之前我们使用gstreamer实现了USB相机转RTSP服务的测试，初步的测试看还有一些问题，比如不能多路并发链接显示，之后，网上看到了很多使用ffmpeg(ffserver)、vlc、live555等方法实现RTSP服务器的方案，经过测试，效果可行，下面先介绍一种ffmpeg(ffserver)方案。
我自己的测试硬件环境在文章《【GStreamer 】USB相机 Jeston TX1平台测试环境说明_机器人虎哥的博客-CSDN博客》有说明，请必要的时候参考。
1 ffserver
1.1 介绍
有几个关键概念了解一下
-
ffserver，负责响应客户端的流媒体请求，把流媒体数据发送给客户端。
-
ffserver.conf，ffserver启动时的配置文件，在这个文件中主要是对网络协议，缓存文件feed1.ffm和要发送的流媒体文件的格式参数做具体的设定。
-
feed1.ffm，可以看成是一个流媒体数据的缓存文件，ffserver启动后会自动生成。ffmpeg把转码好的数据发送给ffserver，如果没有客户端连接请求，ffserver把数据缓存到该文件中。
-
ffmpeg，负责媒体文件的转码工作，把你服务器上的源媒体文件转换成要发送出去的流媒体文件。
关于ffserver的介绍，可参考wiki介绍，如图所示为ffserver的原理：
大致流程为：通过ffmpeg将usb摄像头数据推送到ffserver服务器，终端设备通过rtsp地址访问，达到远程访问的效果。
1.2 安装
sudo apt install ffmpeg libx264-dev1.3 配置
在终端中打开配置文件
sudo gedit /etc/ffserver.conf原始内容：
# Port on which the server is listening. You must select a different
# port from your standard HTTP web server if it is running on the same
# computer.
HTTPPort 8090
# Address on which the server is bound. Only useful if you have
# several network interfaces.
HTTPBindAddress 0.0.0.0
# Number of simultaneous HTTP connections that can be handled. It has
# to be defined *before* the MaxClients parameter, since it defines the
# MaxClients maximum limit.
MaxHTTPConnections 2000
# Number of simultaneous requests that can be handled. Since FFServer
# is very fast, it is more likely that you will want to leave this high
# and use MaxBandwidth, below.
MaxClients 1000
# This the maximum amount of kbit/sec that you are prepared to
# consume when streaming to clients.
MaxBandwidth 1000
# Access log file (uses standard Apache log file format)
# '-' is the standard output.
CustomLog -
##################################################################
# Definition of the live feeds. Each live feed contains one video
# and/or audio sequence coming from an ffmpeg encoder or another
# ffserver. This sequence may be encoded simultaneously with several
# codecs at several resolutions.
<Feed feed1.ffm>
# You must use 'ffmpeg' to send a live feed to ffserver. In this
# example, you can type:
#
# ffmpeg http://localhost:8090/feed1.ffm
# ffserver can also do time shifting. It means that it can stream any
# previously recorded live stream. The request should contain:
# "http://xxxx?date=[YYYY-MM-DDT][[HH:]MM:]SS[.m...]".You must specify
# a path where the feed is stored on disk. You also specify the
# maximum size of the feed, where zero means unlimited. Default:
# File=/tmp/feed_name.ffm FileMaxSize=5M
File /tmp/feed1.ffm
FileMaxSize 200K
# You could specify
# ReadOnlyFile /saved/specialvideo.ffm
# This marks the file as readonly and it will not be deleted or updated.
# Specify launch in order to start ffmpeg automatically.
# First ffmpeg must be defined with an appropriate path if needed,
# after that options can follow, but avoid adding the http:// field
#Launch ffmpeg
# Only allow connections from localhost to the feed.
ACL allow 127.0.0.1
</Feed>
##################################################################
# Now you can define each stream which will be generated from the
# original audio and video stream. Each format has a filename (here
# 'test1.mpg'). FFServer will send this stream when answering a
# request containing this filename.
<Stream test1.mpg>
# coming from live feed 'feed1'
Feed feed1.ffm
# Format of the stream : you can choose among:
# mpeg : MPEG-1 multiplexed video and audio
# mpegvideo : only MPEG-1 video
# mp2 : MPEG-2 audio (use AudioCodec to select layer 2 and 3 codec)
# ogg : Ogg format (Vorbis audio codec)
# rm : RealNetworks-compatible stream. Multiplexed audio and video.
# ra : RealNetworks-compatible stream. Audio only.
# mpjpeg : Multipart JPEG (works with Netscape without any plugin)
# jpeg : Generate a single JPEG image.
# mjpeg : Generate a M-JPEG stream.
# asf : ASF compatible streaming (Windows Media Player format).
# swf : Macromedia Flash compatible stream
# avi : AVI format (MPEG-4 video, MPEG audio sound)
Format mpeg
# Bitrate for the audio stream. Codecs usually support only a few
# different bitrates.
AudioBitRate 32
# Number of audio channels: 1 = mono, 2 = stereo
AudioChannels 1
# Sampling frequency for audio. When using low bitrates, you should
# lower this frequency to 22050 or 11025. The supported frequencies
# depend on the selected audio codec.
AudioSampleRate 44100
# Bitrate for the video stream
VideoBitRate 64
# Ratecontrol buffer size
VideoBufferSize 40
# Number of frames per second
VideoFrameRate 3
# Size of the video frame: WxH (default: 160x128)
# The following abbreviations are defined: sqcif, qcif, cif, 4cif, qqvga,
# qvga, vga, svga, xga, uxga, qxga, sxga, qsxga, hsxga, wvga, wxga, wsxga,
# wuxga, woxga, wqsxga, wquxga, whsxga, whuxga, cga, ega, hd480, hd720,
# hd1080
VideoSize 160x128
# Transmit only intra frames (useful for low bitrates, but kills frame rate).
#VideoIntraOnly
# If non-intra only, an intra frame is transmitted every VideoGopSize
# frames. Video synchronization can only begin at an intra frame.
VideoGopSize 12
# More MPEG-4 parameters
# VideoHighQuality
# Video4MotionVector
# Choose your codecs:
#AudioCodec mp2
#VideoCodec mpeg1video
# Suppress audio
#NoAudio
# Suppress video
#NoVideo
#VideoQMin 3
#VideoQMax 31
# Set this to the number of seconds backwards in time to start. Note that
# most players will buffer 5-10 seconds of video, and also you need to allow
# for a keyframe to appear in the data stream.
#Preroll 15
# ACL:
# You can allow ranges of addresses (or single addresses)
#ACL ALLOW <first address> <last address>
# You can deny ranges of addresses (or single addresses)
#ACL DENY <first address> <last address>
# You can repeat the ACL allow/deny as often as you like. It is on a per
# stream basis. The first match defines the action. If there are no matches,
# then the default is the inverse of the last ACL statement.
#
# Thus 'ACL allow localhost' only allows access from localhost.
# 'ACL deny 1.0.0.0 1.255.255.255' would deny the whole of network 1 and
# allow everybody else.
</Stream>
##################################################################
# Example streams
# Multipart JPEG
#<Stream test.mjpg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format mpjpeg
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
#NoAudio
#Strict -1
#</Stream>
# Single JPEG
#<Stream test.jpg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format jpeg
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
##VideoSize 352x240
#NoAudio
#Strict -1
#</Stream>
# Flash
#<Stream test.swf>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format swf
#VideoFrameRate 2
#VideoIntraOnly
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
# ASF compatible
<Stream test.asf>
Feed feed1.ffm
Format asf
VideoFrameRate 15
VideoSize 352x240
VideoBitRate 256
VideoBufferSize 40
VideoGopSize 30
AudioBitRate 64
StartSendOnKey
</Stream>
# MP3 audio
#<Stream test.mp3>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format mp2
#AudioCodec mp3
#AudioBitRate 64
#AudioChannels 1
#AudioSampleRate 44100
#NoVideo
#</Stream>
# Ogg Vorbis audio
#<Stream test.ogg>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Metadata title "Stream title"
#AudioBitRate 64
#AudioChannels 2
#AudioSampleRate 44100
#NoVideo
#</Stream>
# Real with audio only at 32 kbits
#<Stream test.ra>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format rm
#AudioBitRate 32
#NoVideo
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
# Real with audio and video at 64 kbits
#<Stream test.rm>
#Feed feed1.ffm
#Format rm
#AudioBitRate 32
#VideoBitRate 128
#VideoFrameRate 25
#VideoGopSize 25
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# A stream coming from a file: you only need to set the input
# filename and optionally a new format. Supported conversions:
# AVI -> ASF
#<Stream file.rm>
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/tlive.rm"
#NoAudio
#</Stream>
#<Stream file.asf>
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test.asf"
#NoAudio
#Metadata author "Me"
#Metadata copyright "Super MegaCorp"
#Metadata title "Test stream from disk"
#Metadata comment "Test comment"
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# RTSP examples
#
# You can access this stream with the RTSP URL:
# rtsp://localhost:5454/test1-rtsp.mpg
#
# A non-standard RTSP redirector is also created. Its URL is:
# http://localhost:8090/test1-rtsp.rtsp
#<Stream test1-rtsp.mpg>
#Format rtp
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test1.mpg"
#</Stream>
# Transcode an incoming live feed to another live feed,
# using libx264 and video presets
#<Stream live.h264>
#Format rtp
#Feed feed1.ffm
#VideoCodec libx264
#VideoFrameRate 24
#VideoBitRate 100
#VideoSize 480x272
#AVPresetVideo default
#AVPresetVideo baseline
#AVOptionVideo flags +global_header
#
#AudioCodec aac
#AudioBitRate 32
#AudioChannels 2
#AudioSampleRate 22050
#AVOptionAudio flags +global_header
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# SDP/multicast examples
#
# If you want to send your stream in multicast, you must set the
# multicast address with MulticastAddress. The port and the TTL can
# also be set.
#
# An SDP file is automatically generated by ffserver by adding the
# 'sdp' extension to the stream name (here
# http://localhost:8090/test1-sdp.sdp). You should usually give this
# file to your player to play the stream.
#
# The 'NoLoop' option can be used to avoid looping when the stream is
# terminated.
#<Stream test1-sdp.mpg>
#Format rtp
#File "/usr/local/httpd/htdocs/test1.mpg"
#MulticastAddress 224.124.0.1
#MulticastPort 5000
#MulticastTTL 16
#NoLoop
#</Stream>
##################################################################
# Special streams
# Server status
<Stream stat.html>
Format status
# Only allow local people to get the status
ACL allow localhost
ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
#FaviconURL http://pond1.gladstonefamily.net:8080/favicon.ico
</Stream>
# Redirect index.html to the appropriate site
<Redirect index.html>
URL http://www.ffmpeg.org/
</Redirect>替换修改为：
HTTPPort 8090 #绑定端口号
HTTPBindAddress 0.0.0.0 #绑定IP
MaxHTTPConnections 2000 #最大HTTP连接数
MaxClients 1000 #最大客户端连接数
MaxBandwidth 1000 #最大带宽
CustomLog - #日志文件，- 为直接打印
#<------------------------------Feed-------------------------------------->
<Feed feed1.ffm> #feed:每一个输入都建立一个feed
File /tmp/feed1.ffm #feed缓存文件位置和名称
FileMaxSize 10M #缓存文件最大值
ACL allow 127.0.0.1 #允许写入feed的IP
ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255 #允许写入feed的IP范围
</Feed>
#<------------------------------Stream--live1.h264----------------------->
RTSPPort 8554 #rtsp端口号
RTSPBindAddress 0.0.0.0 #rtsp IP地址
<Stream live1.h264> #
Format rtp #视频流的格式
Feed feed1.ffm #视频流的种子来源
VideoCodec libx264 #
VideoFrameRate 24 #视频帧率
VideoBitRate 128 #视频比特率
VideoBufferSize 100 #视频缓冲区大小
VideoSize 640x480 #视频帧大小
VideoQMin 1 #
VideoQMax 31 #
NoAudio #无音频
AVPresetVideo default
AVPresetVideo baseline
AVOptionVideo flags +global_header
ACL allow localhost
ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
</Stream>
#<------------------------------Stream--stat.html----------------------->
<Stream stat.html>
Format status
ACL allow localhost
ACL allow 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
</Stream>
# Redirect index.html to the appropriate site
<Redirect index.html>
URL http://www.ffmpeg.org/
</Redirect>替换以上内容后，保存退出，之后即可以开始测试了。
1.4 测试
#命令行启动服务
ffserver 
#新终端，启动转发
ffmpeg -f v4l2 -i /dev/video0 -s 640x480 -r 25 -vcodec libx264 -an http://127.0.0.1:8090/feed1.ffm
在另外一台终端设备上，如windows的电脑上，用VLC软件，打开网络串流，输入如下rtsp地址，即可打开摄像头。
rtsp://192.168.xx.xx:8554/live1.h264其中，要将上边的IP地址改为服务器的地址
#我自己的测试URL
rtsp://192.168.55.1:8554/live1.h264
查看此时的资源占用：
同时链接3路，再看看资源占用：
增加1路，其实对于资源的增加并不对，还在介绍范围以内。
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