2021 年 6 月大学英语四级考试真题（第 2 套）——阅读版——仔细阅读题

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Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section C

Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there arefour choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

Passage One

Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.

  Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease-and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.
  What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
  For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods–the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice-found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Qualcer Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that “hot oatmeal (燕麦粥）brealdast keeps you full for longer.”
  Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
  “It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
  Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. “Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence,” Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines,which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
  “And that expert advice remains pretty simple,” says Nestle. "We know what healthy diets are-一lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally. "

  糖震惊。(46)这描述了本周许多美国人对于下面这个被揭露的真相的反应：50年前，制糖业资助哈 佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，完全转移到了膳食脂肪。
  (47)令消费者惊讶的是，现在有多少营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩 · 内斯特尔花了一年的时间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。内斯特尔告诉我们：“在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究会偏袒赞助商的利益。”其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。
  例如，韦尔奇食品公司——韦尔奇百分百葡萄汁背后的品牌——资助的研究发现，每天喝康科德葡萄汁有助于增强大脑功能。另一家由桂格燕麦公司资助的研究总结道，正如《每日邮报》的故事所说，“早 餐吃热燕麦粥能让你保持更长时间的饱腹感。”
  (48)去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。可口可乐公司还公布了2010年至2015年期间，资助数家 医疗机构和协会的详细数据。
  (49)“如此多的营养和健康研究都是由工业界资助的，这当然是个问题，”公共利益科学中心的营养主任邦妮 ·利伯曼说。“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业发展的发现。
  (50)鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。“信赖那些已经审阅了所有证据的健康专家，”利伯曼如是说，她指的是政府官方的饮食指南， 该指南是基于对数百项研究的回顾。
  “专家的建议仍然很简单，”内斯特尔说，“我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。”

2021-06-02-46.—细节辨认题—难—有很多选项都有关键词，而真正的同义替换是“spotlight注意的中心”替换为“attention”

46. What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?【原文：That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that, 50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease and put the spotlight (注意的中心）squarely on dietary fat.】
    A. They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.
    B. They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.
    C. They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.
    D. They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in people’s health.

50年前哈佛的科学家们在做什么？
A.他们提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识。
B.他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转向了脂肪。
C.他们的新发现使制糖业成为人们关注的焦点。
D.他们对s的作用进行了大规模的研究。

46.【定位】由题干中的Harvard scientists和50 years ago定位到首段第二句。

B 【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，50年前，制糖业资助哈佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响，转移到了膳食脂肪。由此可见，他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转移到脂肪上，故答案为B。

【避错】文中并未提到50年前，科学家的研究提高了公众对心脏病可能病因的认识，故排除A 。根据定位句可知，他们的发现使人们关注了膳食脂肪，而非制糖业，故排除C。文中未提到哈佛大学科学家对糖在心脏病中的影响的研究程度和规模，故排除D。

2021-06-02-47.—推理判断题—难—由“Roughly 90%”推出“Nearly all of them”

47. What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?【原文：Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,” Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.】
    A. They took her a full year to track and analyze.
    B. Most of them are based on systematic reviews.
    C. They depend on funding from the food industries.
    D. Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.

马里昂·奈斯特对当今的营养研究有什么看法？
A.他们花了她整整一年的时间来追踪和分析。
B.大多数都是基于系统评价。
C.他们依赖食品工业的资金。
D.几乎所有的基金都服务于资助者的目的。

47.【定位】由题干中的Marion Nestle和 present-day nutrition studies定位到第二段。

D【精析】推理判断题。定位段第二、三句提到，纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时 间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。她指出，在将近170项研究中，大约有90%的研究都会偏袒赞助商的利益。其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。由此可知，几乎所有的营养研究都是为资助者服务的，D 中的Nearly all of them对应原文中的Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies, 故答案为D。

【避错】文章第二段第二句提到，玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时间跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。但是并没有提到是否进行了分析，故排除 A。第二段第三句指出，其他系统的研究综述也支持内斯特尔的结论。而非当今的营养研究是基于系统综述，故排除B 。

第二段第一句提到，令消费者惊讶的是，现在有很多营养研究仍是由食品工业资助的。而非当今的营养研究必须依赖食品工业资助，C 项为过度推断，故排除。

2021-06-02-48.—细节辨认题—易

48. What did Coca-Cola-funded studies claim?【原文：Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.】
    A. Exercise is more important to good health than diet.
    B. Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.
    C. Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.
    D. The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.

可口可乐资助的研究声称了什么？
A.运动比饮食对身体健康更重要。
B.选择饮食是控制体重的关键。
C.喝可口可乐不会导致体重增加。
D.食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用。

48.【定位】由题干中的Coca-Cola-funded studies定位到第四段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，去年，《纽约时报》披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息，在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼，少关注饮食。由此可见，由可口可乐公司资助的研究声称锻炼对于身体健康比饮食更重要，故答案为A。
【避错】定位句指出，研究声称锻炼比饮食更重要。 B表述与定位句相矛盾，故排除。文章并未提及喝可口可乐不会增加体重，故排除C。 文章未提及食品工业在对抗肥胖方面起着重要作用，故排除。

2021-06-02-49.—推理判断题—难—选项A有多个关键词，强干扰项，但是意思不对—推理难，由“it often gets what it pays for”推出“It rarely results in objective findings”

49. What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?【原文：“It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,” says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.” And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.】
    A. It simply focuses on nutrition and health.
    B. It causes confusion among consumers.
    C. It rarely results in objective findings.
    D. It runs counter to the public interest.

Liebman对行业资助的研究有什么看法？
A.它只是关注营养和健康。
B.它会引起消费者的困惑。
C.它很少产生客观的结果。
D.违背公共利益。

49.【定位】由题干中的Liebman 和 industry-funded research 定位到第五段。

C 【 精析】推理判断题。第五段第二、三句提到，利伯曼认为“食品工业为研究提供资金时，通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业的发展的发现。由此可见，由食品工业资助的研究，其结果并不客观，故答案为C。

【避错】文中并没有提及这些研究只关注营养和健康，A为无中生有，故排除。定位段指出，这些研究的结果大多有利于推动该行业的发展，而非这些结果会对大众造成混乱，B 为过度推断，故排除。文章并未提及利伯曼认为这些研究结果会损害公众利益，故排除D。

2021-06-02-50.—推理判断题—易—由“skeptical (怀疑的）”推出“Think twice”，而且选项D后面接的也是定位句的关键词

50. What is the author’s advice to consumers?【原文：Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的）when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. 】
    A. Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.
    B. Be doubtful of diet experts’recommendations.
    C. Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.
    D. Think twice about new nutrition research findings.

作者对消费者的建议是什么？
A.根据他们的直觉来决定吃什么。
B.对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度。
C.忽略他们信息流中的不相关信息。
D.对新的营养研究发现三思而后行。

50.【定位】由题干中的author’s advice to consumers 定位到第六段第一句。

D 【 精析】推理判断题。定位句指出，鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度，并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。由此可见，作者的建议是对新的营养研究成果三思而 后行，D 中的 Think twice 对应原文中的 skeptical, 故答案为D。

【避错】文章末段最后两句提到，我们知道什么是健康饮食——多吃蔬菜，少吃垃圾食品，平衡热量。其他一切都很难通过实验来完成。这句话的意思是其他应该怎么做其实很难通过实验的方式验证，而非建议读者要靠直觉，A 为过度推断，故排除。定位句指出，要对新的研究结果持怀疑的态度，而非对饮食专家的建议持怀疑态度，故排除 B 。定位句指出，消费者应忽略新闻推送的最新研究，而非忽略无关信息，故排除C。

Passage Two

Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.

  Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.
  When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.
  Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.
  Working at home or in cafes, starting businesses of their own, and even launching business ventures that eventually may fail, all indicate “initiative,” “creativity,” and “adaptability,” which are desirable qualities in today’s workplace. Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.
  Who are these people? They are artists, writers,programmers,providers of office services and career advice.:What’s needed now is a marketplace platform specifically designed to bring freelancers and clients together.Such platforms then become a place to feature the most experienced, professional, and creative talent.This is where they conduct business, where a sense of community reinforces the culture and values of the gig economy (零工经济),and where success is rewarded with good reviews that encourage more business.
  Slowly but surely, these platforms create a bridge between traditional enterprises and this emerging economy. Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.

  (51)成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后 安度晚年。我的父亲就是一名成功的高管。35年来，他只在三家公司任职。
  (52) 当我开始我的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你 并未在职业生涯中前进。但是在那个时候，如果你是一名顾问或自由职业者，人们就会认为你有问题。他 们会认为你在找工作方面有困难。
  (53)现如今，能够同时为五家企业做咨询或做自由职业者是荣耀的象征。这能说明一个人的价值所 在。很多公司如今都指望这些“最出色的专业人士”来解决他们全职团队无法解决的问题。或者他们通过 仅为特殊项目雇用“顶尖专家”来节省资金。
  在家或是在咖啡厅工作，自己创业，甚至发起最终可能会失败的商业风投，都表明了“主动性”、“创造力” 和“适应性”，这些都是现如今的职场非常需要的品质。(54)最重要的是，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值。
  这些人是谁呢?他们是艺术家、作家、程序员、提供办公服务和职业建议的人。目前需要的是一个专 门为集合自由职业者和客户而搭建的职场平台。这样的平台将成为最具经验、最专业和最有创造力的人才的聚集地。这就是他们经营业务的地方，在这里，社区意识会强化这种零工经济的文化和价值，在这里， 成功会得到良好的评价，从而催生更多的业务。
  虽然漫长但非常确定的是，这些平台在传统企业和这一新兴经济之间架起了一座桥梁。(55)或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎。

2021-06-02-51.—推理判断题—易—选项C出现关键词success

51. What does the author use the example of his father to illustrate? 【原文：Success was once defined as being able to stay at a company for a long time and move up the corporate ladder. The goal was to reach the top, accumulate wealth and retire to a life of ease. My father is a successful senior executive. In 35 years, he worked for only three companies.】
    A. How long people took to reach the top of their career.
    B. How people accumulated wealth in his father’s time.
    C. How people viewed success in his father’s time.
    D. How long people usually stayed in a company.

51. 作者用他父亲的例子来说明什么？
A.人们达到事业巅峰所花的时间。
B.在他父亲的时代人们是如何积累财富的。
C.在他父亲的时代，人们是如何看待他的。
D.人们通常在一家公司呆多久。

51.【定位】由题干中的the example of his father定位到第一段。

C【精析】推理判断题。定位段指出，成功曾经被定义为能在一家公司任职很长时间并获得晋升。目的是到达高位，积累财富，退休后安度晚年。第三、四句提到了作者父亲的亲身经历，用以说明该 段前两句的内容，即在其父辈的年代，人们对于成功的定义是怎样的，故答案为C。

【避错】文章首段虽然提及了在作者父辈的年代，人们会在一家公司中努力晋升并积累财富，但并未提及晋升的年限问题以及积累财富的方式，故排除A 和 B。

该段虽然提到了作者父亲任职的时间，但是并不能代表所有人的情况，故排除D。

2021-06-02-52.—细节辨认题—易—getting ahead in your career替换为advance in their career

52. Why did people often change jobs when the author started his career?【原文：When I started my career, things were already different. If you weren’t changing companies every three or four years, you simply weren’t getting ahead in your career. But back then, if you were a consultant or freelaMer (自由职业者）,people would wonder what was wrong with you. They would assume you had problems getting a job.】
    A. It was considered a fashion at that time.
    B. It was a way to advance in their career.
    C. It was a response to the changing job market.
    D. It was difficult to keep a job for long.

52. 为什么当作者开始他的职业生涯时，人们经常换工作？
A.那时候它被认为是一种时尚。
B.这是他们在事业上进步的一种方式。
C.这是对不断变化的就业市场的回应。
D.长期保持一份工作是困难的。

52.【定位】由题干中的often change jobs和 the author started his career定位到第二段第一、二句。

B【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，当作者开始他 的职业生涯时，事情已经不同了。如果你不是每 三四年就换一家公司，那么就说明你并未在职业生涯中前进。由此可知，人们频繁换工作是为了 促进职业发展，故答案为B。

【避错】A 项提及的时尚问题，在定位段中并无体现，故排除。C 项提及不断变化的就业市场，同样在第二段中没有涉及，故排除。D 项指出长久地 坚持一份工作很难，文中无此类表述，故排除。

2021-06-02-53.—细节辨认题—难—“ It shows how valuable an individual is”推出“regarded as most treasured talents”

53. What does the author say about people now working for several businesses at the same time?【原文：Today, consulting or freelancing for five businesses at the same time is a badge of honor. It shows how valuable an individual is. Many companies now look to these “ultimate professionals” to solve problems their full-time teams can’t. Or they save money by hiring “top-tier (顶尖的）experts” only for particular projects.】
    A. They are often regarded as most treasured talents.
    B. They are able to bring their potential into fuller play.
    C. They have control over their life and work schedules.
    D. They feel proud of being outstanding problem solver.

53. 对于现在同时为几家公司工作的人，作者说了什么？
A.他们通常被认为是最宝贵的才能。
B.他们是能够充分发挥他们的潜力。
C.他们可以控制自己的生活和工作安排。
D.他们为自己是杰出的问题解决者而感到自豪。

53.【定位】由题干中的working for several businesses at the same time定位到第三段第一句。

A【 精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，现如今，能够同时为五家企业工作是荣耀的象征。接下来的一句指出这能说明一个人的价值所在。也就是说，能同时为多家企业工作的人通常是有价值的人才， 故答案为A。

【避错】第三段并未提及能同时为多家企业工作的人是否充分发挥了他们的潜力，故排除B。第四段虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，但我们无法得知这些人是不是同时为多家企业工作的人，故排除C。文中并未提及人们是否为自己能 出色地解决问题而自豪，故排除D。

2021-06-02-54.—细节辨认题—难—“who”替换为“What kind of people”

54. What have businesses come to recognize now?【原文：Most important, there is a growing recognition that people who balance work and play, and who work at what they are passionate about, are more focused and productive, delivering greater value to their clients.】
    A. Who is capable of solving problems with ease.
    B. How people can be more focused and productive.
    C. What kind of people can contribute more to them.
    D. Why some people are more passionate about work.

54. 企业现在认识到了什么？
A.能轻松解决问题的人。
B.人们如何才能更专注、更有效率。
C.什么样的人能对他们贡献更多。
D.为什么有些人对工作更有激情。

54.【定位】由题干中的businesses 和 recognize 定位到第四段第二句。

C【精析】细节辨认题。定位句提到，越来越多的人意识到那些能够平衡工作和娱乐的人，以及做自己喜爱的工作的人，会更加专注和高效，从而为他们的客户提供更大的价值，故答案为C。

【避错】文中未提及A 谁能够轻松解决问题，故排除。定位句虽然提到了能够平衡工作和娱乐的人会更加专注和高效，但强调的是这类人能够为企业带来价值，而不是人们如何更加专注和高效，故排除B 。文中并未提及为什么有些人对工作更热情，故排除D。

2021-06-02-55.—细节辨认题—易—同义替换—“transformation”替换为“change”

55. What does the author say about the gig economy?【原文：Perhaps more important, as the global economy continues to be disrupted by technology and other massive change, the gig economy will itself become an engine of economic and social transformation.】
    A. It may force companies to reform their business practice.
    B. It may soon replace the traditional economic model.
    C. It will drive technological progress on a global scale.
    D. It will bring about radical economic and social changes.

55. 作者对“零工经济”说了些什么？
A.它可能会迫使公司改革他们的商业惯例。
B.它可能很快取代传统的经济模式。
C.它将在全球范围内推动技术进步。
D.它将带来彻底的经济和社会变革。

55.【定位】根据选项内容和题文同序原则定位到最后一段末句。

D 【精析】细节辨认题。定位句指出，或许更重要的是，随着全球经济持续受到科技和其他重大改变的干扰，零工经济本身将会成为经济和社会转型的引擎，故答案为D。

【避错】文中没有提及它可能迫使公司改变运营方式，故排除A。 结合文章大意，零工经济仍在发展阶段，并不会很快替代传统经济，故排除B。文中只提及了零工经济对经济和社会的影响，未提及其对技术的影响，故排除C。