C++：用模板判断类的继承关系

 template <typename BASE, typename DERIVED>
struct TypeResolver 
{
	template <typename TYPE>
	static Yes ResolvedType(DERIVED const volatile*, TYPE);
	static No  ResolvedType(BASE const volatile*, int);
};

template<typename BASE, typename DERIVED>
struct IsDerivedInternal 
{
    struct TypeCaster 
    {
        operator BASE const volatile* () const;
        operator DERIVED const volatile* ();
    };
    static const bool Result = (sizeof(TypeResolver<BASE, DERIVED>::ResolvedType(TypeCaster(), 0)) == sizeof(Yes));
};

解释：
首先，const成员函数举例：

class Person
{
public:
	int age;

	void say() const
	{
		cout << "Person say" << endl;
	}

	void say()
	{
		cout << "xaaa" << endl;
	}
}

上面的say构成重载关系。调用规则如下：
1、非const对象，优先调用非const方法；
举例：

class Person
{
public:
	int age;

	void say() const
	{
		cout << "const say" << endl;
	}

	void say()
	{
		cout << "non const say" << endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	Person p;
	p.say(); //调用void say()
}

2、const对象优先调用const成员函数：

int main()
{
	const Person p;
	p.say(); //调用：void say() const
}

再举例：

template<typename BASE, typename DERIVED>
struct IsDerivedInternal {
	struct TypeCaster {
		operator BASE * () const
		{
			BASE b;
			return &b;
		}
		operator DERIVED * ()  //无const
		{
			DERIVED d;
			return &d;
		}
	};

public:
	BASE* Say() //Say返回的是基类的指针
	{
		return TypeCaster();
	}
};

class A
{

};
class B:public A
{

};

int main()
{
	IsDerivedInternal<A, B> x;
	x.Say();
	return 0;
}

当A和B有继承关系的时候，优先调用：operator DERIVED * () ，因为其无const。

这也就解释了：BASE和DERIVED具有继承关系的时候，返回的是：operator DERIVED const volatile* ();
因为优先调用这个无const的转换函数。

struct IsDerivedInternal {
                struct TypeCaster {
                    operator BASE const volatile* () const;
                    operator DERIVED const volatile* ();
                };
               ……

TypeResolver<BASE, DERIVED>::ResolvedType(TypeCaster(), 0)
也就匹配了：

template <typename TYPE>
static Yes ResolvedType(DERIVED const volatile*, TYPE);

所以返回的Result为1

 static const bool Result = (sizeof(TypeResolver<BASE, DERIVED>::ResolvedType(TypeCaster(), 0)) == sizeof(Yes));