本节是另一个重要的定理:隐函数定理,隐函数表示的函数在某一点(a,b)可微的充要条件是隐函数关于因变量的导数在(a,b)点是非奇异的,并且可以显式计算出隐函数的导数。
Exercises
Exercise 1. Let f : R 3 → R 2 f:\mathbf{R}^3\to\mathbf{R}^2 f:R3→R2 be of class C 1 C^1 C1; write f f f in the form f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) f(x,y_1,y_2) f(x,y1,y2). Assume that f ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) = 0 f(3,-1,2)=0 f(3,−1,2)=0 and
D f ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) = [ 1 2 1 1 − 1 1 ] . Df(3,-1,2)=\begin{bmatrix}1&2&1\\1&-1&1\end{bmatrix}. Df(3,−1,2)=[112−111].
( a ) Show there is a function g : B → R 2 g:B\to\mathbf{R}^2 g:B→R2 of class C 1 C^1 C1 defined on an open set B B B in R \mathbf{R} R such that f ( x , g 1 ( x ) , g 2 ( x ) ) = 0 f(x,g_1(x),g_2(x))=0 f(x,g1(x),g2(x))=0 for x ∈ B x\in B x∈B, and g ( 3 ) = ( − 1 , 2 ) g(3)=(-1,2) g(3)=(−1,2).
( b ) Find D g ( 3 ) Dg(3) Dg(3).
( c ) Discuss the problem of solving the equation f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) = 0 f(x,y_1,y_2)=0 f(x,y1,y2)=0 for an arbitrary pair of the unknowns in terms of the third, near the point ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) (3,-1,2) (3,−1,2).
Solution:
( a ) Since
det ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( y 1 , y 2 ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) = det [ 2 1 − 1 1 ] = 5 ≠ 0 \det\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)=\det\begin{bmatrix}2&1\\-1&1\end{bmatrix}=5\neq 0 det∂(y1,y2)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)=det[2−111]=5=0
by the implicit function theorem, the conclusion holds.
( b ) We have
D g ( 3 ) = − [ ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( y 1 , y 2 ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) ] − 1 ⋅ ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( x ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) = − [ 2 1 − 1 1 ] − 1 ⋅ [ 1 1 ] = 1 3 [ − 1 1 − 1 2 ] ⋅ [ 1 1 ] = 1 3 [ 0 1 ] \begin{aligned}Dg(3)&=-\left[\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)\right]^{-1}\cdot\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(x)}(3,-1,2)\\&=-\begin{bmatrix}2&1\\-1&1\end{bmatrix}^{-1}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}1\\1\end{bmatrix}\\&=\frac{1}{3}\begin{bmatrix}-1&1\\-1&2\end{bmatrix}\cdot\begin{bmatrix}1\\1\end{bmatrix}=\frac{1}{3}\begin{bmatrix}0\\1\end{bmatrix}\end{aligned} Dg(3)=−[∂(y1,y2)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)]−1⋅∂(x)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)=−[2−111]−1⋅[11]=31[−1−112]⋅[11]=31[01]
( c ) By some easy calculation we can know that
det ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( y 1 , y 2 ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) ≠ 0 , det ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( x , y 1 ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) ≠ 0 \det\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)\neq 0,\quad\det\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(x,y_1)}(3,-1,2)\neq0 det∂(y1,y2)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)=0,det∂(x,y1)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)=0
thus the equation f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) = 0 f(x,y_1,y_2)=0 f(x,y1,y2)=0 can be solved for ( y 1 , y 2 ) (y_1,y_2) (y1,y2) in terms of x x x, and for ( x , y 1 ) (x,y_1) (x,y1) in terms of y 2 y_2 y2, however, as
det ∂ f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) ∂ ( x , y 2 ) ( 3 , − 1 , 2 ) = det [ 1 1 1 1 ] = 0 \det\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial(x,y_2)}(3,-1,2)=\det\begin{bmatrix}1&1\\1&1\end{bmatrix}=0 det∂(x,y2)∂f(x,y1,y2)(3,−1,2)=det[1111]=0
the equation f ( x , y 1 , y 2 ) = 0 f(x,y_1,y_2)=0 f(x,y1,y2)=0 cannot be solved for ( x , y 2 ) (x,y_2) (x,y2) in terms of y 1