1.常用基础知识
1.1.函数
1.1.1.重要结论
-
若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是可导的偶函数,则 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)是奇函数.
-
若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是可导的奇函数,则 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)是偶函数.
-
若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)是可导的以 T T T为周期的周期函数,则 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)是以 T T T为周期的周期函数.
-
连续的奇函数的一切原函数都是偶函数.
-
连续的偶函数的原函数中仅有一个是奇函数.
-
若连续函数 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)以 T T T为周期且 ∫ 0 T f ( x ) d x = 0 \int_0^Tf(x)\mathrm{d}x=0 ∫0Tf(x)dx=0,则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)的一切原函数也以 T T T为周期.
-
若 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内可导且 f ′ ( x ) f'(x) f′(x)有界,则 f ( x ) f(x) f(x)在 ( a , b ) (a,b) (a,b)内有界.
1.1.2.图像
1.1.2.1.极坐标
- 心形线(外摆线)—— r = a ( 1 − cos θ ) ( a > 0 ) r=a(1-\cos\theta)(a>0) r=a(1−cosθ)(a>0)
直角坐标系(a=1) |
极坐标系(a=1) |
- 三叶玫瑰线—— r = a sin 3 θ ( a > 0 ) r=a\sin3\theta(a>0) r=asin3θ(a>0)
直角坐标系(a=1) |
极坐标系(a=1) |
- 阿基米德螺线—— r = a θ ( a > 0 , θ ⩾ 0 ) r=a\theta(a>0,\theta\geqslant0) r=aθ(a>0,θ⩾0)
直角坐标系(a=1) |
极坐标系(a=1) |
- 伯努利双纽线—— r 2 = a 2 cos 2 θ 或 r 2 = a 2 sin 2 θ ( a > 0 ) r^2=a^2\cos2\theta或r^2=a^2\sin2\theta(a>0) r2=a2cos2θ或r2=a2sin2θ(a>0)
cos-极坐标系(a=1) |
sin-极坐标系(a=1) |
1.1.2.2.参数方程
- 摆线(平摆线)—— { x = r ( t − sin t ) y = r ( 1 − cos t ) \begin{cases}x=r(t-\sin t)\\y=r(1-\cos t)\end{cases} {x=r(t−sint)y=r(1−cost)
a=1 |
- 星形线(内摆线)—— { x = r cos 3 t y = r sin 3 t \begin{cases}x=r\cos^3t\\y=r\sin^3t\end{cases} {x=rcos3ty=rsin3t
a=1 |
1.2.数列
1.2.1.等差数列
-
a n = a 1 + ( n − 1 ) d a_n=a_1+(n-1)d an=a1+(n−1)d
-
S n = n a 1 + n ( n − 1 ) 2 d = n 2 ( a 1 + a n ) S_n=na_1+\frac{n(n-1)}{2}d=\frac{n}{2}(a_1+a_n) Sn=na1+2n(n−1)d=2n(a1+an)
1.2.2.等比数列
-
a n = a 1 q n − 1 ( q ≠ 0 ) a_n=a_1q^{n-1}(q\ne 0) an=a1qn−1(q=0)
-
S n = { n a 1 , q = 1 a 1 ( 1 − q n ) 1 − q , q ≠ 1 S_n=\begin{cases}na_1,q=1\\\frac{a_1(1-q^n)}{1-q},q\ne 1\end{cases} Sn={na1,q=11−qa1(1−qn),q=1
1.2.3.常见数列前n项和
-
∑ k = 1 n = 1 + 2 + . . . + n = n ( n + 1 ) 2 \sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}=1+2+...+n=\frac{n(n+1)}{2} k=1∑n=1+2+...+n=2n(n+1)
-
∑ k = 1 n = 1 + 2 2 + . . . + n 2 = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 \sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}=1+2^2+...+n^2=\frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6} k=1∑n=1+22+...+n2=6n(n+1)(2n+1)
-
∑ k = 1 n 1 k ( k + 1 ) = 1 1 × 2 + 1 2 × 3 + . . . 1 n ( n + 1 ) = n n + 1 \sum\limits_{k=1}^{n}\frac{1}{k(k+1)}=\frac{1}{1\times2}+\frac{1}{2\times3}+...\frac{1}{n(n+1)}=\frac{n}{n+1} k=1∑nk(k+1)1=1×21+2×31+...n(n+1)1=n+1n
1.3.三角函数
1.3.1.基本关系
-
sin 2 α + cos 2 α = 1 \sin ^2\alpha+\cos ^2\alpha=1 sin2α+cos2α=1
-
1 + tan 2 α = sec 2 α 1+\tan ^2\alpha=\sec ^2\alpha 1+tan2α=sec2α
-
1 + cot 2 α = csc 2 α 1+\cot ^2\alpha=\csc ^2\alpha 1+cot2α=csc2α
1.3.2.诱导公式
- 奇变偶不变,符号看象限
1.3.3.重要公式
1.3.3.1.倍角公式
-
sin 2 α = 2 sin α cos α \sin2\alpha=2\sin\alpha\cos\alpha sin2α=2sinαcosα
-
cos 2 α = cos 2 α − sin 2 α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 = 1 − 2 sin 2 α \cos2\alpha=\cos^2\alpha-\sin^2\alpha=2\cos^2\alpha-1=1-2\sin^2\alpha cos2α=cos2α−sin2α=2cos2α−1=1−2sin2α
-
sin 3 α = − 4 sin 2 α + 3 sin α \sin3\alpha=-4\sin^2\alpha+3\sin\alpha sin3α=−4sin2α+3sinα
-
cos 3 α = 4 cos 2 α − 3 cos α \cos3\alpha=4\cos^2\alpha-3\cos\alpha cos3α=4cos2α−3cosα
-
tan 2 α = 2 tan α 1 − tan 2 α \tan2\alpha=\frac{2\tan\alpha}{1-\tan^2\alpha} tan2α=1−tan2α2tanα
-
cot 2 α = cot 2 α − 1 2 cot α \cot2\alpha=\frac{\cot^2\alpha-1}{2\cot\alpha} cot2α=2cotαcot2α−1
1.3.3.2.半角公式
-
sin 2 α 2 = 1 − cos α 2 \sin^2\frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{2} sin22α=21−cosα
cos 2 α 2 = 1 + cos α 2 \cos^2\frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{2} cos22α=21+cosα
-
sin α 2 = ± 1 − cos α 2 \sin\frac{\alpha}{2}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{2}} sin2α=±21−cosα
cos α 2 = ± 1 + cos α 2 \cos\frac{\alpha}{2}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{2}} cos2α=±21+cosα
-
tan α 2 = 1 − cos α sin α = sin α 1 + cos α = ± 1 − cos α 1 + cos α \tan\frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{\sin\alpha}=\frac{\sin\alpha}{1+\cos\alpha}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{1-\cos\alpha}{1+\cos\alpha}} tan2α=sinα1−cosα=1+cosαsinα=±1+cosα1−cosα
-
cot α 2 = sin α 1 − cos α = 1 + cos α sin α = ± 1 + cos α 1 − cos α \cot\frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{\sin\alpha}{1-\cos\alpha}=\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{\sin\alpha}=\pm\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\alpha}{1-\cos\alpha}} cot2α=1−cosαsinα=sinα1+cosα=±1−cosα1+cosα
1.3.3.3.和差公式
-
sin ( α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± sin β cos α \sin(\alpha\pm\beta)=\sin\alpha\cos\beta\pm\sin\beta\cos\alpha sin(α±β)=sinαcosβ±sinβcosα
-
cos ( α ± β ) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β \cos(\alpha\pm\beta)=\cos\alpha\cos\beta\mp\sin\alpha\sin\beta cos(α±β)=cosαcosβ∓sinαsinβ
-
tan ( α ± β ) = tan α ± tan β 1 ∓ tan α tan β \tan(\alpha\pm\beta)=\frac{\tan\alpha\pm\tan\beta}{1\mp\tan\alpha\tan\beta} tan(α±β)=1∓tanαtanβtanα±tanβ
-
cot ( α ± β ) = cot α cot β ∓ 1 cot β ± cot α \cot(\alpha\pm\beta)=\frac{\cot\alpha\cot\beta\mp1}{\cot\beta\pm\cot\alpha} cot(α±β)=cotβ±cotαcotαcotβ∓1
1.3.3.4.积化和差
-
sin α cos β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) + sin ( α − β ) ] \sin\alpha\cos\beta=\frac{1}{2}[\sin(\alpha+\beta)+\sin(\alpha-\beta)] sinαcosβ=21[sin(α+β)+sin(α−β)]
-
cos α sin β = 1 2 [ sin ( α + β ) − sin ( α − β ) ] \cos\alpha\sin\beta=\frac{1}{2}[\sin(\alpha+\beta)-\sin(\alpha-\beta)] cosαsinβ=21[sin(α+β)−sin(α−β)]
-
cos α cos β = 1 2 [ cos ( α + β ) + cos ( α − β ) ] \cos\alpha\cos\beta=\frac{1}{2}[\cos(\alpha+\beta)+\cos(\alpha-\beta)] cosαcosβ=21[cos(α+β)+cos(α−β)]
-
sin α sin β = 1 2 [ cos ( α − β ) − cos ( α + β ) ] \sin\alpha\sin\beta=\frac{1}{2}[\cos(\alpha-\beta)-\cos(\alpha+\beta)] sinαsinβ=21[cos(α−β)−cos(α+β)]
1.3.3.5.和差化积
-
sin α + sin β = 2 s i n α + β 2 cos α − β 2 \sin\alpha+\sin\beta=2sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2} sinα+sinβ=2sin2α+βcos2α−β
-
sin α − sin β = 2 s i n α − β 2 cos α + β 2 \sin\alpha-\sin\beta=2sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2}\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2} sinα−sinβ=2sin2α−βcos2α+β
-
cos α + cos β = 2 cos α + β 2 cos α − β 2 \cos\alpha+\cos\beta=2\cos\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\cos\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2} cosα+cosβ=2cos2α+βcos2α−β
-
cos α − cos β = − 2 sin α + β 2 sin α − β 2 \cos\alpha-\cos\beta=-2\sin\frac{\alpha+\beta}{2}\sin\frac{\alpha-\beta}{2} cosα−cosβ=−2sin2α+βsin2α−β
1.3.3.6.万能公式
u = tan x 2 ( − π < x < π ) ⇒ { sin x = 2 u 1 + u 2 cos x = 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 u=\tan\frac{x}{2}(-\pi<x<\pi)\Rightarrow\begin{cases}\sin x=\frac{2u}{1+u^2}\\\cos x=\frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}\end{cases} u=tan2x(−π<x<π)⇒{sinx=1+u22ucosx=1+u21−u2
1.4.指数运算法则
-
a α ⋅ a β = a α + β a^\alpha\cdot a^\beta=a^{\alpha+\beta} aα⋅aβ=aα+β
-
a α a β = a α − β \frac{a^\alpha}{a^\beta}=a^{\alpha-\beta} aβaα=aα−β
-
( a α ) β = a α β {(a^\alpha)^\beta}=a^{\alpha\beta} (aα)β=aαβ
-
( a b ) α = a α b α {(ab)}^\alpha=a^\alpha b^\alpha (ab)α=aαbα
-
( a b ) α = a α b α {(\frac{a}{b})}^\alpha=\frac{a^\alpha}{b^\alpha} (ba)α=bαaα
1.5.对数运算法则
-
log a M N = log a M + log a N \log_aMN=\log_aM+\log_aN logaMN=logaM+logaN
-
log a M N = log a M − log a N \log_a\frac{M}{N}=\log_aM-\log_aN logaNM=logaM−logaN
-
log a M n = n log a M \log_aM^n=n\log_aM logaMn=nlogaM
-
log a M n = 1 n log a M \log_a\sqrt[n]M=\frac{1}{n}\log_aM loganM=n1logaM
1.6.一元二次方程基础
-
a x 2 + b x + c = 0 ( a ≠ 0 ) ax^2+bx+c=0(a\ne0) ax2+bx+c=0(a=0)
-
判别式 Δ = b 2 − 4 a c { > 0 , 2 个不等实根 ⇒ x 1 , 2 = − b ± b 2 − 4 a c 2 a = 0 , 2 个相等实根 < 0 , 2 个共轭复根 ⇒ x 1 , 2 = − b ± 4 a c − b 2 i 2 a = α ± β i \Delta=b^2-4ac\begin{cases}>0,2个不等实根\Rightarrow x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}\\=0,2个相等实根\\<0,2个共轭复根\Rightarrow x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{4ac-b^2}i}{2a}=\alpha\pm\beta i\end{cases} Δ=b2−4ac⎩ ⎨ ⎧>0,2个不等实根⇒x1,2=2a−b±b2−4ac=0,2个相等实根<0,2个共轭复根⇒x1,2=2a−b±4ac−b2i=α±βi
-
韦达定理 ( Δ ⩾ 0 ) { x 1 + x 2 = − b a x 1 x 2 = c a (\Delta\geqslant0)\begin{cases}x_1+x_2=-\frac{b}{a}\\x_1x_2=\frac{c}{a}\end{cases} (Δ⩾0){x1+x2=−abx1x2=ac
-
抛物线 y = a x 2 + b x + c y=ax^2+bx+c~~~~ y=ax2+bx+c 顶点 ( − b 2 a , c − b 2 4 a ) (-\frac{b}{2a},c-\frac{b^2}{4a}) (−2ab,c−4ab2)
1.7.因式分解公式
-
( a ± b ) 2 = a 2 ± 2 a b + b 2 {(a\pm b)}^2=a^2\pm2ab+b^2 (a±b)2=a2±2ab+b2
-
( a ± b ) 3 = a 3 ± 3 a b + 3 a b 2 ± b 3 {(a\pm b)^3}=a^3\pm3a^b+3ab^2\pm b^3 (a±b)3=a3±3ab+3ab2±b3
-
a 2 − b 2 = ( a + b ) ( a − b ) a^2-b^2=(a+b)(a-b) a2−b2=(a+b)(a−b)
-
a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) a^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) a3−b3=(a−b)(a2+ab+b2)
-
a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) ( a 2 − a b + b 2 ) a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2) a3+b3=(a+b)(a2−ab+b2)
-
a n − b n = { ( a − b ) ( a n − 1 + a n − 2 b + . . . + a b n − 2 + b n − 1 ) ( n 是正整数 ) ( a + b ) ( a n − 1 − a n − 2 b + . . . + a b n − 2 − b n − 1 ) ( n 是正偶数 ) a^n-b^n=\begin{cases}(a-b)(a^{n-1}+a^{n-2}b+...+ab^{n-2}+b^{n-1})(n是正整数)\\(a+b)(a^{n-1}-a^{n-2}b+...+ab^{n-2}-b^{n-1})(n是正偶数)\end{cases} an−bn={(a−b)(an−1+an−2b+...+abn−2+bn−1)(n是正整数)(a+b)(an−1−an−2b+...+abn−2−bn−1)(n是正偶数)
-
a n + b n = ( a + b ) ( a n − 1 − a n − 2 b + . . . − a b n − 2 + b n − 1 ) ( n 是正奇数 ) a^n+b^n=(a+b)(a^{n-1}-a^{n-2}b+...-ab^{n-2}+b^{n-1})(n是正奇数) an+bn=(a+b)(an−1−an−2b+...−abn−2+bn−1)(n是正奇数)
-
二项式定理
( a + b ) n = ∑ k = 0 n C n k a n − k b k = a n + n a n − 1 b + n ( n − 1 ) 2 ! a n − 2 b 2 + . . . + n ( n − 1 ) . . . ( n − k + 1 ) k ! a n − k b k + . . . + n a b n − 1 + b n {(a+b)}^n=\sum\limits_{k=0}^{n}C_n^ka^{n-k}b^k=a^n+na^{n-1}b+\frac{n(n-1)}{2!}a^{n-2}b^2+...+\frac{n(n-1)...(n-k+1)}{k!}a^{n-k}b^k+...+nab^{n-1}+b^n (a+b)n=k=0∑nCnkan−kbk=an+nan−1b+2!n(n−1)an−2b2+...+k!n(n−1)...(n−k+1)an−kbk+...+nabn−1+bn
1.8.阶乘与双阶乘
-
n ! = 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ . . . ⋅ n ( 0 ! = 1 ) n!=1\cdot2\cdot3\cdot...\cdot n~~~~~~~~(0!=1) n!=1⋅2⋅3⋅...⋅n (0!=1)
-
( 2 n ) ! ! = 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ . . . ⋅ ( 2 n ) = 2 n ⋅ n ! (2n)!!=2\cdot4\cdot6\cdot...\cdot(2n)=2^n\cdot n! (2n)!!=2⋅4⋅6⋅...⋅(2n)=2n⋅n!
-
( 2 n − 1 ) ! ! = 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ . . . ⋅ ( 2 n − 1 ) (2n-1)!!=1\cdot3\cdot5\cdot...\cdot(2n-1) (2n−1)!!=1⋅3⋅5⋅...⋅(2n−1)
1.9.常用不等式
-
{ ∣ a ± b ∣ ⩽ ∣ a ∣ + ∣ b ∣ ∣ ∣ a ∣ − ∣ b ∣ ∣ ⩽ ∣ a − b ∣ \begin{cases}|a\pm b|\leqslant|a|+|b|\\||a|-|b||\leqslant|a-b|\end{cases} {∣a±b∣⩽∣a∣+∣b∣∣∣a∣−∣b∣∣⩽∣a−b∣
推广 { 离散 ∣ a 1 ± a 2 ± . . . ± a n ∣ ⩽ ∣ a 1 ∣ + ∣ a 2 ∣ + . . . ∣ a n ∣ 连续 ∣ ∫ a b f ( x ) d x ∣ ⩽ ∫ a b ∣ f ( x ) ∣ d x 推广\begin{cases}离散|a_1\pm a_2\pm...\pm a_n|\leqslant|a_1|+|a_2|+...|a_n|\\连续|\int_a^bf(x)\mathrm{d}x|\leqslant\int_a^b|f(x)|\mathrm{d}x\end{cases} 推广{离散∣a1±a2±...±an∣⩽∣a1∣+∣a2∣+...∣an∣连续∣∫abf(x)dx∣⩽∫ab∣f(x)∣dx
-
a b ⩽ a + b 2 ⩽ a 2 + b 2 2 ( a > 0 , b > 0 ) \sqrt{ab}\leqslant\frac{a+b}{2}\leqslant\sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2}{2}}(a>0,b>0) ab⩽2a+b⩽2a2+b2(a>0,b>0)
∣ a b ∣ ⩽ a 2 + b 2 2 |ab|\leqslant\frac{a^2+b^2}{2} ∣ab∣⩽2a2+b2
a b c 3 ⩽ a + b + c 3 ⩽ a 2 + b 2 + c 2 3 ( a > 0 , b > 0 , c > 0 ) \sqrt[3]{abc}\leqslant\frac{a+b+c}{3}\leqslant\sqrt{\frac{a^2+b^2+c^2}{3}}(a>0,b>0,c>0) 3abc⩽3a+b+c⩽3a2+b2+c2(a>0,b>0,c>0)
-
a > b > 0 { n > 0 ⇒ a n > b n n < 0 ⇒ a n < b n a>b>0\begin{cases}n>0\Rightarrow a^n>b^n\\n<0\Rightarrow a^n<b^n\end{cases} a>b>0{n>0⇒an>bnn<0⇒an<bn
-
0 < a < x < b 0 < c < y < d } ⇒ c b < y x < d a \left.\begin{matrix}0<a<x<b\\0<c<y<d\end{matrix}\right\}\Rightarrow\frac{c}{b}<\frac{y}{x}<\frac{d}{a} 0<a<x<b0<c<y<d}⇒bc<xy<ad
-
sin x < x < tan x ( 0 < x < π 2 ) \sin x<x<\tan x(0<x<\frac{\pi}{2}) sinx<x<tanx(0<x<2π)
-
sin x < x ( x > 0 ) \sin x<x(x>0) sinx<x(x>0)
-
arctan x ⩽ x ⩽ arcsin x ( 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1 ) \arctan x\leqslant x\leqslant\arcsin x(0\leqslant x\leqslant 1) arctanx⩽x⩽arcsinx(0⩽x⩽1)
-
e x ⩾ x + 1 e^x\geqslant x+1 ex⩾x+1
-
x − 1 ⩾ ln x ( x > 0 ) x-1\geqslant \ln x(x>0) x−1⩾lnx(x>0)
-
1 1 + x < ln ( 1 + 1 x ) < 1 x ( x > 0 ) \frac{1}{1+x}<\ln(1+\frac{1}{x})<\frac{1}{x}(x>0) 1+x1<ln(1+x1)<x1(x>0)
-
x − 1 < [ x ] ⩽ x x-1<[x]\leqslant x x−1<[x]⩽x
[ x + n ] = [ x ] + n ( n 为整数 ) [x+n]=[x]+n(n为整数) [x+n]=[x]+n(n为整数)