ROS教程(2)

一、创建编译功能包

切换到catkin_ws/src目录下,如下:

cd catkin_ws/src
catkin_create_pkg mbot_sim_gazebo urdf xacro

返回到catkin_ws目录下,编译该功能包,如下:

cd ..
catkin_make mbot_sim_gazebo

在该功能包下创建include、src、launch、urdf文件夹,在urdf文件下创建urdf文件夹和xacro文件夹。

cd src/mbot_sim_gazebo
mkdir include
mkdir src
mkdir launch
mkdir urdf
cd urdf
mkdir urdf
mkdir xacro

二、xacro文件

1、创建robot_base.xacro文件

切换到xacro文件下,创建robot_base.xacro文件,文件内容如下:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="mbot" xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">

    <!-- PROPERTY LIST -->
    <xacro:property name="M_PI" value="3.1415926"/>
    <xacro:property name="base_mass"   value="20" /> 
    <xacro:property name="base_radius" value="0.20"/>
    <xacro:property name="base_length" value="0.16"/>

    <xacro:property name="wheel_mass"   value="2" />
    <xacro:property name="wheel_radius" value="0.06"/>
    <xacro:property name="wheel_length" value="0.025"/>
    <xacro:property name="wheel_joint_y" value="0.19"/>
    <xacro:property name="wheel_joint_z" value="0.05"/>

    <xacro:property name="caster_mass"    value="0.5" /> 
    <xacro:property name="caster_radius"  value="0.015"/> <!-- wheel_radius - ( base_length/2 - wheel_joint_z) -->
    <xacro:property name="caster_joint_x" value="0.18"/>

    <!-- Defining the colors used in this robot -->
    <material name="yellow">
        <color rgba="1 0.4 0 1"/>
    </material>
    <material name="black">
        <color rgba="0 0 0 0.95"/>
    </material>
    <material name="gray">
        <color rgba="0.75 0.75 0.75 1"/>
    </material>
    
    <!-- Macro for inertia matrix -->
    <xacro:macro name="sphere_inertial_matrix" params="m r">
        <inertial>
            <mass value="${m}" />
            <inertia ixx="${2*m*r*r/5}" ixy="0" ixz="0"
                iyy="${2*m*r*r/5}" iyz="0" 
                izz="${2*m*r*r/5}" />
        </inertial>
    </xacro:macro>

    <xacro:macro name="cylinder_inertial_matrix" params="m r h">
        <inertial>
            <mass value="${m}" />
            <inertia ixx="${m*(3*r*r+h*h)/12}" ixy = "0" ixz = "0"
                iyy="${m*(3*r*r+h*h)/12}" iyz = "0"
                izz="${m*r*r/2}" /> 
        </inertial>
    </xacro:macro>

    <!-- Macro for robot wheel -->
    <xacro:macro name="wheel" params="prefix reflect">
        <joint name="${prefix}_wheel_joint" type="continuous">
            <origin xyz="0 ${reflect*wheel_joint_y} ${-wheel_joint_z}" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <parent link="base_link"/>
            <child link="${prefix}_wheel_link"/>
            <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
        </joint>

        <link name="${prefix}_wheel_link">
            <visual>
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="${M_PI/2} 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder radius="${wheel_radius}" length = "${wheel_length}"/>
                </geometry>
                <material name="gray" />
            </visual>
            <collision>
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="${M_PI/2} 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder radius="${wheel_radius}" length = "${wheel_length}"/>
                </geometry>
            </collision>
            <cylinder_inertial_matrix  m="${wheel_mass}" r="${wheel_radius}" h="${wheel_length}" />
        </link>

        <gazebo reference="${prefix}_wheel_link">
            <material>Gazebo/Gray</material>
        </gazebo>

        <!-- Transmission is important to link the joints and the controller-->
        <transmission name="${prefix}_wheel_joint_trans">
            <type>transmission_interface/SimpleTransmission</type>
            <joint name="${prefix}_wheel_joint" >
                <hardwareInterface>hardware_interface/VelocityJointInterface</hardwareInterface>
            </joint>
            <actuator name="${prefix}_wheel_joint_motor">
                <hardwareInterface>hardware_interface/VelocityJointInterface</hardwareInterface>
                <mechanicalReduction>1</mechanicalReduction>
            </actuator>
        </transmission>
    </xacro:macro>

    <!-- Macro for robot caster -->
    <xacro:macro name="caster" params="prefix reflect">
        <joint name="${prefix}_caster_joint" type="continuous">
            <origin xyz="${reflect*caster_joint_x} 0 ${-(base_length/2 + caster_radius)}" rpy="0 0 0"/>
            <parent link="base_link"/>
            <child link="${prefix}_caster_link"/>
            <axis xyz="0 1 0"/>
        </joint>

        <link name="${prefix}_caster_link">
            <visual>
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
                <geometry>
                    <sphere radius="${caster_radius}" />
                </geometry>
                <material name="black" />
            </visual>
            <collision>
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
                <geometry>
                    <sphere radius="${caster_radius}" />
                </geometry>
            </collision>      
            <sphere_inertial_matrix  m="${caster_mass}" r="${caster_radius}" />
        </link>

        <gazebo reference="${prefix}_caster_link">
            <material>Gazebo/Black</material>
        </gazebo>
    </xacro:macro>

    <xacro:macro name="mbot_base_gazebo">
        <link name="base_footprint">
            <visual>
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <box size="0.001 0.001 0.001" />
                </geometry>
            </visual>
        </link>
        <gazebo reference="base_footprint">
            <turnGravityOff>false</turnGravityOff>
        </gazebo>

        <joint name="base_footprint_joint" type="fixed">
            <origin xyz="0 0 ${base_length/2 + caster_radius*2}" rpy="0 0 0" />        
            <parent link="base_footprint"/>
            <child link="base_link" />
        </joint>

        <link name="base_link">
            <visual>
                <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${base_length}" radius="${base_radius}"/>
                </geometry>
                <material name="yellow" />
            </visual>
            <collision>
                <origin xyz=" 0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <cylinder length="${base_length}" radius="${base_radius}"/>
                </geometry>
            </collision>   
            <cylinder_inertial_matrix  m="${base_mass}" r="${base_radius}" h="${base_length}" />
        </link>

        <gazebo reference="base_link">
            <material>Gazebo/Blue</material>
        </gazebo>

        <wheel prefix="left"  reflect="-1"/>
        <wheel prefix="right" reflect="1"/>

        <caster prefix="front" reflect="-1"/>
        <caster prefix="back"  reflect="1"/>

        <!-- controller -->
        <gazebo>
            <plugin name="differential_drive_controller" 
                    filename="libgazebo_ros_diff_drive.so">
                <rosDebugLevel>Debug</rosDebugLevel>
                <publishWheelTF>true</publishWheelTF>
                <robotNamespace>/</robotNamespace>
                <publishTf>1</publishTf>
                <publishWheelJointState>true</publishWheelJointState>
                <alwaysOn>true</alwaysOn>
                <updateRate>100.0</updateRate>
                <legacyMode>true</legacyMode>
                <leftJoint>left_wheel_joint</leftJoint>
                <rightJoint>right_wheel_joint</rightJoint>
                <wheelSeparation>${wheel_joint_y*2}</wheelSeparation>
                <wheelDiameter>${2*wheel_radius}</wheelDiameter>
                <broadcastTF>1</broadcastTF>
                <wheelTorque>30</wheelTorque>
                <wheelAcceleration>1.8</wheelAcceleration>
                <commandTopic>cmd_vel</commandTopic>
                <odometryFrame>odom</odometryFrame> 
                <odometryTopic>odom</odometryTopic> 
                <robotBaseFrame>base_footprint</robotBaseFrame>
		<odometrySource>world</odometrySource>
		<publishOdomTF>1</publishOdomTF>
            </plugin>
        </gazebo> 
    </xacro:macro>

</robot>

2、创建robot_camera.xacro文件

在xacro文件下,创建robot_camera.xacro文件,文件内容如下:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro" name="camera">

    <xacro:macro name="usb_camera" params="prefix:=camera">
        <!-- Create laser reference frame -->
        <link name="${prefix}_link">
            <inertial>
                <mass value="0.1" />
                <origin xyz="0 0 0" />
                <inertia ixx="0.01" ixy="0.0" ixz="0.0"
                         iyy="0.01" iyz="0.0"
                         izz="0.01" />
            </inertial>

            <visual>
                <origin xyz=" 0 0 0 " rpy="0 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <box size="0.01 0.04 0.04" />
                </geometry>
                <material name="black"/>
            </visual>

            <collision>
                <origin xyz="0.0 0.0 0.0" rpy="0 0 0" />
                <geometry>
                    <box size="0.01 0.04 0.04" />
                </geometry>
            </collision>
        </link>
        <gazebo reference="${prefix}_link">
            <material>Gazebo/Black</material>
        </gazebo>

        <gazebo reference="${prefix}_link">
            <sensor type="camera" name="camera_node">
                <update_rate>30.0</update_rate>
                <camera name="head">
                    <horizontal_fov>1.3962634</horizontal_fov>
                    <image>
                        <width>1280</width>
                        <height>720</height>
                        <format>R8G8B8</format>
                    </image>
                    <clip>
                        <near>0.02</near>
                        <far>300</far>
                    </clip>
                    <noise>
                        <type>gaussian</type>
                        <mean>0.0</mean>
                        <stddev>0.007</stddev>
                    </noise>
                </camera>
                <plugin name="gazebo_camera" filename="libgazebo_ros_camera.so">
                    <alwaysOn>true</alwaysOn>
                    <updateRate>0.0</updateRate>
                    <cameraName>/camera</cameraName>
                    <imageTopicName>image_raw</imageTopicName>
                    <cameraInfoTopicName>camera_info</cameraInfoTopicName>
                    <frameName>camera_link</frameName>
                    <hackBaseline>0.07</hackBaseline>
                    <distortionK1>0.0</distortionK1>
                    <distortionK2>0.0</distortionK2>
                    <distortionK3>0.0</distortionK3>
                    <distortionT1>0.0</distortionT1>
                    <distortionT2>0.0</distortionT2>
                </plugin>
            </sensor>
        </gazebo>

    </xacro:macro>
</robot>

3、创建robot_lidar.xacro文件

在xacro文件下,创建robot_lidar.xacro文件,文件内容如下:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro" name="lidar">
	<xacro:macro name="hokuyo_lidar" params="prefix:=lidar">
			<link name="hokuyo_link">
	    		<collision>
	      			<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
	      			<geometry>
						<box size="0.1 0.1 0.1"/>
	     			</geometry>
	    		</collision>
	    		<visual>
	      			<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
	      			<geometry>
	        			<mesh filename="package://mbot_sim_gazebo/meshes/hokuyo.dae"/>
	      			</geometry>
	    		</visual>
	    		<inertial>
	      			<mass value="1e-5" />
	      			<origin xyz="0 0 0" rpy="0 0 0"/>
	      			<inertia ixx="1e-6" ixy="0" ixz="0" iyy="1e-6" iyz="0" izz="1e-6" />
	    		</inertial>
	  		</link>
			<gazebo reference="hokuyo_link">
			    <sensor type="ray" name="head_hokuyo_sensor">
			      <pose>0 0 0 0 0 0</pose>
			      <visualize>false</visualize>
			      <update_rate>40</update_rate>
			      <ray>
			        <scan>
			          <horizontal>
			            <samples>720</samples>
			            <resolution>1</resolution>
			            <min_angle>-1.570796</min_angle>
			            <max_angle>1.570796</max_angle>
			          </horizontal>
			        </scan>
			        <range>
			          <min>0.10</min>
			          <max>30.0</max>
			          <resolution>0.01</resolution>
			        </range>
			        <noise>
			          <type>gaussian</type>
			          <mean>0.0</mean>
			          <stddev>0.01</stddev>
			        </noise>
			      </ray>
			      <plugin name="gazebo_ros_head_hokuyo_controller" filename="libgazebo_ros_laser.so">
			        <topicName>/scan</topicName>
			        <frameName>hokuyo_link</frameName>
			      </plugin>
			    </sensor>
			  </gazebo>
	</xacro:macro>
</robot>

4、创建robot.xacro文件

在xacro文件下,创建robot.xacro文件,文件内容如下:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<robot name="arm" xmlns:xacro="http://www.ros.org/wiki/xacro">

    <xacro:include filename="$(find mbot_sim_gazebo)/urdf/xacro/robot_base.xacro" />
    <xacro:include filename="$(find mbot_sim_gazebo)/urdf/xacro/robot_camera.xacro" />
    <xacro:include filename="$(find mbot_sim_gazebo)/urdf/xacro/robot_lidar.xacro" />

    <xacro:property name="camera_offset_x" value="0.17" />
    <xacro:property name="camera_offset_y" value="0" />
    <xacro:property name="camera_offset_z" value="0.10" />
    <xacro:property name="lidar_offset_x" value="-0.17" />
    <xacro:property name="lidar_offset_y" value="0" />
    <xacro:property name="lidar_offset_z" value="0.10" />

    <xacro:mbot_base_gazebo/>

    <!-- Camera -->
    <joint name="camera_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="${camera_offset_x} ${camera_offset_y} ${camera_offset_z}" rpy="0 0 0" />
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="camera_link"/>
    </joint>

    <xacro:usb_camera prefix="camera"/>

    <joint name="lidar_joint" type="fixed">
        <origin xyz="${lidar_offset_x} ${lidar_offset_y} ${lidar_offset_z}" rpy="0 0 0" />
        <parent link="base_link"/>
        <child link="hokuyo_link"/>
    </joint>
    <xacro:hokuyo_lidar prefix="lidar"/>

</robot>

接下来需要将.gazebo/models/hokuyo/目录中的meshes文件夹整体复制到我们的功能包mbot_sim_gazebo下面。

三、launch启动文件

1、创建robot.launch文件

在launch文件下,创建robot.launch文件,文件内容如下:

<launch>

        <!-- 设置launch文件的参数 -->

    <arg name="paused" default="false"/>

    <arg name="use_sim_time" default="true"/>

    <arg name="gui" default="true"/>

    <arg name="headless" default="false"/>

    <arg name="debug" default="false"/>



    <!-- 运行gazebo仿真环境 -->

    <include file="$(find gazebo_ros)/launch/empty_world.launch">

        <arg name="debug" value="$(arg debug)" />

        <arg name="gui" value="$(arg gui)" />

        <arg name="paused" value="$(arg paused)"/>

        <arg name="use_sim_time" value="$(arg use_sim_time)"/>

        <arg name="headless" value="$(arg headless)"/>

    </include>



    

    <!--机器人参数设置-->

    <arg name="model" default="$(find xacro)/xacro --inorder '$(find mbot_sim_gazebo)/urdf/xacro/robot.xacro'" />

     

    <!--robot_description 参数名称是参数服务器预先设定好的,不能改变-->

    <param name="robot_description" command="$(arg model)" />





    <!-- 运行joint_state_publisher节点,发布机器人的关节状态  -->

    <node name="joint_state_publisher" pkg="joint_state_publisher" type="joint_state_publisher" />



    <!-- 运行robot_state_publisher节点,发布tf  -->

    <node name="robot_state_publisher" pkg="robot_state_publisher" type="robot_state_publisher" />



      <!-- 在gazebo中加载机器人模型-->

    <node name="urdf_spawner" pkg="gazebo_ros" type="spawn_model" respawn="false" output="screen"

          args="-urdf -model mrobot -param robot_description"/> 



</launch>

2、运行robot.launch

roslaunch mbot_sim_gazebo robot.launch

结果如下:

 通过以下命令可以查看电脑中仿真小车摄像头:

rqt_image_view

效果如下:

 如果出现以下情况:

 解决方案:新开个终端输入sudo gedit ~/.ignition/fuel/config.yaml

将url : https://api.ignitionfuel.org改为url: https://api.ignitionrobotics.org

改完如下图:

 即可解决

  • 1
    点赞
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 打赏
    打赏
  • 0
    评论

“相关推荐”对你有帮助么?

  • 非常没帮助
  • 没帮助
  • 一般
  • 有帮助
  • 非常有帮助
提交
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包

打赏作者

清羽阁

你的鼓励将是我创作的最大动力

¥1 ¥2 ¥4 ¥6 ¥10 ¥20
扫码支付:¥1
获取中
扫码支付

您的余额不足,请更换扫码支付或充值

打赏作者

实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值