[SV]SystemVerilog Functional Coverage

                     SystemVerilog Functional Coverage

 

       功能覆盖是一个用户定义的度量，它度量在验证过程中执行了多少设计规范。

 

一、Defining the coverage model

     The coverage model is defined using Covergroup construct.

     The covergroup construct is a user-defined type. The type definition is written once, and multiple instances of that type can be created in different contexts.

     与class类似，一旦定义，就可以通过new()操作符创建covergroup实例。covergroup可以在module、program、interface或class中定义。

     Each covergroup specification can include,

• A clocking event that synchronizes the sampling of coverage points
• A set of coverage points
• Cross coverage between coverage points
• Optional formal arguments
• Coverage options

 

二、Functional Coverage example

 2.1、EXAMPLE-1（在每個時鐘上升沿採樣）

covergroup cov_grp @(posedge clk);
  cov_p1: coverpoint a;
endgroup

cov_grp cov_inst = new();

 

 2.2、EXAMPLE-2（通過事件觸發，并調用sample函數進行採樣）

covergroup cov_grp;
  cov_p1: coverpoint a;
endgroup

cov_grp cov_inst = new();
@(abc) cov_inst.sample();

• In the example-1 clocking, event specifies the event at which coverage points are sampled.
• In the example-2 coverage, sampling is triggered by calling a built-in sample() method.

 

三、Defining coverage points

        一个覆盖组可以包含一个或多个覆盖点。覆盖点可以是一个积分变量，也可以是一个积分表达式。每个覆盖率点都与“bin”相关联。在每个样本时钟模拟器将增加相关的bin值。

       The bins will automatically be created or can be explicitly defined.

 

四、Automatic Bins or Implicit Bins

   An automatically single bin will be created for each value of the coverpoint variable range. These are called automatic, or implicit, bins.

   For an “n” bit integral coverpoint variable, a 2^n number of automatic bins will get created.

module cov;
  logic       clk;
  logic [7:0] addr;
  logic       wr_rd;

  covergroup cg @(posedge clk);
    c1: coverpoint addr;
    c2: coverpoint wr_rd;
  endgroup : cg
  cg cover_inst = new();
  ...
endmodule

• Below are the bins, will get created automatically,
• for addr: c1.auto[0] c1.auto[1] c1.auto[2] … c1.auto[255]
• for wr_rd: c2.auto[0]

 4.1、Explicit bins

   “bins” keyword is used to declare the bins explicitly to a variable.

   A separate bin is created for each value in the given range of variable or a single/multiple bins for the rage of values.
Bins are explicitly declared within curly braces { } along with the bins keyword followed by bin name and variable value/range, immediately after the coverpoint identifier.

• Example on Bins Declaration,

module cov;
  logic       clk;
  logic [7:0] addr;
  logic       wr_rd;
 
  covergroup cg @(posedge clk);
    c1: coverpoint addr { bins b1 = {0,2,7};
                        bins b2[3] = {11:20};
                        bins b3   = {[30:40],[50:60],77};                       
                        bins b4[] = {[79:99],[110:130],140};
                        bins b5[] = {160,170,180};
                        bins b6    = {200:$};
                        bins b7 = default;}
    c2: coverpoint wr_rd {bins wrrd};
  endgroup : cg
   
  cg cover_inst = new();
  ...
endmodule

bins b1    = {0,2,7 };               //bin “b1” increments for addr = 0,2 or 7
bins b2[3] = {11:20};                //creates three bins b2[0],b2[1] and b2[3].and The 11 possible values are
                                     //distributed as follows: (11,12,13),(14,15,16) and (17,18,19,20) respectively.
bins b3    = {[30:40],[50:60],77};   //bin “b3” increments for addr = 30-40 or 50-60 or 77
bins b4[]  = {[79:99],[110:130],140};//creates three bins b4[0],b4[1] and b4[3] with values 79-99,50-60 and 77 respectively
bins b5[]  = {160,170,180};          //creates three bins b5[0],b5[1] and b5[3] with values 160,170 and 180 respectively
bins b6    = {200:$};                //bin “b6” increments for addr = 200 to max value i.e, 255.
default bin;                         // catches the values of the coverage point that do not lie within any of the defined bins.

 

 4.2、bins for transitions（狀態轉移覆蓋率）

   The transition of coverage point can be covered by specifying the sequence,

   value1 => value2

   It represents transition of coverage point value from value1 to value2.

   sequence can be single value or range,

   value1 => value2 => value3 ….

   range_list_1 => range_list_2

• Example,

covergroup cg @(posedge clk);
  c1: coverpoint addr{ bins b1   = (10=>20=>30);
                       bins b2[] = (40=>50),(80=>90=>100=>120);
                       bins b3   = (1,5 => 6, 7);}
  c2: coverpoint wr_rd;
endgroup : cg
 
bins b1   = (10=>20=>30);                // transition from 10->20->30
bins b2[] = (40=>50),(80=>90=>100=>120); // b2[0] = 40->50 and b2[1] = 80->90->100->120
bins b3 = (1,5 => 6, 7);}                // b3 = 1=>6 or 1=>7 or 5=>6 or 5=>7

 

 4.3、ignore_bins

     A set of values or transitions associated with a coverage-point can be explicitly excluded from coverage by specifying them as ignore_bins.

covergroup cg @(posedge clk);
  c1: coverpoint addr { 
    ignore_bins b1 = {6,60,66};
    ignore_bins b2 = (30=>20=>10); 
  }
endgroup : cg

 

 4.4、illegal_bins（如果擊中，將會報出Error並且結束仿真）

covergroup cg @(posedge clk);
  c1: coverpoint addr { 
    illegal_bins b1 = {7,70,77};
    ignore_bins b2 = (7=>70=>77);
  }
endgroup : cg