线性系统粗浅认识——第五次作业
声明:本人特别菜,不研究相关的方向,差点挂科,这个作业的内容仅供交流。
题目
仿真说明LC电路不是BIBO稳定。设计一个输入信号使得电容电压趋向无穷,说明该信号与LC的关系。
我进行了三个方面的分析
解答
一、串联RLC系统
串联RLC系统如下:
图1 RLC电路电路图 |
---|
输出时电容电压
U
c
{U_c}
Uc,输入是电源电压
U
s
{U_s}
Us ,电容大小为
C
C
C,电感为
L
L
L,电阻大小为
R
R
R。
U
s
(
t
)
=
R
i
(
t
)
+
L
d
i
d
t
+
U
c
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
=
C
d
U
c
d
t
\begin{array}{l} {U_s}(t) = Ri(t) + L\frac{{di}}{{dt}} + {U_c}(t)\\ i(t) = C\frac{{d{U_c}}}{{dt}} \end{array}
Us(t)=Ri(t)+Ldtdi+Uc(t)i(t)=CdtdUc
可以得到
U
s
(
t
)
=
R
C
d
U
c
d
t
+
L
C
d
U
c
2
d
t
2
+
U
c
{U_s}(t) = RC\frac{{d{U_c}}}{{dt}} + LC\frac{{dU_c^2}}{{d{t^2}}} + {U_c}
Us(t)=RCdtdUc+LCdt2dUc2+Uc
两边进行拉普拉斯变换可以得到
U
s
(
s
)
=
R
C
s
U
c
(
s
)
+
L
C
s
2
U
c
(
s
)
+
U
c
(
s
)
{U_s}(s) = RCs{U_c}(s) + LC{s^2}{U_c}(s) + {U_c}(s)
Us(s)=RCsUc(s)+LCs2Uc(s)+Uc(s)
所以
U
c
(
s
)
U
s
(
s
)
=
1
L
C
s
2
+
R
C
s
+
1
=
1
L
C
(
s
−
λ
1
)
(
s
−
λ
2
)
\frac{{{U_c}(s)}}{{{U_s}(s)}} = \frac{1}{{LC{s^2} + RCs + 1}} = \frac{1}{{LC(s - {\lambda _1})(s - {\lambda _2})}}
Us(s)Uc(s)=LCs2+RCs+11=LC(s−λ1)(s−λ2)1
R
e
(
λ
1
)
<
0
,
{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} ({\lambda _1}) < 0,
Re(λ1)<0,且
R
e
(
λ
2
)
<
0
{\mathop{\rm Re}\nolimits} ({\lambda _2}) < 0
Re(λ2)<0 ,因此所有的根都位于
s
s
s的开的左半平面,因此系统一定是BIBO稳定。
当
(
R
C
)
2
−
4
L
C
=
0
{(RC)^2} - 4LC = 0
(RC)2−4LC=0时候,
λ
1
=
λ
2
{\lambda _1} = {\lambda _2}
λ1=λ2 ,该系统具有重根
下面令
C
=
100
F
,
R
=
100
Ω
,
L
=
4
H
C = 100F,R = 100\Omega ,L = 4H
C=100F,R=100Ω,L=4H,满足
(
R
C
)
2
−
4
L
C
=
0
{(RC)^2} - 4LC = 0
(RC)2−4LC=0
利用MATLAB的sinmulink模块进行仿真
仿真电路图如下所示:
图2 RLC电路仿真图 |
---|
图3 RLC电路电压仿真图 |
---|
从图中看出仿真结果输出是有界的,与上述结论该系统BIBO稳定的相符合。
二、串联LC系统
从RLC系统中去掉
R
R
R,输出时电容电压
U
c
{U_c}
Uc,输入是电源电压
U
s
{U_s}
Us,电容大小为
C
C
C,电感为
L
L
L。
U
s
(
t
)
=
L
d
i
d
t
+
U
c
(
t
)
i
(
t
)
=
C
d
U
c
d
t
\begin{array}{l} {U_s}(t) = L\frac{{di}}{{dt}} + {U_c}(t)\\ i(t) = C\frac{{d{U_c}}}{{dt}} \end{array}
Us(t)=Ldtdi+Uc(t)i(t)=CdtdUc
可以得到
U
s
(
t
)
=
L
C
d
U
c
2
d
t
2
+
U
c
{U_s}(t) = LC\frac{{dU_c^2}}{{d{t^2}}} + {U_c}
Us(t)=LCdt2dUc2+Uc
两边进行拉普拉斯变换可以得到
G
(
s
)
=
U
c
(
s
)
U
s
(
s
)
=
1
L
C
s
2
+
1
=
1
L
C
s
2
+
1
L
C
=
1
L
C
1
L
C
s
2
+
(
1
L
C
)
2
G(s) = \frac{{{U_c}(s)}}{{{U_s}(s)}} = \frac{1}{{LC{s^2} + 1}} = \frac{{\frac{1}{{LC}}}}{{{s^2} + \frac{1}{{LC}}}} = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}\frac{{\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}}}{{{s^2} + {{(\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }})}^2}}}
G(s)=Us(s)Uc(s)=LCs2+11=s2+LC1LC1=LC1s2+(LC1)2LC1
所以
g
(
t
)
=
1
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
t
)
g(t) = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t)
g(t)=LC1sin(LC1t)
进行反拉式变换
g
(
t
)
=
1
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
t
)
g(t) = \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t)
g(t)=LC1sin(LC1t)
输入为直流电压源
U
s
(
t
)
=
U
s
<
M
1
{U_s}(t) = {U_s} < {M_1}
Us(t)=Us<M1
y
(
t
)
=
∫
0
t
1
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
U
s
d
τ
=
U
s
(
1
−
cos
(
1
L
C
t
)
)
y(t) = \int_0^t {\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}} \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau )){U_s}d\tau = {U_s}(1 - \cos (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t))
y(t)=∫0tLC1sin(LC1(t−τ))Usdτ=Us(1−cos(LC1t))
lim
t
→
∞
∣
y
(
t
)
∣
=
lim
t
→
∞
∣
U
s
(
1
−
cos
(
1
L
C
t
)
)
∣
<
2
U
s
=
M
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {y(t)} \right| = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {{U_s}(1 - \cos (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t))} \right| < 2{U_s} = M
t→∞lim∣y(t)∣=t→∞lim∣∣∣∣Us(1−cos(LC1t))∣∣∣∣<2Us=M
此时满足
∣
y
(
t
)
∣
<
M
\left| {y(t)} \right| < M
∣y(t)∣<M ,
M
M
M为任意的正实数,因此该LC系统满足BIBO稳定。
L
=
1
0
−
2
H
,
C
=
1
0
−
5
C
,
U
s
=
10
V
L = {10^{ - 2}}H,C = {10^{ - 5}}C,{U_s} = 10V
L=10−2H,C=10−5C,Us=10V,仿真的电路图为:
图4 直流电源 LC电路仿真的电路图 |
---|
仿真时间是6s,示波器输出的结果为:
图5 直流电压电源输入LC电路电压输出 |
---|
从图中观察, y ( t ) y(t) y(t)有界,和上面的公式分析一致,此时有界输入能产生有界的输出。
输入为正弦波交流电压源
U
s
(
t
)
=
U
s
sin
(
w
1
t
+
φ
)
<
∣
U
s
∣
≤
M
1
{U_s}(t) = {U_s}\sin ({w_1}t + \varphi ) < \left| {{U_s}} \right| \le {M_1}
Us(t)=Ussin(w1t+φ)<∣Us∣≤M1
利用积化和差三角公式
y
(
t
)
=
∫
0
t
1
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
U
s
sin
(
w
1
τ
+
φ
)
d
τ
=
∫
0
t
U
s
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
sin
(
w
1
τ
+
φ
)
d
τ
=
∫
0
t
U
s
2
L
C
[
cos
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
−
(
w
1
τ
+
φ
)
)
−
cos
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
+
(
w
1
τ
+
φ
)
)
]
d
τ
=
∫
0
t
U
s
2
L
C
[
cos
(
−
(
1
L
C
+
w
1
)
τ
+
1
L
C
t
−
φ
)
)
−
cos
(
(
w
1
−
1
L
C
)
τ
+
1
L
C
t
+
φ
)
)
]
d
τ
=
U
s
2
L
C
[
1
−
(
1
L
C
+
w
1
)
sin
(
−
(
1
L
C
+
w
1
)
τ
+
1
L
C
t
−
φ
)
)
−
1
(
w
1
−
1
L
C
)
sin
(
(
w
1
−
1
L
C
)
τ
+
1
L
C
t
+
φ
)
)
]
∣
0
t
=
U
s
2
L
C
1
−
(
1
L
C
+
w
1
)
[
sin
(
−
w
1
t
−
φ
)
−
sin
(
1
L
C
t
−
φ
)
]
+
U
s
2
L
C
1
1
L
C
−
w
1
[
sin
(
w
1
t
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
1
L
C
t
+
φ
)
]
y(t) = \int_0^t {\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}} \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau )){U_s}\sin ({w_1}\tau + \varphi )d\tau = \int_0^t {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{\sqrt {LC} }}\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau ))\sin ({w_1}\tau + \varphi )} d\tau \\ = \int_0^t {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\left[ {\cos (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau ) - ({w_1}\tau + \varphi )) - \cos (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau ) + ({w_1}\tau + \varphi ))} \right]} d\tau \\ = \int_0^t {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\left[ {\cos ( - (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} + {w_1})\tau + \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t - \varphi )) - \cos (({w_1} - \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }})\tau + \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t + \varphi ))} \right]} d\tau \\ = \left. {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\left[ {\frac{1}{{ - (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} + {w_1})}}\sin ( - (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} + {w_1})\tau + \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t - \varphi )) - \frac{1}{{({w_1} - \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }})}}\sin (({w_1} - \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }})\tau + \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t + \varphi ))} \right]} \right|_0^t\\ = \frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\frac{1}{{ - (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} + {w_1})}}\left[ {\sin ( - {w_1}t - \varphi ) - \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t - \varphi )} \right] + \frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\frac{1}{{\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} - {w_1}}}\left[ {\sin ({w_1}t + \varphi ) - \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t + \varphi )} \right]
y(t)=∫0tLC1sin(LC1(t−τ))Ussin(w1τ+φ)dτ=∫0tLCUssin(LC1(t−τ))sin(w1τ+φ)dτ=∫0t2LCUs[cos(LC1(t−τ)−(w1τ+φ))−cos(LC1(t−τ)+(w1τ+φ))]dτ=∫0t2LCUs[cos(−(LC1+w1)τ+LC1t−φ))−cos((w1−LC1)τ+LC1t+φ))]dτ=2LCUs[−(LC1+w1)1sin(−(LC1+w1)τ+LC1t−φ))−(w1−LC1)1sin((w1−LC1)τ+LC1t+φ))]∣∣∣∣∣0t=2LCUs−(LC1+w1)1[sin(−w1t−φ)−sin(LC1t−φ)]+2LCUsLC1−w11[sin(w1t+φ)−sin(LC1t+φ)]
根据和差化积的三角公式可以得到
y
(
t
)
=
U
s
2
L
C
1
−
(
1
L
C
+
w
1
)
[
sin
(
−
w
1
t
−
φ
)
−
sin
(
1
L
C
t
−
φ
)
]
+
U
s
2
L
C
1
1
L
C
−
w
1
[
sin
(
w
1
t
+
φ
)
−
sin
(
1
L
C
t
+
φ
)
]
y(t) = \frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\frac{1}{{ - (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} + {w_1})}}\left[ {\sin ( - {w_1}t - \varphi ) - \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t - \varphi )} \right] + \frac{{{U_s}}}{{2\sqrt {LC} }}\frac{1}{{\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }} - {w_1}}}\left[ {\sin ({w_1}t + \varphi ) - \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t + \varphi )} \right]
y(t)=2LCUs−(LC1+w1)1[sin(−w1t−φ)−sin(LC1t−φ)]+2LCUsLC1−w11[sin(w1t+φ)−sin(LC1t+φ)]
lim
t
→
∞
∣
y
(
t
)
∣
=
lim
t
→
∞
∣
U
s
(
1
+
w
1
L
C
)
+
U
s
(
1
−
w
1
L
C
)
∣
<
∣
U
s
(
1
+
w
1
L
C
)
∣
+
∣
U
s
(
1
−
w
1
L
C
)
∣
=
M
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {y(t)} \right| = \mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{(1 + {w_1}\sqrt {LC} )}} + \frac{{{U_s}}}{{(1 - {w_1}\sqrt {LC} )}}} \right|\\ < \left| {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{(1 + {w_1}\sqrt {LC} )}}} \right| + \left| {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{(1 - {w_1}\sqrt {LC} )}}} \right| = M
t→∞lim∣y(t)∣=t→∞lim∣∣∣∣(1+w1LC)Us+(1−w1LC)Us∣∣∣∣<∣∣∣∣(1+w1LC)Us∣∣∣∣+∣∣∣∣(1−w1LC)Us∣∣∣∣=M
因此,输入有界的正弦交流电时,该系统的输出时有界的
L
=
1
0
−
2
H
,
C
=
1
0
−
2
C
,
U
s
=
20
sin
(
1
0
2
t
)
L = {10^{ - 2}}H,C = {10^{ - 2}}C,{U_s} = 20\sin ({10^2}t)
L=10−2H,C=10−2C,Us=20sin(102t),仿真电路图为:
图6 交流电源 LC电路仿真的电路图 |
---|
示波器输出结果
图7 交流电源输入LC电路电压输出 |
---|
仿真的输出结果有界,和分析结果一致。
输入为sgn函数控制电压源
此时没有考虑到相同频率的情况,相同频率类似于并联分析
U
s
(
t
)
=
U
s
s
g
n
(
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
)
<
∣
U
s
∣
≤
M
1
{U_s}(t) = {U_s}{\mathop{\rm sgn}} (\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau ))) < \left| {{U_s}} \right| \le {M_1}
Us(t)=Ussgn(sin(LC1(t−τ)))<∣Us∣≤M1
利用积化和差三角公式
y
(
t
)
=
∫
0
t
1
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
U
s
s
g
n
(
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
)
d
τ
=
∫
0
t
∣
U
s
L
C
sin
(
1
L
C
(
t
−
τ
)
)
∣
d
τ
y(t) = \int_0^t {\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}} \sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau )){U_s}{\mathop{\rm sgn}} (\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau )))d\tau = \int_0^t {\left| {\frac{{{U_s}}}{{\sqrt {LC} }}\sin (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}(t - \tau ))} \right|} d\tau
y(t)=∫0tLC1sin(LC1(t−τ))Ussgn(sin(LC1(t−τ)))dτ=∫0t∣∣∣∣LCUssin(LC1(t−τ))∣∣∣∣dτ
[
t
2
π
L
C
]
\left[ {\frac{t}{{2\pi \sqrt {LC} }}} \right]
[2πLCt]表示
t
2
π
L
C
\frac{t}{{2\pi \sqrt {LC} }}
2πLCt 向下取整
lim
t
→
∞
∣
y
(
t
)
∣
\mathop {\lim }\limits_{t \to \infty } \left| {y(t)} \right|
t→∞lim∣y(t)∣ 不是有界,有界的输入不能产生有界的输出,该系统非BIBO稳定
L
=
1
0
−
2
H
,
C
=
1
0
−
2
C
,
L = {10^{ - 2}}H,C = {10^{ - 2}}C,
L=10−2H,C=10−2C,用方波进行仿真,仿真电路图为:
图8 方波控制电压源LC电路仿真的电路图 |
---|
示波器输出结果
图9 方波控制电压源输入LC电路电压输出 |
---|
方波仿真的输出结果有界,方波并不是sgn函数信号,在仿真中我不知如何构造sgn函数,或者说这个输入信号已经改变系统的结构,可能不存在。
三、对并联的LC电路进行分析
输出时电容电压
U
c
{U_c}
Uc,输入是电源电流
I
s
{I_s}
Is,电容大小为
C
C
C,电感为
L
L
L。
U
c
(
t
)
=
L
d
i
L
d
t
i
c
(
t
)
=
C
d
U
c
d
t
i
c
(
t
)
+
i
c
(
t
)
=
I
s
\begin{array}{l} {U_c}(t) = L\frac{{d{i_L}}}{{dt}}\\ {i_c}(t) = C\frac{{d{U_c}}}{{dt}}\\ {i_c}(t) + {i_c}(t) = {I_s} \end{array}
Uc(t)=LdtdiLic(t)=CdtdUcic(t)+ic(t)=Is
可以得到
C
d
U
c
d
t
+
∫
0
t
U
c
L
d
t
=
I
s
C\frac{{d{U_c}}}{{dt}} + \int_0^t {\frac{{{U_c}}}{L}dt} = {I_s}
CdtdUc+∫0tLUcdt=Is
两边进行拉普拉斯变换可以得到
s
C
U
c
(
s
)
+
U
c
(
s
)
s
L
=
I
(
s
)
sC{U_c}(s) + \frac{{{U_c}(s)}}{{sL}} = I(s)
sCUc(s)+sLUc(s)=I(s)
所以
G
(
s
)
=
U
c
(
s
)
I
s
(
s
)
=
s
L
s
2
C
L
+
1
=
1
c
s
s
2
+
1
C
L
G(s) = \frac{{{U_c}(s)}}{{{I_s}(s)}} = \frac{{sL}}{{{s^2}CL + 1}} = \frac{1}{c}\frac{s}{{{s^2} + \frac{{\rm{1}}}{{CL}}}}
G(s)=Is(s)Uc(s)=s2CL+1sL=c1s2+CL1s
进行反拉式变换
g
(
t
)
=
1
C
cos
(
1
L
C
t
)
g(t) = \frac{1}{C}\cos (\frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t)
g(t)=C1cos(LC1t)
输入为交流电流源
I
s
(
t
)
=
I
s
sin
(
w
t
)
<
M
1
{I_s}(t) = {I_s}\sin (wt) < {M_1}
Is(t)=Issin(wt)<M1
I
s
(
s
)
=
I
s
w
s
2
+
w
2
{I_s}(s) = {I_s}\frac{w}{{{s^2} + {w^2}}}
Is(s)=Iss2+w2w
y
(
s
)
=
I
s
w
s
2
+
w
2
1
c
s
s
2
+
1
C
L
y(s) = {I_s}\frac{w}{{{s^2} + {w^2}}}\frac{1}{c}\frac{s}{{{s^2} + \frac{1}{{CL}}}}
y(s)=Iss2+w2wc1s2+CL1s
当
w
2
=
1
C
L
{w^2} = \frac{1}{{CL}}
w2=CL1时,反拉氏变换
y
(
t
)
=
−
I
s
2
t
sin
1
L
C
t
y(t) = - \frac{{{I_s}}}{2}t\sin \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t
y(t)=−2IstsinLC1t
当
t
→
∞
t \to \infty
t→∞的时候,
y
(
t
)
=
I
s
2
t
sin
1
L
C
t
y(t) = \frac{{{I_s}}}{2}t\sin \frac{1}{{\sqrt {LC} }}t
y(t)=2IstsinLC1t为振幅趋向于无穷的正弦震荡,因此输出无界,满足题目要求,系统不再BIBO稳定.
L
=
1
H
,
C
=
1
C
,
I
s
=
sin
t
L = 1H,C = 1C,{I_s} = \sin t
L=1H,C=1C,Is=sint,仿真的电路图为:
图10 交流电流源 LC并联电路仿真的电路图 |
---|
仿真时间是600s,示波器输出的结果为:
图11 交流电流源 LC并联电路输入电压输出 |
---|
从图中观察, y ( t ) y(t) y(t)输出无界,和上面的公式分析一致,此时有界输入能产生无界的输出,输入信号是正弦信号,频率满足 w = 1 / L C w = 1/\sqrt {LC} w=1/LC