1.和式极限
- 二重积分
- ∬ D f ( x , y ) d σ = lim n → ∞ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n f ( a + b − a n i , c + d − c n j ) ⋅ b − a n ⋅ d − c n \iint\limits_Df(x,y)\mathrm{d}\sigma=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\sum\limits_{j=1}^nf(a+\frac{b-a}{n}i,c+\frac{d-c}{n}j)\cdot\frac{b-a}{n}\cdot\frac{d-c}{n} D∬f(x,y)dσ=n→∞limi=1∑nj=1∑nf(a+nb−ai,c+nd−cj)⋅nb−a⋅nd−c
- 其中 D = { ( x , y ) ∣ a ⩽ x ⩽ b , c ⩽ y ⩽ c } D=\{(x,y)|a\leqslant x\leqslant b,c\leqslant y\leqslant c\} D={(x,y)∣a⩽x⩽b,c⩽y⩽c}
- 三重积分
- ∭ Ω g ( x , y , z ) d v = lim n → ∞ ∑ i = 1 n ∑ j = 1 n ∑ k = 1 n g ( a + b − a n i , c + d − c n j , e + f − e n k ) ⋅ b − a n ⋅ d − c n ⋅ f − e n \iiint\limits_\Omega g(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}v=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}\sum\limits_{i=1}^n\sum\limits_{j=1}^n\sum\limits_{k=1}^ng(a+\frac{b-a}{n}i,c+\frac{d-c}{n}j,e+\frac{f-e}{n}k)\cdot\frac{b-a}{n}\cdot\frac{d-c}{n}\cdot\frac{f-e}{n} Ω∭g(x,y,z)dv=n→∞limi=1∑nj=1∑nk=1∑ng(a+nb−ai,c+nd−cj,e+nf−ek)⋅nb−a⋅nd−c⋅nf−e
- 其中 Ω = { ( x , y , z ) ∣ a ⩽ x ⩽ b , c ⩽ y ⩽ c , e ⩽ z ⩽ f } \Omega=\{(x,y,z)|a\leqslant x\leqslant b,c\leqslant y\leqslant c,e\leqslant z\leqslant f\} Ω={(x,y,z)∣a⩽x⩽b,c⩽y⩽c,e⩽z⩽f}
2.换元法
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\iint\limits_{D_{xy}}f(x,y)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=\iint\limits_{D_{uv}}f[x(u,v),y(u,v)]|\frac{\partial(x,y)}{\partial(u,v)}|\mathrm{d}u\mathrm{d}v
Dxy∬f(x,y)dxdy=Duv∬f[x(u,v),y(u,v)]∣∂(u,v)∂(x,y)∣dudv
- ∣ ∂ ( x , y ) ∂ ( u , v ) ∣ = ∣ ∂ x ∂ u ∂ x ∂ v ∂ y ∂ u ∂ y ∂ v ∣ ≠ 0 |\frac{\partial(x,y)}{\partial(u,v)}|=\begin{vmatrix}\frac{\partial x}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial x}{\partial v}\\\frac{\partial y}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial y}{\partial v}\end{vmatrix}\ne0 ∣∂(u,v)∂(x,y)∣= ∂u∂x∂u∂y∂v∂x∂v∂y =0
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\iiint\limits_{\Omega_{xyz}}f(x,y,w)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z=\iiint\limits_{\Omega_{uvw}}f[x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)]|\frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)}|\mathrm{d}u\mathrm{d}v\mathrm{d}w
Ωxyz∭f(x,y,w)dxdydz=Ωuvw∭f[x(u,v,w),y(u,v,w),z(u,v,w)]∣∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)∣dudvdw
- ∣ ∂ ( x , y , z ) ∂ ( u , v , w ) ∣ = ∣ ∂ x ∂ u ∂ x ∂ v ∂ x ∂ w ∂ y ∂ u ∂ y ∂ v ∂ y ∂ w ∂ z ∂ u ∂ z ∂ v ∂ z ∂ w ∣ ≠ 0 |\frac{\partial(x,y,z)}{\partial(u,v,w)}|=\begin{vmatrix}\frac{\partial x}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial x}{\partial v}&\frac{\partial x}{\partial w}\\\frac{\partial y}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial y}{\partial v}&\frac{\partial y}{\partial w}\\\frac{\partial z}{\partial u}&\frac{\partial z}{\partial v}&\frac{\partial z}{\partial w}\end{vmatrix}\ne0 ∣∂(u,v,w)∂(x,y,z)∣= ∂u∂x∂u∂y∂u∂z∂v∂x∂v∂y∂v∂z∂w∂x∂w∂y∂w∂z =0
- 直角坐标系 → \to →极坐标系: ∬ D f ( x , y ) d x d y = ∬ D f ( r cos θ , r sin θ ) r d r d θ \iint\limits_Df(x,y)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=\iint\limits_Df(r\cos\theta,r\sin\theta)r\mathrm{d}r\mathrm{d}\theta D∬f(x,y)dxdy=D∬f(rcosθ,rsinθ)rdrdθ
- 球面坐标: ∭ Ω f ( x , y , z ) d x d x d z = ∭ Ω f ( r sin φ cos θ , r sin φ sin θ , r cos φ ) r 2 sin φ d θ d φ d r \iiint\limits_{\Omega}f(x,y,z)\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}z=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}f(r\sin\varphi\cos\theta,r\sin\varphi\sin\theta,r\cos\varphi)r^2\sin\varphi\mathrm{d}\theta\mathrm{d}\varphi\mathrm{d}r Ω∭f(x,y,z)dxdxdz=Ω∭f(rsinφcosθ,rsinφsinθ,rcosφ)r2sinφdθdφdr
3.三大公式
3.1.格林公式
∮ L P ( x , y ) d x + Q ( x , y ) d y = ∬ D ( ∂ Q ∂ x − ∂ P ∂ y ) d σ \oint_LP(x,y)\mathrm{d}x+Q(x,y)\mathrm{d}y=\iint\limits_{D}(\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial P}{\partial y})\mathrm{d}\sigma ∮LP(x,y)dx+Q(x,y)dy=D∬(∂x∂Q−∂y∂P)dσ
3.2.斯托克斯公式
∮ Γ P d x + Q d y + R d z = ∬ Σ ∣ cos α cos β cos γ ∂ ∂ x ∂ ∂ y ∂ ∂ z P Q R ∣ d S \oint_\Gamma P\mathrm{d}x+Q\mathrm{d}y+R\mathrm{d}z=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\left|\begin{matrix}\cos\alpha~~\cos\beta~~\cos\gamma\\\frac{\partial}{\partial x}~~~~~\frac{\partial}{\partial y}~~~~~\frac{\partial}{\partial z}\\P~~~~~~~Q~~~~~~~R\end{matrix}\right|\mathrm{d}S ∮ΓPdx+Qdy+Rdz=Σ∬ cosα cosβ cosγ∂x∂ ∂y∂ ∂z∂P Q R dS
3.3.高斯公式
∯ Σ P d y d z + Q d z d x + R d x d y = ∭ Ω ( ∂ P ∂ x + ∂ Q ∂ y + ∂ R ∂ z ) d v \oiint_\Sigma P\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z+Q\mathrm{d}z\mathrm{d}x+R\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}(\frac{\partial P}{\partial x}+\frac{\partial Q}{\partial y}+\frac{\partial R}{\partial z})\mathrm{d}v ∬ΣPdydz+Qdzdx+Rdxdy=Ω∭(∂x∂P+∂y∂Q+∂z∂R)dv
4.两类积分的关系
- 曲线积分
- ∫ L P d x + Q d y = ∫ L ( P cos α + Q cos β ) d s \int_LP\mathrm{d}x+Q\mathrm{d}y=\int_L(P\cos\alpha+Q\cos\beta)\mathrm{d}s ∫LPdx+Qdy=∫L(Pcosα+Qcosβ)ds
- 曲面积分
- ∬ Σ P d y d z + Q d z x + R d x d y = ∬ Σ ( P cos α + Q cos β + R cos γ ) d S \iint\limits_{\Sigma}P\mathrm{d}y\mathrm{d}z+Q\mathrm{d}z\mathrm{x}+R\mathrm{d}x\mathrm{d}y=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}(P\cos\alpha+Q\cos\beta+R\cos\gamma)\mathrm{d}S Σ∬Pdydz+Qdzx+Rdxdy=Σ∬(Pcosα+Qcosβ+Rcosγ)dS
5.应用
5.1.重心(质心)与形心
ρ \rho ρ为常数时即形心
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平面薄片
x ‾ = ∬ D x ρ d σ ∬ D ρ d σ , y ‾ = ∬ D y ρ d σ ∬ D ρ d σ \overline{x}=\frac{\iint\limits_{D}x\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\iint\limits_{D}\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma},\overline{y}=\frac{\iint\limits_{D}y\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma}{\iint\limits_{D}\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma} x=D∬ρdσD∬xρdσ,y=D∬ρdσD∬yρdσ
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空间物体
x ‾ = ∭ Ω x ρ d v ∭ Ω ρ d v , y ‾ = ∭ Ω y ρ d v ∭ Ω ρ d v , z ‾ = ∭ Ω z ρ d v ∭ Ω ρ d v \overline{x}=\frac{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}x\rho\mathrm{d}v}{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\rho\mathrm{d}v},\overline{y}=\frac{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}y\rho\mathrm{d}v}{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\rho\mathrm{d}v},\overline{z}=\frac{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}z\rho\mathrm{d}v}{\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\rho\mathrm{d}v} x=Ω∭ρdvΩ∭xρdv,y=Ω∭ρdvΩ∭yρdv,z=Ω∭ρdvΩ∭zρdv
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光滑曲线
x ‾ = ∫ L x ρ d x ∫ L ρ d x , y ‾ = ∫ L y ρ d y ∫ L ρ d y , z ‾ = ∫ L z ρ d z ∫ L ρ d z \overline{x}=\frac{\int_Lx\rho\mathrm{d}x}{\int_L\rho\mathrm{d}x},\overline{y}=\frac{\int_Ly\rho\mathrm{d}y}{\int_L\rho\mathrm{d}y},\overline{z}=\frac{\int_Lz\rho\mathrm{d}z}{\int_L\rho\mathrm{d}z} x=∫Lρdx∫Lxρdx,y=∫Lρdy∫Lyρdy,z=∫Lρdz∫Lzρdz
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光滑曲面薄片
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x ‾ = ∬ Σ x ρ d S ∬ Σ ρ d S , y ‾ = ∬ Σ y ρ d S ∬ Σ ρ d S , z ‾ = ∬ Σ z ρ d S ∬ Σ ρ d S \overline{x}=\frac{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}x\rho\mathrm{d}S}{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\rho\mathrm{d}S},\overline{y}=\frac{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}y\rho\mathrm{d}S}{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\rho\mathrm{d}S},\overline{z}=\frac{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}z\rho\mathrm{d}S}{\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\rho\mathrm{d}S} x=Σ∬ρdSΣ∬xρdS,y=Σ∬ρdSΣ∬yρdS,z=Σ∬ρdSΣ∬zρdS
5.2.转动惯量
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平面薄片
I x = ∬ D y 2 ρ d σ , I y = ∬ D x 2 ρ d σ , I O = ∬ D ( x 2 + y 2 ) ρ d σ I_x=\iint\limits_{D}y^2\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma,I_y=\iint\limits_{D}x^2\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma,I_O=\iint\limits_{D}(x^2+y^2)\rho\mathrm{d}\sigma Ix=D∬y2ρdσ,Iy=D∬x2ρdσ,IO=D∬(x2+y2)ρdσ
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空间物体
I x = ∭ Ω ( y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d v , I y = ∭ Ω ( z 2 + x 2 ) ρ d v , I z = ∭ Ω ( x 2 + y 2 ) ρ d v , I O = ∭ Ω ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d v I_x=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}(y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}v,I_y=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}(z^2+x^2)\rho\mathrm{d}v,I_z=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}(x^2+y^2)\rho\mathrm{d}v,I_O=\iiint\limits_{\Omega}(x^2+y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}v Ix=Ω∭(y2+z2)ρdv,Iy=Ω∭(z2+x2)ρdv,Iz=Ω∭(x2+y2)ρdv,IO=Ω∭(x2+y2+z2)ρdv
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光滑曲线
I x = ∫ L ( y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d s , I y = ∫ L ( z 2 + x 2 ) ρ d s , I z = ∫ L ( x 2 + y 2 ) ρ d s , I O = ∫ L ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d s I_x=\int_L(y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}s,I_y=\int_L(z^2+x^2)\rho\mathrm{d}s,I_z=\int_L(x^2+y^2)\rho\mathrm{d}s,I_O=\int_L(x^2+y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}s Ix=∫L(y2+z2)ρds,Iy=∫L(z2+x2)ρds,Iz=∫L(x2+y2)ρds,IO=∫L(x2+y2+z2)ρds
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光滑曲面薄片
I x = ∬ Σ ( y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d S , I y = ∬ Σ ( z 2 + x 2 ) ρ d S , I z = ∬ Σ ( x 2 + y 2 ) ρ d v , I O = ∬ Σ ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ρ d S I_x=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}(y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}S,I_y=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}(z^2+x^2)\rho\mathrm{d}S,I_z=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}(x^2+y^2)\rho\mathrm{d}v,I_O=\iint\limits_{\Sigma}(x^2+y^2+z^2)\rho\mathrm{d}S Ix=Σ∬(y2+z2)ρdS,Iy=Σ∬(z2+x2)ρdS,Iz=Σ∬(x2+y2)ρdv,IO=Σ∬(x2+y2+z2)ρdS
5.3.引力
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平面薄片
F x = G m ∬ D ρ ( x − x 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + z 0 2 ] 3 2 d σ , F y = G m ∬ D ρ ( y − y 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + z 0 2 ] 3 2 d σ , F z = G m ∬ D ρ ( z − z 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + z 0 2 ] 3 2 d σ F_x=Gm\iint\limits_{D}\frac{\rho(x-x_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+z_0^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}\sigma,F_y=Gm\iint\limits_{D}\frac{\rho(y-y_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+z_0^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}\sigma,F_z=Gm\iint\limits_{D}\frac{\rho(z-z_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+z_0^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}\sigma Fx=GmD∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+z02]23ρ(x−x0)dσ,Fy=GmD∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+z02]23ρ(y−y0)dσ,Fz=GmD∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+z02]23ρ(z−z0)dσ
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空间物体
F x = G m ∭ Ω ρ ( x − x 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d v , F y = G m ∭ Ω ρ ( y − y 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d v , F z = G m ∭ Ω ρ ( z − z 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d v F_x=Gm\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\frac{\rho(x-x_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}v,F_y=Gm\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\frac{\rho(y-y_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}v,F_z=Gm\iiint\limits_{\Omega}\frac{\rho(z-z_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}v Fx=GmΩ∭[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(x−x0)dv,Fy=GmΩ∭[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(y−y0)dv,Fz=GmΩ∭[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(z−z0)dv
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光滑曲线
F x = G m ∫ L ρ ( x − x 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d s , F y = G m ∫ L ρ ( y − y 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d s , F z = G m ∫ L ρ ( z − z 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d s F_x=Gm\int_L\frac{\rho(x-x_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}s,F_y=Gm\int_L\frac{\rho(y-y_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}s,F_z=Gm\int_L\frac{\rho(z-z_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}s Fx=Gm∫L[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(x−x0)ds,Fy=Gm∫L[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(y−y0)ds,Fz=Gm∫L[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(z−z0)ds
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光滑曲面薄片
F x = G m ∬ Σ ρ ( x − x 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d S , F y = G m ∬ Σ ρ ( y − y 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d S , F z = G m ∬ Σ ρ ( z − z 0 ) [ ( x − x 0 ) 2 + ( y − y 0 ) 2 + ( z − z 0 ) 2 ] 3 2 d S F_x=Gm\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\frac{\rho(x-x_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}S,F_y=Gm\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\frac{\rho(y-y_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}S,F_z=Gm\iint\limits_{\Sigma}\frac{\rho(z-z_0)}{{[(x-x_0)^2+(y-y_0)^2+(z-z_0)^2]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\mathrm{d}S Fx=GmΣ∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(x−x0)dS,Fy=GmΣ∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(y−y0)dS,Fz=GmΣ∬[(x−x0)2+(y−y0)2+(z−z0)2]23ρ(z−z0)dS