讶的是，现在有多少营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩 · 内斯特尔花了一年的时间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。内斯特尔告诉我们：“在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究会偏袒赞助商的利益。”其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。
  例如，韦尔奇食品公司——韦尔奇百分百葡萄汁背后的品牌——资助的研究发现，每天喝康科德葡萄汁有助于增强大脑功能。另一家由桂格燕麦公司资助的研究总结道，正如《每日邮报》的故事所说，“早 餐吃热燕麦粥能让你保持更长时间的饱腹感。”
  (48)去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。可口可乐公司还公布了2010年至2015年期间，资助数家 医疗机构和协会的详细数据。
  (49)“如此多的营养和健康研究都是由工业界资助的，这当然是个问题，”公共利益科学中心的营养主任邦妮 ·利伯曼说。“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业发展的发现。
  (50)鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。“信赖那些已经审阅了所有证据的健康专家，”利伯曼如是说，她指的是政府官方的饮食指南， 该指南是基于对数百项研究的回顾。
  “专家的建议仍然很简单，”内斯特尔说，“我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。”

2021-06-02-46.—细节辨认题—难—有很多选项都有关键词，而真正的同义替换是“spotlight注意的中心”替换为“attention”

2021-06-02-46.—第一：通过“50 year ago”简单定位；第二：找原词复现，选项ABCD；第三：找同义替换，原文“注意的中心”很明显提示，选项B“attention”与其同义替换。

46. What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?【原文：That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.】
    A. They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.
    B. They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.
    C. They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.
    D. They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in people’s health.

50年前哈佛的科学家们在做什么？
A.他们提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识。
B.他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转向了脂肪。
C.他们的新发现使制糖业成为人们关注的焦点。
D.他们对s的作用进行了大规模的研究。

46.【定位】由题干中的Harvard scientists和50 years ago定位到首段第二句。

B 【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，50年前，制糖业资助哈佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，转移到了膳食脂肪。由此可见，他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转移到脂肪上，故答案为B。

【避错】文中并未提到50年前，科学家的研究提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识，故排除A 。根据定位句可知，他们的发现使人们关注了膳食脂肪，而非制糖业，故排除C。文中未提到哈佛大学科学家对糖在心脏病中的影响的研究程度和规模，故排除D。

2021-06-02-47.—推理判断题—难—由“Roughly 90%”推出“Nearly all of them”

2021-06-02-47.—易误选B，因为选项B有两个元素“原词复现”和“同义替换”，选项D只有“同义替换”

47. What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?【原文：Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.】
    A. They took her a full year to track and analyze.
    B. Most of them are based on systematic reviews.
    C. They depend on funding from the food industries.
    D. Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.

马里昂·奈斯特对当今的营养研究有什么看法？
A.他们花了她整整一年的时间来追踪和分析。
B.大多数都是基于系统评价。
C.他们依赖食品工业的资金。
D.几乎所有的基金都服务于资助者的目的。

47.【定位】由题干中的Marion Nestle和 present-day nutrition studies定位到第二段。

D【精析】推理判断题。定位段第二、三句提到，纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时 间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。她指出，在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究都会偏袒赞助商的利益。其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。由此可知，几乎所有的营养研究都是为资助者服务的，D 中的Nearly all of them对应原文中的Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies，故答案为D。

【避错】文章第二段第二句提到，玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时间跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。但是并没有提到是否进行了分析，故排除 A。第二段第三句指出，其他系统的研究综述也支持内斯特尔的结论。而非当今的营养研究是基于系统综述，故排除B 。

第二段第一句提到，令消费者惊讶的是，现在有很多营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。而非当今的营养研究必须依赖食品工业资助，C 项为过度推断，故排除。

2021-06-02-48.—细节辨认题—难

2021-06-02-48.—第一：通过“Coca-Cola”简单定位；第二：找原词复现，选项BC，易误选C，选项C有“原词复现”和“跟原文一样有否定性词”结果都不是。

48. What did Coca-Cola-funded studies claim?【原文：Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.】
    A. Exercise is more important to good health than diet.
    B. Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.
    C. Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.
    D. The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.

可口可乐资助的研究声称了什么？
A.运动比饮食对身体健康更重要。
B.选择饮食是控制体重的关键。
C.喝可口可乐不会导致体重增加。
D.食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用。

48.【定位】由题干中的Coca-Cola-funded studies定位到第四段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。由此可见，由可口可乐公司资助的研究声称锻炼对于身体健康比饮食更重要，故答案为A。
【避错】定位句指出，研究声称锻炼比饮食更重要。 B表述与定位句相矛盾，故排除。文章并未提及喝可口可乐不会增加体重，故排除C。 文章未提及食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用，故排除。

2021-06-02-49.—推理判断题—难—选项A有多个关键词，强干扰项，但是意思不对—推理难，由“it often gets what it pays for”推出“It rarely results in objective findings”

2021-06-02-49.—第一：通过“fund industry”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项AC；第三：选项C元素多些，选它。

49. What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?【原文：“It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.】
    A. It simply focuses on nutrition and health .
    B. It causes confusion among consumers.
    C. It rarely results in objective findings.
    D. It runs counter to the public interest.

Liebman对行业资助的研究有什么看法？
A.它只是关注营养和健康。
B.它会引起消费者的困惑。
C.它很少产生客观的结果。
D.违背公共利益。

49.【定位】由题干中的Liebman 和 industry-funded research 定位到第五段。

C 【 精析】推理判断题。第五段第二、三句提到，利伯曼认为“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业的发展的发现。由此可见，由食品工业资助的研究，其结果并不客观，故答案为C。

【避错】文中并没有提及这些研究只关注营养和健康，A为无中生有，故排除。定位段指出，这些研究的结果大多有利于推动该行业的发展，而非这些结果会对大众造成混乱，B 为过度推断，故排除。文章并未提及利伯曼认为这些研究结果会损害公众利益，故排除D。

2021-06-02-50.—推理判断题—易—由“skeptical (怀疑的）”推出“Think twice”，而且选项D后面接的也是定位句的关键词

2021-06-02-50.—第一：通过“consumer”和“题文同序”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项CD；第三：根据原文专门标明的“怀疑的”明显提醒，找它的同义替换选项D的“think twice”

50. What is the author’s advice to consumers?【原文：Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. 】
    A. Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.
    B. Be doubtful of diet experts’recommendations.
    C. Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.
    D. Think twice about new nutrition research findings.

作者对消费者的建议是什么？
A.根据他们的直觉来决定吃什么。
B.对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度。
C.忽略他们信息流中的不相关信息。
D.对新的营养研究发现三思而后行。

50.【定位】由题干中的author’s advice to consumers 定位到第六段第一句。

D 【 精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。由此可见，作者的建议是对新的营养研究成果三思而后行，D 中的 Think twice 对应原文中的 skeptical, 故答案为D。

【避错】文章末段最后两句提到，我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。这句话的意思是其他应该怎么做其实很难通过实验的方式验证，而非建议读者要靠直觉，A 为过度推断，故排除。定位句指出，要对新的研究结果持怀疑的态度，而非对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度，故排除 B 。定位句指出，消费者应忽略新闻推送的最新研究，而非忽略无关信息，故排除C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.
  When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.
  Today,consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.
  Working at home or in cafes, starting businesses of their own, and even launching business ventures that eventually may fail, all indicate “initiative,” “creativity,” and “adaptability,” which are desirable qualities in today’s workplace. Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.
  Who are these people? They are artists, writers,programmers,providers of office services and career advice.:What’s needed now is a marketplace platform specifically designed to bring freelancers and clients together.Such platforms then become a place to feature the most experienced, professional, and creative talent.This is where they conduct business, where a sense of community reinforces the culture and values of the gig economy (零工经济),and where success is rewarded with good reviews that encourage more business.
  Slowly but surely, these platforms create a bridge between traditional enterprises and this emerging economy. Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.

  (51)成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后 安度晚年。我的父亲就是一名成功的高管。35年来，他只在三家公司任职。
  (52) 当我开始我的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你 并未在职业生涯中前进。但是在那个时候，如果你是一名顾问或自由职业者，人们就会认为你有问题。他 们会认为你在找工作方面有困难。
  (53)现如今，能够同时为五家企业做咨询或做自由职业者是荣耀的象征。这能说明一个人的价值所 在。很多公司如今都指望这些“最出色的专业人士”来解决他们全职团队无法解决的问题。或者他们通过 仅为特殊项目雇用“顶尖专家”来节省资金。
  在家或是在咖啡厅工作，自己创业，甚至发起最终可能会失败的商业风投，都表明了“主动性”、“创造力” 和“适应性”，这些都是现如今的职场非常需要的品质。(54)最重要的是，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值。
  这些人是谁呢?他们是艺术家、作家、程序员、提供办公服务和职业建议的人。目前需要的是一个专 门为集合自由职业者和客户而搭建的职场平台。这样的平台将成为最具经验、最专业和最有创造力的人才的聚集地。这就是他们经营业务的地方，在这里，社区意识会强化这种零工经济的文化和价值，在这里， 成功会得到良好的评价，从而催生更多的业务。
  虽然漫长但非常确定的是，这些平台在传统企业和这一新兴经济之间架起了一座桥梁。(55)或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎。

2021-06-02-51.—推理判断题—易—选项C出现关键词success

2021-06-02-51.—第一：通过“father”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项BC；第三：从选项BC选，选项C更多原词复现，选。

51. What does the author use the example of his father to illustrate? 【原文：Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.】
    A. How long people took to reach the top of their career.
    B. How people accumulated wealth in his father’s time.
    C. How people viewed success in his father’s time.
    D. How long people usually stayed in a company.

51. 作者用他父亲的例子来说明什么？
A.人们达到事业巅峰所花的时间。
B.在他父亲的时代人们是如何积累财富的。
C.在他父亲的时代，人们是如何看待他的。
D.人们通常在一家公司呆多久。

51.【定位】由题干中的the example of his father定位到第一段。

C【精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后安度晚年。第三、四句提到了作者父亲的亲身经历，用以说明该 段前两句的内容，即在其父辈的年代，人们对于成功的定义是怎样的，故答案为C。

【避错】文章首段虽然提及了在作者父辈的年代，人们会在一家公司中努力晋升并积累财富，但并未提及晋升的年限问题以及积累财富的方式，故排除A 和 B。

该段虽然提到了作者父亲任职的时间，但是并不能代表所有人的情况，故排除D。

2021-06-02-52.—细节辨认题—易—“getting ahead in your career"替换为"advance in their career”

2021-06-02-52.—第一：通过“start career”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项BCD；第三：找不同，选项BC不同，排除。选项D有同义替换但是“for log”是错误信息。

52. Why did people often change jobs when the author started his career?【原文：When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career.But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.】
    A. It was considered a fashion at that time.
    B. It was a way to advance in their career.【原文是双重否定，表示肯定，所以这里“was”是对的】
    C. It was a response to the changing job market .
    D. It was difficult to keep a job for long .

52. 为什么当作者开始他的职业生涯时，人们经常换工作？
A.那时候它被认为是一种时尚。
B.这是他们在事业上进步的一种方式。
C.这是对不断变化的就业市场的回应。
D.长期保持一份工作是困难的。

52.【定位】由题干中的often change jobs和 the author started his career定位到第二段第一、二句。

B【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，当作者开始他的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你并未在职业生涯中前进。由此可知，人们频繁换工作是为了促进职业发展，故答案为B。

【避错】A 项提及的时尚问题，在定位段中并无体现，故排除。C 项提及不断变化的就业市场，同样在第二段中没有涉及，故排除。D 项指出长久地坚持一份工作很难，文中无此类表述，故排除。

2021-06-02-53.—细节辨认题—难—“It shows how valuable an individual is”推出“regarded as most treasured talents”

2021-06-02-53.—第一：通过“businesses at the same time”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项BD，其中D有两个元素，但是意思不对。结果选了个啥都没有的选项A。

53. What does the author say about people now working for several businesses at the same time?【原文：Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.】
    A. They are often regarded as most treasured talents.
    B. They are able to bring their potential into fuller play .
    C. They have control over their life and work schedules.
    D. They feel proud of being outstanding problem solver.

53. 对于现在同时为几家公司工作的人，作者说了什么？
A.他们通常被认为是最宝贵的才能。
B.他们是能够充分发挥他们的潜力。
C.他们可以控制自己的生活和工作安排。
D.他们为自己是杰出的问题解决者而感到自豪。

53.【定位】由题干中的working for several businesses at the same time定位到第三段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，现如今，能够同时为五家企业工作是荣耀的象征。接下来的一句指出这能说明一个人的价值所在。也就是说，能同时为多家企业工作的人通常是有价值的人才，故答案为A。

【避错】第三段并未提及能同时为多家企业工作的人是否充分发挥了他们的潜力，故排除B。第四段虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，但我们无法得知这些人是不是同时为多家企业工作的人，故排除C。文中并未提及人们是否为自己能 出色地解决问题而自豪，故排除D。

2021-06-02-54.—细节辨认题—难—“who”替换为“What kind of people”

2021-06-02-54.—找原词复现，选项BD，但是都错了，很难选出C来。

54. What have businesses come to recognize now?【原文：Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.】
    A. Who is capable of solving problems with ease.
    B. How people can be more focused and productive.
    C. What kind of people can contribute more to them.
    D. Why some people are more passionate about work.

54. 企业现在认识到了什么？
A.能轻松解决问题的人。
B.人们如何才能更专注、更有效率。
C.什么样的人能对他们贡献更多。
D.为什么有些人对工作更有激情。

54.【定位】由题干中的businesses 和 recognize 定位到第四段第二句。

C【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值，故答案为C。

【避错】文中未提及A 谁能够轻松解决问题，故排除。定位句虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人会更加专注和高效，但强调的是这类人能够为企业带来价值，而不是人们如何更加专注和高效，故排除B 。文中并未提及为什么有些人对工作更热情，故排除D。

2021-06-02-55.—细节辨认题—易—同义替换—“transformation”替换为“change”

2021-06-02-55.—第一：通过“gig economy”定位；第二：找原词复现，选项BCD；第三：找同义替换，选项D“change”替换原文的“transformation”。

55. What does the author say about the gig economy?【原文：Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.】
    A. It may force companies to reform their business practice.
    B. It may soon replace the traditional economic model.
    C. It will drive technological progress on a global scale.
    D. It will bring about radical economic and social changes.

55. 作者对“零工经济”说了些什么？
A.它可能会迫使公司改革他们的商业惯例。
B.它可能很快取代传统的经济模式。
C.它将在全球范围内推动技术进步。
D.它将带来彻底的经济和社会变革。

55.【定位】根据选项内容和题文同序原则定位到最后一段末句。

D 【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎，故答案为D。

【避错】文中没有提及它可能迫使公司改变运营方式，故排除A。 结合文章大意，零工经济仍在发展阶段，并不会很快替代传统经济，故排除B。文中只提及了零工经济对经济和社会的影响，未提及其对技术的影响，故排除C。

Part IV Translation (30 minutes)

Directions: For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer sheet 2.

  普洱(Pu’er)茶深受中国人喜爱。最好的普洱茶产自云南的西双版纳(Xishuangbanna)，那里的气候和环境为普洱茶树的生长提供了最佳条件。普洱茶颜色较深，味道与其他许多茶截然不同。普洱茶泡(brew)的时间越长越有味道。许多爱喝茶的人尤其喜欢其独特的香味和口感。普洱茶含有多种有益健康的元素，常饮普洱茶有助于保护心脏和血管，还有减肥、消除疲劳和促进消化的功效。