9. The Implicit Function Theorem

本节是另一个重要的定理：隐函数定理，隐函数表示的函数在某一点(a,b)可微的充要条件是隐函数关于因变量的导数在(a,b)点是非奇异的，并且可以显式计算出隐函数的导数。

Exercises

Exercise 1. Let $f:{\mathbf{R}}^3\to {\mathbf{R}}^2$ be of class $C^1$; write $f$ in the form $f(x,y_1,y_2)$. Assume that $f(3,-1,2)=0$ and
$$Df(3,-1,2)=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 2& 1\\ 1& -1& 1\end{array}\right].$$
( a ) Show there is a function $g:B\to {\mathbf{R}}^2$ of class $C^1$ defined on an open set $B$ in $\mathbf{R}$ such that $f(x,g_1(x),g_2(x))=0$ for $x\in B$, and $g(3)=(-1,2)$.
( b ) Find $Dg(3)$.
( c ) Discuss the problem of solving the equation $f(x,y_1,y_2)=0$ for an arbitrary pair of the unknowns in terms of the third, near the point $(3,-1,2)$.
Solution:
( a ) Since
$$\det \frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)=\det \left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ -1& 1\end{array}\right]=5\ne 0$$
by the implicit function theorem, the conclusion holds.
( b ) We have
$$\begin{array}{rl}Dg(3)& =-{\left[\frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)\right]}^{-1}\cdot \frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (x)}(3,-1,2)\\ & =-{\left[\begin{array}{cc}2& 1\\ -1& 1\end{array}\right]}^{-1}\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\end{array}\right]\\ & =\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{cc}-1& 1\\ -1& 2\end{array}\right]\cdot \left[\begin{array}{c}1\\ 1\end{array}\right]=\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{c}0\\ 1\end{array}\right]\end{array}$$
( c ) By some easy calculation we can know that
$$\det \frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (y_1,y_2)}(3,-1,2)\ne 0,\det \frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (x,y_1)}(3,-1,2)\ne 0$$
thus the equation $f(x,y_1,y_2)=0$ can be solved for $(y_1,y_2)$ in terms of $x$, and for $(x,y_1)$ in terms of $y_2$, however, as
$$\det \frac{\partial f(x,y_1,y_2)}{\partial (x,y_2)}(3,-1,2)=\det \left[\begin{array}{cc}1& 1\\ 1& 1\end{array}\right]=0$$
the equation $f(x,y_1,y_2)=0$ cannot be solved for $(x,y_2)$ in terms of y 1